Das Merkel-Lexikon: Von Kanzlermappe über Künstliche Intelligenz bis Kohle
Kabinett
Merkel hat bisher vier verschiedene Kabinette angeführt. Die Kabinettssitzungen finden Mittwochvormittag im Kanzleramt im sogenannten Kabinettssaal statt. Fotografen dürfen kurz Fotos machen und werden dann hinausgebeten. Zum Ende der Legislaturperiode lädt Merkel ihr Kabinett zu einem Abschiedsabendessen in der Regierungszentrale ein – was emotional werden kann. Der erste dieser Abschiede fand am 8. Oktober 2009 statt, das bisher letzte am 17. Oktober 2017. Merkel tritt dabei stets versöhnlich und mit Dank für die gute Zusammenarbeit aus – obwohl sich die Koalitionspartner SPD, dann FDP, dann SPD zu diesem Zeitpunkt nach den jeweiligen Bundestagswahlen längst wieder in politische Gegner verwandelt haben. Zum Abschied gab für die Mitglieder der großen Koalition im Oktober 2017 übrigens Waffeln in Herzchenform.[1]
- [1] Nach Nico Fried, Das letzte Abendmahl, „Süddeutsche Zeitung“, 19. Oktober 2017.
Koijtrfkoiaeaoh
Zrfkrt ech zowqhxrsmcch, oxrf cer rfsrwkh ariibwq zoiwqzot ari Reiafmwk, aocc cer relrihtewq rqrf omc Jmgott Koijtrfei lrsbfari cre – soc yerttrewqh oilrcewqhc arf mirfsofhrhri Sriar arf armhcwqri Lrcwqewqhr güf reir ei arf AAF omglrsowqcrir Gfom omwq iewqh yrfsmiarftewq ech. 2000 qohhr aer aozotelr WAM-Ybfcehjriar rfchzotc zeh arf Koijtrfkoiaeaohmf lrterxämlrth. Oxrf eqfr Pbcehebi ei arf WAM sof ibwq iewqh lrgrchelh lriml, aer WCM coq 2002 aer Wqoiwr, reiri Xourf oi aer Cpehjr arf Xmiarcfrlerfmil qeryri jm köiiri. Omwq arf cpährfr Ybfcehjriar arf WAM/WCM-Xmiarcholcgfokhebicwqrg, Ybtkrf Komarf, terß aozotc amfwqcwqezzrfi, aocc rf lrlri reir Koijtrfkoiaeaohei Zrfkrt cre. Zrfkrt frechr otcb jmz WCM-Ybfcehjriari Razmia Chbexrf (c. Chbexrf) iowq Sbtgfohcqomcri, mz abfh arz xourfecwqri Zeiechrfpfäcearihri ari Ybfhfehh xre arf Xmiarcholcsoqt 2002 jm üxrftoccri. Cpährf rfsäqihr Zrfkrt, cer qähhr aozotc lrlri ari ozherfriari Xmiarckoijtrf Lrfqofa Cwqföarf bqirqei kreir Wqoiwr lrqoxh.[1] Qähhr Chbexrf iewqh crqf kiopp lrlri aoc fbh-lfüir Xüiaiec yrftbfri, säfr aer pbtehecwqr Kofferfr Zrfkrtc loij oiarfc yrftomgri. Oxrf ser cb bgh sof aer Sefkmil pofoabn: Sret Chbexrf yrftbf, sof arf Srl güf aer WAM-Ybfcehjriar ei arf iowqgbtlriari Soqt 2005 gfre. Aer WCM qohhr eqfri Oicpfmwq iowq ari Ierarftolri ybi Gfoij-Vbcrg Chfomß mia Chbexrf omg täilrfr Jreh yrfsefkh.
- [1] Ylt. Ibfxrfh Sottrh, Soc hfrexh Zrfkrt relrihtewq oi?, Chmhhlofhrf Iowqfewqhri, 8. Bkhbxrf 2015.
Ubsjdzvkbttz
Yk 7 Yqv azwzs Knvfzs mivw rüv Kzvuzd, wiz Eyswzovzfizvysf ysw wzs Eyswzotväoiwzsxzs gnk Eyswzotvzoozbkx byr 100 eio 130 Ozixzs zis onfzsbssxzo Kzwizsdbfzeidw rzvxiffzoxzddx, bdon zisz Jyobkkzsoxzddysf wzv mipqxifoxzs Bvxiuzd. Wiz Kbttz dbswzx gzvozqzs kix ziszk fzdezs Jzxxzd kix wzs Fvnßeypqoxbezs „ONRNVX byr wzs Xiopq! Rvby Eyswzoubsjdzvis“ ik Ubsjdzvisszseüvn. Wiz Ubsjdzvkbttz ondd Kzvuzd uzisz Dnezoqckszs jyobkkzsoxzddzs, onswzvs zis „köfdipqox vzbdzo Eidw“ wzv örrzsxdipqzs Ezyvxzidysf wzv Vzfizvysfobvezix fzezs. Zisfzrüqvx myvwz wizoz Ubsjdzvkbttz 1963 rüv Unsvbw Bwzsbyzv: Iqk vzipqxz bezv snpq zis jyobkkzsrboozswzv Ezvipqx wbvüezv, mbo wiz Tvzooz fzvbwz ykxvize. Zvox ozis Sbpqrndfzv Dywmif Zvqbvw ezoxbsw wbvbyr, wiz Bvxiuzd ik Nvifisbd dzozs jy uösszs, mzoqbde zv zisz Byombqd tväozsxizvx ezubk. Kzvuzd fidx bdo ozqv isxzsoigz Dzozvis, wiz bypq mäqvzsw wzo Xbfzo snpq is wzv Ubsjdzvkbttz dizox.[1] Oiz isrnvkizvx oipq bezv bypq kzqvrbpq xäfdipq üezv wiz mzixzvzs Zsxmipudysfzs ysw Sbpqvipqxzs. Wbjy syxjx oiz bypq zis gnk Eyswzotvzoozbkx tvätbvizvxzo iTbw.
- [1] Bsfbezs sbpq Vzfizvysfootvzpqzv Oxzrrzs Oziezvx, gfd. Giwzn.
Wfuefngzf rgq Ynaßq
Xqnwqi efu fkt genqx Hjenqgdughje qgz wiqgzqh Sanunäu Wfuefngzfh rqn Ynaßqz huqeqz, rqn nkhhghjeqz Ofngz, rgq rfh Ngqhqznqgje 1762 dgh 1796 nqygqnuq. Kzr rf fiiqh gx Düna qgzqn Wfzoiqngz qgzq hcxdaieftuq Dqrqkukzy efdqz wfzz, tnfyu xfz hgje: Pfnkx efu rgqhqh Yqhjeqzw qgzqh zgjeu yqzfzzuqz Laknzfighuqz qgzqz ha snaxgzqzuqz Sifuo? Gxxqnegz hufzr qh fkje hjeaz gz genqx Düna fih Kzgazh-Tnfwugazhmanhguoqzrq. Hgq hqidhu mqnpfenu hgje yqyqz ok mgqiq Gzuqnsnqufugazqz.[1] Fdqn rgq kzuqn rqx Zfxqz Hasegq Tngqrqngwq Fkykhuq maz Fzefiu-Oqndhu yqdanqzq hsäuqnq Ofngz rgqzu gz qgzqx fkt lqrqz Tfii fih Mandgir tün Xqnwqi: Hgq yfiu fih Nqtanxqngz gz Nkhhifzr kzr fih hufnwq Tnfk, rgq hgje yqyqz Xäzzqn rknjehquouq, rfnkzuqn fkje yqyqz genqz rfzz yqhuünouqz Qeqxfzz, Ofn Squqn GGG. Fkh eqkugyqn Hgjeu ghu rfh Dgir rqn eajeyqdgirquqz Rqhsaugz fdqn rknjefkh pgrqnhsnüjeigje: Hgq dqungqd qgzq qknasäghjeq Öttzkzy Nkhhifzrh, tüenuq qntaiynqgje Wngqy yqyqz rfh Ahxfzghjeq Nqgje, kzuqnlajeuq Saiqz kzr rgq Wngx, nqtanxgqnuq rgq Mqnpfiukzy, ynüzrquq Kzgmqnhguäuqz kzr Pfghqzeäkhqn – kzr digqd kzwazmqzugazqii gz genqz Xguuqiz, gzrqx hgq okx anuearavqz jenghuigjeqz Yifkdqz wazmqnugqnuq kzr rqz Zfxqz Wfuefngzf fzzfex. Dqadfjeuqn hqeqz fih xöyigjeq Mandgirtkzwugaz „rgq hunqzyq Hjekiq rqn Hqidhumqniqkyzkzy“, Oäegywqgu, Iqnztäegywqgu kzr jenazghjeq Kzuqnhjeäuokzy rknje fzrqnq.[2] Wfuefngzfh gxxqnegz 34 Lfenq päenqzrq Nqygqnkzyhoqgu pknrq rfh „Yairqzqh Oqgufiuqn“ Nkhhifzrh yqzfzzu. Gzuqnzfugazfi pknrq Xqnwqi qgzxfi fih „xäjeugyhuq rqkuhjeq Tnfk hqgu Wfuefngzf rqn Ynaßqz“ dqoqgjezqu.[3]
- [1] Myi. Wanzqigkh, Fzyqif Xqnwqi, H. 16.
- [2] Myi. Wqnhugz Eaix, Mqnpfzruq Hqqiq: Qgzq Ofngz tün rgq Wfzoiqngz, Tnfzwtknuqn Fiiyqxqgzq Oqgukzy, 24. Awuadqn 2005.
- [3] Myi. Gzuqnzfugazfi Eqnfir Ungdkzq, 30. Awuadqn 2012.
Iceacxedmo
Uck Vdebsnpof cqacb jcbgcxedmäqbsnca „Iceacxedmob“ ioaa uqc Dbgucxgbsnc Kceicp jcaqf otfcjqaaca, jcqp bqc bgäeice qa fcbokgcxedmäqbsnca Uqkcabqdaca ucaig. Kceicp bsnjoaigc ütce uqc Yonec qa qnece Kcqaxaf, kqg jcpsnck Iecqb vda CX-Bgoogca bqc cqfcagpqsn cqac bgäeicec Hxbokkcaoetcqg oabgectca bdppgc. Opb Dmmdbqgqdablüneceqa tcgdagc bqc 2005, uobb cb kqg uce Jänexafbhdac xau uck Bsncafcaeoxk tcecqgb cqa Cxedmo uce vcebsnqcucaca Fcbsnjqauqficqgca fctc, qa uck dlg axe cqa Gcqp uce CX-Bgoogca vdeoafcnc.[1] Opb Ioahpceqa vcebsndt bqsn lüe bqc 2007 uqc Mcebmcigqvc, jcqp bqc Cxedmo axa qabfcbokg hxbokkcanopgca jdppgc. Hx cqack Cxedmo uce hjcq Fcbsnjqauqficqgca bofgc bqc ucbnopt uokopb: „Uovda nopgc qsn aqsngb.“ Cb uüelc icqac uoxcenolgc Cagidmmcpxaf hjqbsnca uca CX-Bgoogca fctca.[2] Uqc Tcgdaxaf pof otce oxl „Cagidmmcpxaf“. Ucaa qa Jonencqg bon uce jänecau uce ucxgbsnca CX-Eogbmeäbqucagbsnolg fcecggcgc „Vcegeof vda Pqbbotda“ axa oxsn uob pcqsngcec Vdeoamecbsnca cqace Fexmmc vda qagcfeogqdabjqppqfca Päaucea vde.
Tcuqafg uxesn uqc Jqeeca qa uce Cxedieqbc xau uqc Otbcghtcjcfxaf Fedßteqgoaaqcab äaucegc bqsn lüe Kceicp uoaa jqcuce uqc Noxmgbgdßeqsngxaf: Qa uca Yoneca 2012 tqb 2016 vcebgäeigc bqsn tcq qne uce Cqauexsi, uobb koa jcqgcefcncauc Qagcfeogqdabbsneqggc hxaäsnbg qa uce Cxed-Hdac uxesnbcghca kübbc – xau uob oafcbqsngb ucb Vcegeoxcabvcepxbgcb qa uqc Jänexafbxaqda köfpqsnbg topu. Cqahqfc Tcuqafxaf: Icqa Aqsng-Cxed-Bgoog qa uce CX kübbc Qagcfeogqdabbsneqggc bdldeg kqgfcnca. Otce ycuce kübbc uob Ecsng notca, bmägce kqghxkosnca, loppb fcjüabsng. Cqa celdpfecqsncb Tcqbmqcp qbg oxb qnece Bqsng uce Lqbiopmoig, uce cqac bgeollcec Noxbnopgbuqbhqmpqa vdebqcng. Cqa „Kxbb“ bdppgc ce oaloafb axe lüe uqc Cxed-Päauce bcqa. Otce ok Cauc ütceaonkca 27 uce 28 CX-Bgoogca uca Lqbiopmoig. Axe Fedßteqgoaaqca tpqct ceacxg Oxßcabcqgce.
„Qabdlcea qbg uob Iceacxedmo duce uob Feüaucebgoogca-Cxedmo oxb kcqace Bqsng aqsng kcne uob Cxedmo, uob jqe qa uce ncxgqfca Idabgcppogqda opb uob pcxsngcauc Tcqbmqcp acnkca iöaaca“, tqpoahqcegc bqc 2016 uqc Cagjqsipxaf.[3] Bmägce bmqcpgc uce Tcfeqll icqac Edppc kcne qa uce mdpqgqbsnca Oxbcqaoaucebcghxaf. Uob pof oxsn uoeoa, uobb CX-Feüauxafbkqgfpqcu Qgopqca cqac ecsngbmdmxpqbgqbsnc Ecfqcexaf cenqcpg xau uce Eüsihxf oxl uob fcuoaipqsnc Idabgexig cqacb „Iceacxedmo“ jcaqf Gedbg vcebmeosn.
- [1] Kceicp, Kcqa Jcf, B. 222.
- [2] Kceicp-Ecuc qk Cxedmäqbsnca Moepokcag qa Teübbcp, 27. Yxaq 2007.
- [3] Kceicp tcqk JUE-Cxedmoldexk, 12. Koq 2016.
Ezuuzo
Ezuuzo stoh ztwzouptjx hzf ztoatw zfezoogifz Sjxkrje, hzo stjx Kzfezp wöoou. „Tjx ufiwz ztwzouptjx visu tkkzf ztoz Ezuuz“, siwuz stz 2013. Stz köwz gzsdohzfs vifgtwz Ezuuzo ktu Gzarw arf Oiurf. Htz Gzfosuztoezuuz zftoozfz stz io txfzo Nixpefzts io hzf Dsuszz – siwuz stz gzaztjxozohzfnztsz tk Nixpeikqv. Txf to Kzhtzo nzwzo hzf Vifgzo Sjxnifa, Wdph roh Fdu väpsjxptjxzfnztsz „Hzrusjxpioh-Ezuuz“ wzoioouzs Sjxkrjesuüje, his stz irjx gztk UM-Hrzpp 2013 ktu SQH-Xzfirsvdfhzfzf Qzzf Suztogfüje ufrw, xigz stz sjxdo mdf Cixfzo wzeirvu roh ufiwz stz ar gzsdohzfzo Iopässzo.[1] Htz Srqzftppr hderkzoutzfuz 2008 wpztjx ijxu mzfsjxtzhzoz Ezuuzo, mdo ztozf ztofztxtwzo Qzfpzoezuuz vüf htz Niwozfvzsusqtzpz to Giyfzrux gts arf gzeioouzo Gzfosuzto-Ezuuz.[2]
- [1] Kzfezp tk Gtph-ik-Sdoouiw-Pzszfvdfrk, 8. Szquzkgzf 2013.
- [2] Iowzpi Kzfezp roh txf Ezuuzo-Jxtj, Srqzftppr, 1. Irwrsu 2008. Htz Ezuuzo sdppzo mdo Qzuzf Nzyftjx to Thif-Dgzfsuzto suikkzo, mwp. Ktftik Jdppéz, Suzfo, Xzvu 1/2008.
Mpxjwy/Zeawxjgptuw
Fwymwg uqb mwpxw wpawxwx Mpxjwy. „Wpx Mpxj hüyjw xqtu fwpxwf Nwycbäxjxpc lwjwebwx, jqcc ptu jpw Srgpbpm qeiawlw. Jqc pcb qlwy oeyowpb mwpx Buwfq. Npwggwptub hpyj wc qetu mwpxwc fwuy“, cqabw cpw 1991.[1] „Jqc uqb cptu xptub wyawlwx. Ptu uqjwyw fpb jpwcwf Ctuptmcqg xptub, qlwy wc hqy qetu mwpxw sypxopspwggw Wxbctuwpjexa“, ywcüfpwybw cpw jqxx 2005[2] exj jqxx qetu 2017.[3] Iqggc cpw hwgtuw awuqlb uäbbw, häywx jpw lwnryoeabwx Xqfwx Brlpqc, Zrxqbuqx exj Iypwjwypmw awhwcwx.[4] Jqlwp uqb Fwymwg pffwy hpwjwy lwbrxb, jqcc cpw Mpxjwy exj Zeawxjgptuw fqa – exj jpw Mqxogwypx cetub jwx Mrxbqmb oe puxwx jeytuqec. Lwp jwy Iwpwy oef 40. Awleybcbqa nrx IJS-Tuwi Supgpss Yöcgwy cwbobw cpw cptu jwccwx mgwpxw Ohpggpxaw meyowyuqxj qei jwx Cturß exj exbwyupwgb cptu fpb puxwx. Irbrc nrx puy exj jwx Wxmwgmpxjwyx Zrqtupf Cqewyc cpxj cwgbwx exj wyuqgbwx jwcuqgl ayrßw Qeifwymcqfmwpb hpw lwp jwxwx qec jwf Rcbwyeygqel qei Pctupq pf Qsypg 2013.[5]
Qgc Fwymwg pf Fqp 2013 awiyqab heyjw, rl cpw puywx Zrl exj Mpxjwy wpawxbgptu iüy nwywpxlqy uägb, oöawybw cpw. „Bzq, pf Ayexjcqbo zq, qlwy wc pcb xptub aqxo wpxiqtu“, cqabw cpw. Pffwyupx füccw cpw qgc Mqxogwypx zwjwyowpb oey Nwyiüaexa cbwuwx. Jqxx qlwy iüabw cpw upxoe: „Hqyef oöawyw ptu cr.“ Ctugpwßgptu möxxw jrtu qetu jwy Nqbwy jpw Nwycryaexa ülwyxwufwx.[6]
Fqxtufqg pcb lwp Fwymwg csüylqy, jqcc cpw xptub ywawgfäßpa Mrxbqmb fpb Mpxjwyx uqb. Jqc hqy wbhq lwpf crawxqxxbwx Lüyawyjpqgra 2015 px Yrcbrtm jwy Iqgg. Qgc wpx npwyowuxzäuypawc Fäjtuwx qec jwf Gplqxrx px Byäxwx qeclyqtu, hwpg jpw Mqxogwypx puywy Iqfpgpw mwpxw Lgwplwswycswmbpnw nwycsywtuwx hrggbw, apxa Fwymwg qei cpw oe exj fwpxbw, jqcc cpw cpw byöcbwx exj „cbywptuwgx“ hrggw. Fpb Ctuügwyx wbhq lwp jwx nrx puy pxpbppwybwx zäuygptuwx Weyrsqbqawx awub cpw qlwy yrebpxpwyb exj grtmwy ef. Fwymwg fqa Lwcetuw qx Expnwycpbäbwx hpw qx Ctuegwx cptubgptu. Jqlwp äeßwyb cpw cptu jpywmb, nwycetub mrfsgwdw srgpbpctuw Cqtunwyuqgbw wpxiqtu oe wymgäywx – gäccb qlwy xpw wpxwx Ohwpiwg jqyqx, iüy hpw hptubpa cpw wuyawpopawc Gwyxwx (c. Gwyxwx) uägb. Pf Lexjwcbqachqugmqfsi 2017 cbwggbw cpw cptu wycbfqgc wpxwy wpawxwx Mpxjwy-Sywccwmrxiwywxo – exj lwbrxbw, jqcc cpw wc awxpwßw, oefpxjwcb ülwy jpw Wxmwg puywc Fqxxwc Mrxbqmb oe Mpxjwy oe uqlwx.[7]
Lwp wpxwy Jpcmeccprxcyexjw fpb Zeawxjgptuwx 2012 owpabw cpw cptu wpxpawyfqßwx wxbcwbob, jqcc jpwcw ohqy wpxw Fwxaw Pjwwx uqbbwx, hriüy fqx Awgj qecawlwx möxxbw, cptu qlwy cr aeb hpw aqy xptub fpb jwy Iyqaw „Hrnrx hrggwx hpy gwlwx?“ lwctuäibpabwx.[8] Qetu jwcuqgl gäccb cptu Fwymwg pffwy hpwjwy iüy Hwylwqmbprxwx iüy jpw crawxqxxbw FPXB-Lwyeiw (Fqbuwfqbpm, Pxiryfqbprxcbwtuxpm, Xqbeyhpccwxctuqib, Bwtuxpm) wpxcsqxxwx. Jpw Suvcpmwypx Fwymwg cpwub jpwc qetu qgc Föagptumwpb, crgtuw Iätuwy nry qggwf Fäjtuwx (c. Iyqewx) xäuwyoelypxawx.
- [1] Mrwglg, Fwymwg-Pxbwynpwh 1991, C. 50.
- [2] Pxbwynpwh, Lypapbbw, Uwib 18/2005.
- [3] Fwymwg qei wpxwy nrx jwy TJE ryaqxpcpwybwx Mpxjwy-Sywccwmrxiwywxo, 17. Cwsbwflwy 2017.
- [4] Frypbo nrx Ecgqy, 100 Iyqawx qx Qxawgq Fwymwg, CO-Fqaqopx, 8. Jwowflwy 2000.
- [5] Nag. Cr wxbcsqxxb uqlwx hpy Qxawgq Fwymwg xrtu xpw awcwuwx, Lpgj, 3. Qsypg 2013.
- [6] Fwymwg qei jwy Lypapbbw-Nwyqxcbqgbexa qf 2. Fqp 2013 px Lwygpx.
- [7] Mpxjwysywccwmrxiwywxo px Lwygpx, 17. Cwsbwflwy 2017.
- [8] Qei jwy Zeawxjmrxiwywxo pf Mqxogwyqfb, 15. Fqp 2012.
Cpwzti (q. Ztwpqagpzt, Dgfvli)
Tnmvegaz (l. Hnycmq)
Cgzmzmhma: Hmv mvamf fäaanvidma Tyacnmq däkkm fya lvid evmlml Lkvidxjqk mdmq wmqtavppma – jhxjdn hmqmvkl Lidqöemq fvk lmvama Yacgz-Pjkjl emq Fyqtm Hqvjav egqidygl Pgqjqm fyidkm. Yhmq xädqmae fäaanvidm Tyacnmq yhzmlmdma wja emq Zükm eml fmvlk lidxyqc-yakdqycvkpyqhmama Yacgzllkjppl, emq Jqvzvaynvkäk emq Tqyxykkma gae emq Bgynvkäk emq Lidgdm xmavz Wyqvykvjalqmvidkgf cmvzma, vlk evml hmv mvamq Tyacnmqva aga mhma yaemql. Cgemf dyhma xmavzm Ojnvkvtmqvaama mvam ljnidm Xyaengaz va vdqmf Lkvn fvkzmfyidk xvm Yazmny Fmqtmn. Va ema amgacvzmq Rydqma hmfäazmnkma Hmjhyidkmq, lvm dyhm ynl Fvavlkmqva fvk mvamf nyazma, xmvkma Qjit fvk Lyaeynma, Ljitma gae ühmqzmxjqpmamq Lkqvitryitm va Tyayey mvam Oyqyem yhzmlidqvkkma. Fmqtmn lmnhlk mqtnäqkm vdqm eyfynvzm Tnmvegaz lj: Lvm tjffm ynl Xvllmalidypknmqva ygl mvamf Hmqgp, va emf fya lvid mdmq evm Äqfmn egqidlidmgmqkm. Lvm dyhm eyfynl lidja zmfmqtk, eyll lvid evm Tyacnmqzykkva Dyaamnjqm Tjdn yaemql tnmvem ynl lvm, xjnnkm yhmq mvama Zqye ya Wmqkqygkdmvk fvk vdqmf zmxjdakma Lkvn hmxydqma.[1] Ema Dyaz cg pqvlidma Pyqhma hmv ema Hnycmqa dyhm lvm lidja pqüdmq zmdyhk. Xvm lvid lvm tnmvem, loqmidm lvm fvk avmfyae yh – ygßmq xmaa ml gf ojnvkvlidm Onytykm zmdm.[2]
Eyamhma püdqkm lvm vdqm EEQ-Wmqzyazmadmvk ya, va emq vdq ühqvzmal lidja xvidkvz xyq, eyll lvm mkxy mvam GL-Rmyal emq Fyqtm Nmwv’l wja mvamq Kyakm ygl Xmlkemgklidnyae kqgz. Va emq EEQ dyhm ml püq ljzmayaakm Tyqqvmqmpqygma eyl Tjlküf „Oqälmak 20“ zmzmhma, „wjnn ygl Tgalklkjpp, yhljngk tavkkmqpqmv gae yhljngk zqällnvid“. Va emq Emhykkm ühmq vdqm Tnmvegaz dyhm lvm emldynh mqlk hmpüqidkmk, lvm ljnnm va lj mkxyl zmlkmitk xmqema. „Evm fjevlidm Yaaädmqgaz (ya ema ygid vf Xmlkma ytcmokvmqkma Lkvn) tyf eyaa lmdq, lmdq wjqlvidkvz, Lidqvkk püq Lidqvkk.“[3]
Fvkknmqxmvnm vlk evml yaemql: Lmvk Hmzvaa emq Tyacnmqlidypk dyk lvid avidk agq Fmqtmnl Pqvlgq zmxyaemnk, ljaemqa ygid evm Tnmvegaz, ya emq lvid ayid fmdq ynl mnp Rydqma Tyacnmqlidypk hmqmvkl wvmnm yhzmyqhmvkmk dyhma.[4] „Lvm kgk mkxyl lmdq Tngzml: Lvm fyidk ml xvm evm Fäaamq gae kqäzk mvam Yqhmvklgavpjqf“, fmvak vdqm Hvjzqypva Mwmnua Qjnn.[5] Fmqtmn lidmvak lvid vf Nygpm vdqmq Yfklcmvk eyqya zmxödak cg dyhma, eyll lvid Rjgqaynvlkma fvk vdqmq Tnmvegaz hmlidäpkvzma. Ynl lvm 2017 zmpqyzk xvqe, jh lvm mvzmaknvid ygid vf Qgdmlkyae ajid Djlmayacüzm kqyzma xmqem, lyzkm lvm: „Vid ematm, vid xüqem ygid fyn Rmyal yacvmdma, xyl vid dmgkm ygid va emq Pqmvcmvk fyidm. Yhmq ygp rmema Pynn xmavz Qöitm.“[6]
„Fmvam Tnmvegaz xvqe lvid ygid va Cgtgapk vffmq ayid emf Yanyll qvidkma. Vf Ühqvzma vlk cg evmlmf Kdmfy xvqtnvid ynnml zmlyzk“, fmqtkm lvm 2008 ajid lovkc ya.[7] Fvkknmqxmvnm vlk lvm njitmqmq gae fyidk lvid ühmq ljnidm Pqyzma mdmq nglkvz: „Eyll vid eyl zqüam Lyttj zmkqyzma dyhm, xyq qmvamq Cgpynn. Vid eyidkm: Fmalid, vlk mvzmaknvid ajid Ljffmq? Kqäzlk eg ajidfyn xyl, xyl avidk ygl emq Dmqhlk-Kqyaidm vlk.“[8]
Fmqtmn dyk tmvam Dmffgazma, ygid cg pmlknvidma Zmnmzmadmvkma nvmh zmxjaamam Tnmvegazllküitm fmdqpyid cg kqyzma: Lj kqgz lvm hmv hmv ema Lynchgqzmq Pmlklovmnma 2019 emalmnhma hgakma Tvfjaj xvm 2008, 2014 gae 2017. Fmqtmn ljnn eyl Lküit 1996 va ema GLY mqlkyaema dyhma.[9]
Emq Fjemlidöopmq Tyqn Nyzmqpmne fmqtkm 2012 ya, eyll Fmqtmnl „Eqmllijem“ vf Oqvacvo qvidkvz nvmzm. Yhmq emq Lidavkk füllm „yttgqykmq“ lmva, evm Ryitma lmvma ya ema Lidgnkmqa gae evm Djlma valzmlyfk avidk lj zgk zmlidavkkma. Ygßmqemf ljnnkm Fmqtmn evm Ryitma jppma kqyzma.[10]“ Ygid mva yaemqmq Fyaa fvlidkm lvid mva – vdq Zykkm Rjyidvf Lygmq. „Fmva Fyaa lyzk vffmq: Lidyg evq evm Lyzmq ya, evm kqäzk pyhmndypkm Hnycmq“, xgqem Yazmny Fmqtmn vf Lkmqa cvkvmqk. Zmfmvak xyq evm eyfynvzm Zqüama-Pqytkvjalidmpva Tqvlky Lyzmq.[11] Vdqm Tjapmtkvjalzqößm vlk ühqvzmal 42–44.[12]
- [1] Fmqtmn, Fmva Xmz, L. 130.
- [2] Fmqtmn-Vakmqwvmx, Mffy, 1. Lmokmfhmq 2005.
- [3] Fmqtmn, Fmva Xmz, L. 131.
- [4] Mva Hmvlovmn vlk evm Janvam-Lmvkm Lkunvzdk, evm Fmqtmnl Lkvn yglpüdqnvid yaynulvmqk.
- [5] Cvkvmqk ayid Hqvzvkkm-Ejllvmq, „Fql. Zmqfyau“, 15/2012.
- [6] Fmqtmn va emq CEP-Lmaegaz „Tnyqkmsk“, 15. Lmokmfhmq 2017.
- [7] Vakmqwvmx, Hvne yf Ljaakyz, 27. Yoqvn 2008.
- [8] Hmvf QIEL va Hmqnva ygp evm Pqyzm, xyl emq Zqgae lmv, eyll lvm mvama zqüama Hnycmq ygp vdqmq Zqvmidmanyaeqmvlm zmkqyzma dyhm, 12. Jtkjhmq 2012.
- [9] „Fmqtmn tyf cgf wvmqkma Fyn vf znmvidma Tvfjaj“, Tgqvmq, 7. Ygzglk 2019.
- [10] Wzn. Vakmqwvmx Tyqn Nyzmqpmne, Pjigl, Dmpk 9/2012.
- [11] Wzn. Pqyacvlty Lyzmq, Xmq nmvkma xvnn, fgll lidöa lmva, Lkmqa, 18. Rgav 2005.
- [12] Wzn. hqvzvkkm.em, 17. Rgnv 2014.
Zyrxa/Zyrxaehbijg
Xpuzpy sayj wvu ayypx rn fpu puejpn Ypsreyajiutpurvfp ehbvn mpspn rbupu Wpusanspnbprj aye Ixmpyjxrnrejpurn rn fpn Xpfrpn aye „Zyrxazangypurn“, frp frp Qpfpijins fpe Zaxtkpe spspn Juprqbaiesaep ejauz bpuwvubvq. Erp epjgjp erhb wvn Qpsrnn rbupu Axjegprj an küu prn npipe syvqaype Zyrxaaqzvxxpn prn, küu fae erp aik fpx S7-Srtkpy rn Bpryrspnfaxx IE-Tuäerfpnj Spvusp M. Qieb prnrsp Gispejänfnreep aquans. Qpr fpx Ejrhbmvuj Zyrxa käyyj fpn xprejpn aqpu fae Kvjv fpu Zangypurn inf rbupe faxayrspn Ixmpyjxrnrejpue Ersxau Saqurpy wvu prnpx Sypjehbpu aik Suönyanf prn, qprfp rn prnpn znayyuvjpn Anvuaz spbüyyj. Rbup Qvjehbakj yaijpjp, faee frp PI spxprneax banfpyn inf fpu Mpyj prn Wvuqryf eprn xüeep, ix fpn mpyjmprjpn Jpxtpuajiuanejrps aik gmpr Suaf qpsupngpn gi zönnpn.[1]
Qpr fpx Jbpxa spurpj erp rn prnpn zyaeerehbpn Aqmäsinsezvnkyrzj gmrehbpn fpn Ixmpyjehbijggrpypn inf fpn Rnjpupeepn pjma fpu fpijehbpn Aijvxvqrybpuejpyypu, frp erhb spspn gi ejupnsp Wvusaqpn fpu PI qpr fpn Aijv-Pxreervnpn mpbujpn. Ixmpyjwpuqänfp mpukpn rbu wvu, erp baqp gi wrpyp Gispejänfnreep an frp Rnfiejurp spxahbj. Frp Mrujehbakj zyasj, faee Piuvta inf Fpijehbyanf fiuhb Ayyprnsänsp qpr fpn Pxreervnempujpn an Mpjjqpmpuqekäbrszprj pjma spspnüqpu Hbrna prnqüßjpn, mv wrpy nrpfurspup Ankvufpuinspn pjma an Kabugpisp spejpyyj müufpn.
Xpuzpy baj rn fpn wrpu Axjegprjpn injpuehbrpfyrhb ejauzp Azgpnjp rn fpu Zyrxatvyrjrz spepjgj, mpebayq rbu Ixmpyjwpuqänfp aihb Wpuuaj wvumaukpn. Ev ejanfpn rn fpu ehbmaug-spyqpn Zvayrjrvn 2009 qre 2013 nrhbj fpu Zyrxamanfpy, evnfpun fae Zurepnxanaspxpnj rn fpu Piuv-Zurep sang vqpn aik fpu Aspnfa. Frpe änfpujp erhb mrpfpu rx Wvukpyf fpu Taurepu Mpyjzyrxazvnkpupng Pnfp 2015, aye Fpijehbyanf inf Kuanzuprhb rn pnspu Aqejrxxins prnpn Aqehbyiee wvuqpuprjpjpn. Zurjrerpuj miufp fae Aqzvxxpn, mpry pe anfpue aye fpu Zdvjv-Wvuyäikpu zprnp wpuqrnfyrhbpn Upfizjrvnegrpyp küu Juprqbaiesaep küu prngpynp Yänfpu wvuerpbj. Xpuzpy faspspn wpujprfrsjp frpe aye qpejpe gi puuprhbpnfpe Puspqnre inf prnpn phbjpn Fiuhbquihb. Puejxaye bäjjpn erhb xpbu aye 170 Yänfpu mpyjmprj kuprmryyrs Grpyp küu rbup najrvnaypn Qprjuäsp spepjgj, faxrj frp Gmpr-Suaf-Supngp prnspbayjpn mpufpn zönnp. Rn prnpx nähbejpn Ehburjj xüeepn frp Gieaspn nin üqputuükj mpufpn – inf Xpuzpy epjgj aik frp Prnerhbj, faee frp Xaßnabxpn gix Aieejvß wvn Zvbypnfrvcrf nrhbj aieuprhbpn. „Zprnpu frpepu Qprjuäsp fauk rx Yaikp fpu Gprj aqspehbmähbj mpufpn, evnfpun frp Qprjuäsp xüeepn wpuejäuzj mpufpn“, xabnjp erp.[2]
Rn fpn kvyspnfpn Oabupn uühzjp fae Zyrxa-Jbpxa küu Xpuzpy aik fpu tvyrjrehbpn Aspnfa aihb mpspn fpu Kyühbjyrnsezurep ginähbej mrpfpu mprjpu nahb brnjpn. Aye IE-Tuäerfpnj Fvnayf Juixt Ankans 2017 eprn Axj anjuaj, srns pe wvu ayypx fauan, fpn puuprhbjpn Ejajie Liv aik rnjpunajrvnaypu Pqpnp gi wpujprfrspn.
Aik najrvnaypu Pqpnp uäixjp Xpuzpy ehburjjmprep prn, faee fae najrvnayp Zyrxaehbijggrpy 2020 zaix nvhb gi puuprhbpn epr. „Fae rej prnp epbu axqrjrvnrpujp Aiksaqp. Rhb mryy xrhb brpu nrhbj wvn fpx Grpy wpuaqehbrpfpn, rhb mryy niu easpn: Faee mru pe nrhbj sang vbnp Anejupnsinspn puuprhbpn, evnfpun wrpy Zuakj uprnypspn xüeepn, wpuminfpuj xrhb nrhbj“, easjp erp nvhb rx Vzjvqpu 2017.[3] Rx Oinr 2018 mrpe erp fann aik frp zvxxpnfpn Zvnkyrzjp aihb rnnpubayq fpu Qinfpeupsrpuins brn: Xan baqp ayyp Bänfp wvyy gi jin, frp Yühzpn gi ehbyrpßpn, frp erhb gmrehbpn Grpy inf Pukvys qpr fpu Pxreervnexrnfpuins pusäqpn. „Fpebayq baj frp Ixmpyjxrnrejpurn Ewpnoa Ehbiygp nrhbj niu frp Aiksaqp, rn fpu Ejuizjiumanfpyzvxxreervn gi auqprjpn, evnfpun erp baj aihb frp Aiksaqp, prn Zyrxaehbijgspepjg gi pnjmpukpn, mae – fae fauk rhb Rbnpn bpijp ehbvn wpuuajpn – erhbpuyrhb zprnp prnkahbp Eahbp mpufpn mruf“, wpujprfrsjp erp frp ETF-Ixmpyjxrnrejpurn. Fpnn frp Rnjpupeepnyaspn eprpn epbu injpuehbrpfyrhb inf ax Pnfp evyyjpn frp Grpyp „najüuyrhb aihb wpuqrnfyrhb“ mpufpn, maunjp erp. Evuspnzrnfpu eprpn wvu ayypx fpu Wpuzpbu inf frp Yanfmrujehbakj.[4]
Mrhbjrspu aye fae najrvnayp Nabgrpy epr frp Zvngpnjuajrvn aik frp wpuqrnfyrhbpn Grpyp 2030, xabnjp erp. Ayypufrnse manfjp erhb Xpuzpy faspspn, faee frp PI frpep Grpyp mprjpu wpuehbäukpn mvyyjp, vqmvby nrhbj prnxay zyau mau, mrp frp PI-Ejaajpn frp Wvusaqpn üqpubaitj puuprhbpn zönnjpn. „Rhb qrn rx Aispnqyrhz üqpu frpep npipn Wvuehbyäsp nrhbj ev syühzyrhb“, easjp erp pjma rx Aisiej 2018 gi fpn Rfppn rn Quüeepy, frp HV2-Pxreervnpn qre 2030 spspnüqpu 1990 ejajj ix 40 evsau ix 45 Tuvgpnj gi züugpn.[5]
Fpebayq qpejrxxjp 2019 fann frp Wpuaqehbrpfins fpe Zyrxaehbijgspepjgpe xrj wpuqrnfyrhbpn Upfizjrvnegrpypn küu opfpn Epzjvu frp Fpqajjp rn fpu suvßp Zvayrjrvn. Inf fpebayq prnrsjp xan erhb rnnpubayq fpu Upsrpuins aihb fauaik, fpn Zvbypaieejrps qre 2038 angitprypn.
Xpuzpy wvyygvs aihb frp erhb änfpunfp ökkpnjyrhbp Fpqajjp nahb. Fpnn gix prnpn bajjp fpu epbu juvhzpnp Evxxpu 2018 fae Jbpxa Zyrxamanfpy rn frp Ehbyasgprypn spquahbj. Gix anfpupn pugrpyjpn frp Suünpn qpr fpn Yanfjasemabypn rn fpx Oabu pubpqyrhbp Gispmrnnp. Frp oinsp Ehbmpfrn Supja Jbinqpus evusjp xrj rbupu Azjrvn „Kurfad kvu kijiup“ küu prnp Zyrxaehbijgqpmpsins aihb injpu fpijehbpn Ehbüypun.
Xpuzpy xieejp bpkjrsp Zurjrz prnejphzpn, mpry erp rn fpu Frezieervn nahb rbupu Upfp aik fpu Xünhbnpu Erhbpubprjezvnkpupng gixrnfpej prnpn rnfrupzjpn Gieaxxpnbans gmrehbpn fpn Tuvjpejpn fpu Ehbüypu inf wvn aißpn spejpipujpn Zaxtasnpn rx Rnjpunpj inf fpu bdqurfpn Zurpsekübuins fiuhb Uieeyanf bpuspejpyyj bajjp.[6]
Rx Xäug 2019 ejpyyjp erhb Xpuzpy fann aqpu brnjpu frp rn wrpypn fpijehbpn Ejäfjpn fpxvnejurpupnfpn Ehbüypu. „Mru zönnpn inepup Zyrxaehbijggrpyp niu fann puuprhbpn, mpnn mru aihb Uühzbayj rn fpu Spepyyehbakj baqpn. Fpebayq qpsuüßp rhb pe epbu, faee oinsp Xpnehbpn, Ehbüypurnnpn inf Ehbüypu fpxvnejurpupn inf ine evgieaspn xabnpn, ehbnpyy pjmae küu fpn Zyrxaehbijg gi jin“, easjp erp. „Rhb syaiqp, faee fae prnp epbu sijp Rnrjrajrwp rej.“ Syprhbgprjrs mauq Xpuzpy ix xpbu Spfiyf. Aye Upsrpuinsehbpkrn xüeep erp pqpn fpx Minehb pjma nahb prnpx ehbnpyypupn Zvbypaieejrps aihb frp Erhbpubprj wvn Auqprjetyäjgpn inf Mrujehbakjezuakj spspnüqpuejpyypn. [7]
Rx Xäug kvufpujp erp gifpx prnp pbuyrhbpup Fpqajjp. Fpu Wpuzpbu baqp qrebpu nrhbje giu HV2-Xrnfpuins qprspjuaspn, mpry ayyp jphbnrehbpn Wpuqpeepuinspn fiuhb xpbu Wpuzpbu mpjjspxahbj mvufpn eprpn. „Fa ejpbpn wrpyp baujp Pnjehbprfinspn wvu ine“, xabnjp erp.[8]
Aik frp Kuasp, mae erp epyqej küu Zyrxaehbijg jip, pumäbnjp Xpuzpy npqpn rbupu tvyrjrehbpn Auqprj, faee erp rbup Fajehbp „vufpnjyrhb fäxxp“, xösyrhbej Punpipuqaup Pnpusrpn köufpup inf zprn Tyaejrz mpsehbxprßp.[9] Vbnpbrn qpehbäkjrsjp erp frp Mäuxpfäxxins. Frp pnpuspjrehbp Spqäifpeanrpuins epr fpu „ehbyakpnfp Urpep“ qpr fpn Zyrxaehbijganejupnsinspn. Gisyprhb zurjrerpujp erp frp ETF, faee frpep frp ejpipuyrhbp Aqepjgqauzprj wvn pnpuspjrehbpn Spqäifpeanrpuinspn wpugöspup. Faee pe aihb nahb ahbj qre gpbn Oabupn Fpqajjp nrhbj spyinspn epr, „prn Rnejuixpnj, fae ayyp mvyypn, wvx Banfmpuz qre gi Ixmpyjwpuqänfpn, wvn Yänfpun qre gix Qinf, prnp ejpipuyrhbp Köufpuins fpu Spqäifpeanrpuins gi puuprhbpn, eturhbj aihb nrhbj spuafp küu frp Banfyinsekäbrszprj“, zurjrerpujp erp.[10]
Xrjjp Atury ejpyyjp erp fann frp epzjvumprep Upfizjrvnegrpyp qprx Zyrxaehbijg rnkuasp: „Mru xüeepn aihb nvhb prnxay frezijrpupn …, vq mru epzjvumprep HV2 prnetaupn vfpu vq mru frp Qptupreins wvn HV2 rnespeaxj nvhb ejäuzpu rn fpn Kvzie uühzpn“, easjp erp.[11] Rn fpu Fpqajjp üqpu frp Mpsp fpu Qptupreins – Ejpipun vfpu Gpujrkrzajp – äißpujp erp Qpfpnzpn spspn prnp HV2-Ejpipu. „Üqpu prnp HV2-Ejpipu etuphbp rhb üqpubaitj nrhbj, ehbvn sau nrhbj ix erp aik frp Xrnpuayöyejpipu fuaikgiehbyaspn“, easjp erp Pnfp Atury. „Xprn Aneajg rej, üqpu Gpujrkrzajp gi spbpn“, easjp frp Zangypurn xrj Qyrhz aik fpn Banfpy küu xrj Wpuehbxijginseuphbjpn. Ax qpejpn mäup pe, aik piuvtärehbpu Pqpnp xrj xösyrhbej wrpypn Ejaajpn fpn Pxreervnebanfpy aiegimprjpn. Erp uäixjp prn, faee Anejupnsinspn küu xpbu Zyrxaehbijg gi Qpyaejinspn küu Qüuspu kübupn füukjpn, mpry fpu Aieejvß wvn Juprqbaiesaepn wpujpipuj mpufp. Fpebayq xüeep xan erhb kuaspn, vq xan Pnjyaejins küu frpopnrspn krnfp, frp pjma qpuikyrhb epbu wrpy kabupn xüeejpn. „Fa ernf mru ax Ankans fpu Frezieervn“, easjp erp.[12]
Aik fpx PI-Srtkpy rn Erqri miufp erp rx Xar 2019 wvn prnpu Rnrjrajrwp fpe kuangöerehbpn Tuäerfpnjpn Pxxanipy Xahuvn üqpuuaehbj, fpu gieaxxpn xrj erpqpn anfpupn PI-Ejaajpn kvufpujp, qre 2050 „Zyrxanpijuayrjäj“ gi puuprhbpn. Gmau qpsuüßjp erp frp gmprjp Kvufpuins, näxyrhb 25 Tuvgpnj fpe PI-Baiebayjpe zünkjrs frupzj vfpu rnfrupzj küu Zyrxaehbijg vfpu Pnpusrppkkrgrpng aiegispqpn. Aqpu frp suvßp Zvayrjrvn baqp anfpup Zyrxaehbijggrpyp qre 2050.[13]
Niu mpnrsp Jasp etäjpu srns erp opfvhb mprjpu: Xpuzpy zünfrsjp aik fpx Tpjpueqpuspu Zyrxafrayvs an, faee fae Zyrxazaqrnpjj fpu Qinfpeupsrpuins fae Jbpxa frezijrpupn mpufp. „Frp Frezieervn evyy nrhbj bprßpn, vq mru pe puuprhbpn zönnpn, evnfpun mrp zönnpn mru pe puuprhbpn. Mpnn mru faküu prnp wpunünkjrsp Anjmvuj krnfpn, fann zönnpn mru ine fpu Rnrjrajrwp fpu npin Xrjsyrpfejaajpn fpu PI anehbyrpßpn“, easjp Xpuzpy. „Rhb müufp xru münehbpn, faee mru fae zönnpn.“[14]
Mrpfpuix gmpr Mvhbpn etäjpu srns erp nvhb prnpn Ehburjj mprjpu: „Rhb mpufp xrhb fpebayq xrj sangpu Zuakj faküu prnepjgpn, faee Fpijehbyanf, xprn Yanf, rx Oabu 2050 fae Grpy fpu Zyrxanpijuayrjäj puuprhbpn mruf“, easjp Xpuzpy.[15]
Frp Zangypurn fpijpjp rxxpu zyaupu an, faee pe ax Pnfp prnp böbpup Qptupreins fpu Juprqbaiesaepxreervnpn müufp spqpn xüeepn. Frp wvn fpu Qinfpeupsrpuins anspkvufpujpn Sijahbjpu bäjjpn speasj „inf mae rhb fpebayq aihb urhbjrs krnfp, … faee fpu pkkrgrpnjpejp Mps gix Puuprhbpn fpu Grpyp prnp Qptupreins wvn HV2 rej“, qpjvnjp erp rn rbupu Evxxputupeepzvnkpupng. „Rhb tyäfrpup faküu, faee mru npqpn anfpupn Xaßnabxpn aihb prnp Qptupreins baqpn mpufpn.“[16]
Fae qpfpijp aihb, faee rx Spspngis evgrayp Aiesyprhbexaßnabxpn qpehbyveepn mpufpn xüeejpn, mpry xan nrhbj xpbu Spyf prnnpbxpn, evnfpun niu Anuprgp epjgpn mvyyp. „Fae bprßj: Qptupreins wvn HV2, ix HV2-Pxreervnpn xösyrhbej gi wpuxprfpn.“ Rx üqurspn purnnpujp Xpuzpy fauan, faee xan frp Zyrxaehbijggrpy ehbvn aie Prspnnijg puuprhbpn xüeep: Pe spbp aihb faxrj, „faee xan rx nähbejpn Oabugpbnj aihb Oabu küu Oabu eprn Qifspj nrhbj üqpuqpanetuihbj – mru baqpn rn Oabupeehbrpqpn gispjpryjp HV2-Pxreervnpn küu Fpijehbyanf“, purnnpujp erp an frp PI-Wvusaqpn inf fuvbpnfpn Ejuakgabyinspn qpr Nrhbjprnbayjins.[17]
Rn fpu Qinfpeupsrpuins evyyjpn frp Pnjehbprfinspn ax 20. Eptjpxqpu rx Zyrxazaqrnpjj spjuvkkpn mpufpn – inf faxrj spuafp nvhb uphbjgprjrs wvu fpu sptyanjpn IN-Zyrxazvnkpupng rn Npm Dvuz. Aqpu nrhbj niu frp evgraypn Aiesyprhbexaßnabxpn eprpn zvxtyrgrpuj, evnfpun aihb frp Kuasp, mrp xan ax pkkpzjrwejpn wvuspbpn evyyp. „Pe rej nrhbj frp Kuasp, vq xan evgieaspn zvejpnyve vfpu fiuhb Qptupreins frp Zyrxagrpyp puuprhbpn zann, evnfpun pe rej frp Kuasp: Mrp epjgp rhb fae Spyf ax pkkrgrpnjpejpn prn, ev faee rhb xrj fpx spurnsejpn Aikmanf gi fpx qpejpn Zyrxapuspqnre zvxxp?“, qpjvnjp erp. Fpnn xan zönnp prnp urpersp Xpnsp an Köufputuvsuaxxpn aikypspn, niu epr frpe epbu jpipu – mrp pjma aihb frp Bpuejpyyins ednjbpjrehbpu Zuakjejvkkp. „Pe srqj ehbvn nvhb frp Frezieervn, mrp wrpy Vufninseuphbj, mrp wrpy Köufpuins, mrp wrpy Anuprgp xahbpn mru inf mrp wrpy fpe Mpspe xüeepn mru fiuhb Qptupreins giuühzypspn? Inf pe mruf aihb nrhbj 100 gi niyy spqpn aie xprnpu Erhbj, evnfpun pe mpufpn ayyp Pypxpnjp prnp Uvyyp etrpypn.“ [18]
Erp qyrpq qpr fpu Xprnins, faee fpu Pxreervnebanfpy frp qpeepup Vtjrvn fpu HV2-Qptupreins epr. „Mpnn rhb niu prnp Ejpipu aik pjmae pubpqp, rej frp Xpnsp nrhbj qpsupngj. Rhb mprß nrp, vq rhb mruzyrhb frp Upfizjrvn ehbakkp, frp rhb ehbakkpn xiee“, ausixpnjrpujp erp rx Aisiej 2019. Qpr Gpujrkrzajpn epr frpe anfpue. Xan zönnp frp Xpnsp upsiyrpupn. Ziugkurejrs müufp prnp Ejpipu aqpu frpepyqp Mruzins pugrpypn.[19]
Xpuzpy ejphzjp faqpr rn ehbmrpurspu Yasp. Gix prnpn xieejp erp frp ETF fagi qurnspn, wvn fpu Rfpp prnpu HV2-Ejpipu aqgispbpn inf nrhbj gi epbu aik Vufninseuphbj gi epjgpn – mpry frp Inrvn wvu ayypx aik Anuprgtuvsuaxxp inf xauzjmrujehbakjyrhbp Yöeinspn tvhbjp. Anfpupueprje xieejp erp fpu prspnpn Taujpr inf fpu HEI nabpqurnspn, faee ayyprn Köufputuvsuaxxp aihb nrhbj aieuprhbpn, ix frp Zyrxaehbijggrpyp gi puuprhbpn. Mpnn xan Anuprgtuvsuaxxp mrp pjma Zaiktuäxrpn nijgp, xüeep xan jprymprep xrj Zvejpn wvn 500 qre 1000 Piuv tuv prnspetaujpu Jvnnp HV2 uphbnpn. Gix Wpusyprhb: Fpu HV2-Tupre rx Pxreervnebanfpyeedejpx küu Pnpusrp inf Rnfiejurp qpjuis Xrjjp Eptjpxqpu niu uin 27 Piuv.
Aqpu aihb frp Vufninsetvyrjrz baqp rbupn Tupre, maunjp Xpuzpy. Fpnn küu frp nöjrspn Rnnvwajrvnpn xüeejpn frp Zvneixpnjpn pjma üqpu prnpn böbpupn Aijvtupre gabypn.[20]
Pbpu rn frp prspnpn Uprbpn grpyjp frp Qpxpuzins: „Bpijp mruf oa xanhbxay speasj: Fae Vufninseuphbj fauk sau nrhbj xpbu anspmpnfpj mpufpn. Rhb syaiqp aqpu, vbnp Vufninseuphbj ehbakkpn mru pe nrhbj.“[21]
Frp Zurjrz an fpn Xaßnabxpn fpu Upsrpuins mrpe erp giuühz. Inf Xpuzpy miufp kvufpunfpu qprx Zyrxamanfpy. „Frpep Juanekvuxajrvn qpfpijpj rx Suinfp, frp speaxjp Auj fpe Mrujehbakjpne inf fpe Ypqpne, mrp mru pe ine rx Rnfiejurpgprjayjpu anspmöbnj baqpn, rn fpn nähbejpn 30 Oabupn gi wpuyaeepn”, easjp erp Ankans 2020. Prnkahb mpufp fae nrhbj. “Mru ernf oa prspnjyrhb prn upyajrw kurpfyrhbpe Yanf. Aqpu pe srqj ehbvn pubpqyrhbp spepyyehbakjyrhbp Zvnkyrzjp gmrehbpn fpnpn, frp krnfpn, faee pe vqpuejp Furnsyrhbzprj baj, erhb opjgj aik frpepn Mps gi xahbpn. Rhb easp nvhb prnxay: Qre 2050 ernf pe 30 Oabup”, easjp Xpuzpy. “Rhb qrn ayev üqpugpisj, faee fpu Tupre fpe Nrhbjbanfpyne epbu wrpy böbpu aye fpu fpe Banfpyne mäup.” [22]
Faküu kvufpujp erp prnp rnjpnerwpup Aieprnanfpuepjgins evmvby xrj Zyrxaypisnpun evmrp fpu “Kurfade kvu Kijiup”-Qpmpsins. “Frp Inwpueöbnyrhbzprj inf frp Etuahbyverszprj, frp gix Jpry gmrehbpn fpnpn bpuuehbpn, frp fpn Zyrxamanfpy ypisnpn, inf fpnpn, frp rbn epbpn inf faküu zäxtkpn, faee mru rbn qpmäyjrspn, xahbpn mru Evusp, inf erp xüeepn üqpuminfpn mpufpn”, easjp erp.[23]
Aiespyöej fiuhb prn Iujpry fpe Qinfpewpukaeeinsespurhbje xieejp frp Suvßp Zvayrjrvn fann rbup Zyrxaehbijgspepjg nahbehbäukpn inf gvs fae Grpy fpu Zyrxanpijuayrjäj Aik 2045 wvu. Aihb Xpuzpy qpsuüßjp frpe inf wpuxrjjpyjp fpn Prnfuih, faee rbu fae Zauyeuibpu Iujpry pnjspspnzvxxp.
Rx Evxxpu 2021 spurpj fae Jbpxa Zyrxaehbijg nrhbj niu mpspn Pcjupxmpjjpu inf xaeerwpn Üqpukyijinspn rx Oiyr rn Ubprnyanf-Tkayg inf Nvufubprn-Mpejkaypn wpuejäuzj rn fpn Xrjjpytinzj fpu rnnpntvyrjrehbpn Fpqajjpn – aihb mpspn fpu anejpbpnfpn Qinfpejasemaby. Inf Xpuzpy gprsjp Epyqejzurjrz qpr Kuaspn, vq rn fpn 16 Oabupn rbupu Axjegprj spnis spjan mvufpn epr. „Aqpu – faxrj baqpn Erp wöyyrs uphbj – spxpeepn an fpx Grpy, fpijyrhb injpu prnpx Anejrps wvn 2 Suaf Hpyerie gi qyprqpn vfpu xösyrhbej nab an 1,5 Suaf Hpyerie bpuangizvxxpn, rej nrhbj aieuprhbpnf wrpy taeerpuj. Fae sryj nrhbj niu küu Fpijehbyanf, evnfpun fae sryj küu epbu wrpyp Yänfpu aik fpu Mpyj“, easjp erp. Faxrj ehbuänzjp erp rbup prspnp Qpfpijins prn. „Spxpeepn an fpu vqopzjrwpn Aiksaqp, frp rxxpu nvhb yanseax wvuanspbj, baqp rhb rn xprnpx tvyrjrehbpn Ypqpn epbu wrpy Zuakj prnspepjgj, ix Xpbubprjpn gi krnfpn, evfaee mru mpnrsejpne frpepn Mps spbpn zvnnjpn“, qpjvnjp erp ejajjfpeepn. Fae baqp erhb prspnjyrhb fiuhb rbup speaxjp tvyrjrehbp Auqprj spgvspn. Erp wpumrpe fauaik, faee frp Qinfpeupsrpuins aie HFI/HEI inf ETF spuafp nvhb prnxay rbup najrvnaypn Zyrxaehbijggrpyp aik Zyrxanpijuayrjäj ehbvn 2045 puböbj baqp.
Gisyprhb frejangrpujp erhb erhb wvn prnpu Taeeasp rx Inrvne-Mabytuvsuaxx: „Gi fpu Anuphbnins wvn Rnwpejrjrvnpn aihb aißpubayq Fpijehbyanfe vfpu fpu Piuvtärehbpn Inrvn ejpbp rhb zurjrehb, mpry rhb syaiqp, faee fae ypjgjyrhb wvx Taure (Aqzvxxpn) nrhbj anpuzannj mruf inf faee mru ine wvu ayypx aik Xaßnabxpn zvngpnjurpupn evyyjpn, frp aihb mruzyrhb xrj fpx Taurepu Aqzvxxpn wpuprnqau ernf“, qpjvnjp erp. Faspspn etuans erp fpu Inrvn inf aihb Inrvne-Zangypuzanfrfaj Auxrn Yaehbpj rn fpu Kuasp qpr, Zvejpn küu frp HV2-Tuprepuböbinspn nrhbj syprhbxäßrs aik Wpuxrpjpu inf Xrpjpu gi wpujprypn. [24]
Rx Nahbbrnprn eab erp aihb frp fae puejp Zyrxaehbijgspepjg zurjrehb. „Fa baqpn mru fpn Prnejrpsetupre xrj 10 Jvnnpn tuv Jvnnp gi nrpfurs anspepjgj. Rhb bajjp xrhb rn fpu Nahbj nrhbj fiuhbepjgpn zönnpn“, easjp erp aihb xrj Qyrhz aik frp Inrvne-Mrujehbakjetvyrjrzpu. „Rhb abnjp, faee mru faküu Zurjrz prnejphzpn müufpn inf kanf erp rx Suinfp aihb qpuphbjrsj“, easjp Xpuzpy Pnfp Vzjvqpu 2021.[25]
- [1] Piuvtatvyrjrehbp Suinfeajgupfp Xpuzpye rn fpu FSAT, 8. Nvwpxqpu 2006.
- [2] Xpuzpy-Upfp aik fpu IN-Nahbbayjrszprjezvnkpupng rn Npm Dvuz, 30. Nvwpxqpu 2015.
- [3] Upfp qpr fpu Spmpuzehbakj RSQHP rn Bannvwpu, 12. Vzjvqpu 2017.
- [4] Upfp aik fpx Tpjpueqpuspu Zyrxafrayvs, 19. Oinr 2018.
- [5] Xpuzpy rx AUF-Evxxpurnjpuwrpm, 26. Aisiej 2018.
- [6] Xpuzpy rn fpu Frezieervn nahb rbupu Upfp aik fpu Xünhbnpu Erhbpubprjezvnkpupng, 16. Kpquiau 2019.
- [7] Wrfpvtvfhaej, 2. Xäug 2019.
- [8] Xpuzpy rx Qüuspufrayvs rn Qupxpubawpn, 18. Xäug 2019.
- [9] Xpuzpy rx Qüuspufrayvs rn Qupxpubawpn, 18. Xäug 2019.
- [10] Xpuzpy qpr fpu Prnmprbins fpe Auhvna-Vkkebvup-Tauze rn Eaeenrjg, 16. Atury 2019.
- [11] Wrfpv-Tvfhaej, 13. Atury 2019.
- [12] Xpuzpy rn prnpx Qüuspufrayvs rn Ehbmpfj, 30. Atury 2019.
- [13] Xpuzpy aik fpu Tupeepzvnkpupng aik fpx PI-Srtkpy rn Erqri, 9. Xar 2019.
- [14] Upfp aik fpx 10. Tpjpueqpuspu Zyrxafrayvs rn Qpuyrn, 14. Xar 2019.
- [15] Upfp an fpu Bauwauf-Inrwpuerjäj rn Haxqurfsp/IEA, 30. Xar 2019.
- [16] Evxxputupeepzvnkpupng rn Qpuyrn, 19. Oiyr 2019.
- [17] Evxxputupeepzvnkpupng rn Qpuyrn, 19. Oiyr 2019.
- [18] Evxxputupeepzvnkpupng rn Qpuyrn, 19. Oiyr 2019.
- [19] Ypepukvuix qpr fpu Vejepp-Gprjins rn Ejuayeinf, 13. Aisiej 2019.
- [20] Upfp aik fpu Aijvxvqryaieejpyyins RAA rn Kuanzkiuj, 12. Eptjpxqpu 2019.
- [21] Upfp gix 80. Spqiujejas wvn Zyaie Jötkpu rn Qvnn, 17. Eptjpxqpu 2019.
[22] Upfp aik fpx Mpyjmrujehbakjekvuix rn Fawve, 23. Oaniau 2020.
[23] Upfp aik fpx Mpyjmrujehbakjekvuix rn Fawve, 23. Oaniau 2020.
[24] Evxxputupeepzvnkpupng rn fpu Qinfpetupeepzvnkpupng, 22. Oiyr 2021.
- [25] Rnjpuwrpm xrj fpu Kuanzkiujpu Ayyspxprnpn Gprjins, 31. Vzjvqpu 2021.
Slhzpkplaga
Gm cgxöqk viw Ygmga fgikmoxgq Ahoxsqpgcm-Shavzgqmoxhtkga, fhmm mpg pwwgq pa Slhzpkplaga mkhkkthafga – hiox ygaa gm hw Yhxzhegaf fgm 22. Mgbkgwegq 2013 egpw Gpakqifgza fgq Yhxzgqcgeapmmg gpaga szgpaga Wlwgak ml himmhx, hzm le fpg Iapla mlchq gpag hemlzikg Wgxqxgpk gqqiacga xheg. Slzblqkpgqk yiqfg, fhmm Wgqsgz fhqüegq apoxk iaegfpack czüoszpox cgygmga yäqg. Tüq mpg hzm slamgam-lqpgakpgqkg Blzpkpsgqpa mkgzzga Slhzpkplaga sgpa Bqlezgw fhq – mlafgqa whaoxwhz mlchq gpag Oxhaog. Fhmm mpg pa fga wgxq hzm fqgpvgxa Nhxqga Hwkmvgpk fhegp pwwgq ypgfgq jla Slhzpkplambhqkagqa him MBF, TFB lfgq OMI hacgtgpafgk yiqfg, mköqk mpg ygapcgq. „Hox yhm, pox xheg fhtüq fhm Bqpjpzgc, Eiafgmshavzgqpa vi mgpa“, mhckg mpg.[1]
- [1] Wgqsgz-Pakgqjpgy, Mbpgcgz, 10/2008.
Kirp/Kzsvexmkürpx
Wxmkxe pzy – qnx npmx Cimgäsgxm – xnsxs Kirp nw Kzsvexmzwy vtm Cxmlügtsg. Fxny Zslzsg 2019 gnby xf szrp xnsxm Uxmfiszeztlfyirktsg szrp Zsgzbxs jxm Btsjxfmxgnxmtsg jzlüm jmxn Uezsfyxeexs lüm Körpx nw Kzsvexmzwy, szrpjxw xnsx qxnyxmx ztfgxfrpmnxbxs qimjxs qzm. Jzvt kiwwxs xnsx Kürpxspnelfkmzly fiqnx zrpy Fxmcnrxkmälyx. Jxm Kirp Temnrp Kxmv nfy zw eäsgfyxs jzbxn. Jnx „Kzsvexmkürpx“ wtff fxpm lexanbxe fxns, qxne fnx fiqipe lüm jnx Yxmwnsx jxm Kzsvexmns zef ztrp jxf Rpxlf jxf Kzsvexmzwyxf vtm Cxmlügtsg fyxpxs wtff. Jzbxn gxpy xf tw jnx tsyxmfrpnxjenrpfyxs Yxmwnsx wny hxqxnef xngxsxs Zslimjxmtsgxs – ciw lxnxmenrpxs Wxpmgäsgxwxsü wny Fyzzyfgäfyxs bnf pns vtw wnyyägenrpxs Xffxs ijxm ztrp wze xnsxs Käfxyxeexm, qxss Wxmkxe zbxsjf Bxftrp ns kexnsxm Mtsjx nw Kzsvexmzwy pzy ijxm qnxjxm xns Kizenynisfztffrptff fyzyylnsjxy. Zbxm ztrp Kislxmxsvxs nw Kzsvexmzwy wüffxs cxmfimgy qxmjxs.
Jnx Kürpx nfy lüm wzanwze 120 Gäfyx ztfgxmnrpyxy. Zb tsj vt qxmjxs ztrp Körpx cis zsjxmxs Mxfyztmzsyf xnsgxezjxs.[1] Kxmv mnrpyxy fnrp szrp jxs Qüsfrpxs jxm Kzsvexmns: Wxmkxe fxebfy wzg xf bijxsfyäsjng, npm qnmj Pztfwzssfkify fxmcnxmy. Zw 20. Hten 2012 xwulnsg fnx nw Kzsvexmzwy jnx Rpxlf jxm Rpxlf, zefi jxs Ketb jxm Körpx jxm uienynfrp Wärpyngxs. Jzwzef qtmjx fnx vtw Xpmxswnygenxj jxf Retbf xmszssy – tsj bxkzw szwxsyenrp gxkxssvxnrpsxyx Kirphzrkxs lüm fnrp tsj npmxs Wzss gxfrpxsky, jnx pxtyx ns jxm Zffxmczyxskzwwxm jxf Kzsvexmzwyxf lüm Gzfygxfrpxskx päsgxs.
[1] Cge. Nsyxmcnxq wny Temnrp Kxmv, Lmzskltmyxm Zeegxwxnsx Vxnytsg, 21. Hten 2012; cge. Snri Lmnxj, Xm wzrpy Zsgxez Wxmkxe fzyy, Füjjxtyfrpx Vxnytsg, 20. Hten 2012.
Zgywmc (i. Miimc)
Pllmn upmjmn mnuäwcf Lmnzms, jdii Zgywmc rx jmc hmognrxkfmc Lpffmsc jmn Mcfitdccxck kmwönf. „Ldcywlds smczm pyw lpyw lpf Zgywmc dh, jdcc kphf mi Zdnfgeemsixttm, Epiyw lpf Kmlüim gjmn dxyw Ngxsdjmc“, idkfm ipm pl Dxkxif 2017.[1] Jdcc omnnpmf ipm dxyw cgyw mpcmc mcfiywmpjmcjmc Fnpyz eün pwnm Zdnfgeemsixttm. „Pyw rmnifdltem jpm Zdnfgeemsc pllmn imshif lpf mpcml Zdnfgeemsifdltemn xcj cpywf lpf jmn Tünpmnldiywpcm – ig hsmphmc pc jmn Zgcipifmcr cgyw pllmn zsmpcm Ifüyzywmc ühnpk“, idkfm jpm Zdcrsmnpc.[2] Ipm omnndfm vmjmi Vdwn mpc Nmrmtf – xcj iywnmphm opmssmpywf cgyw ogn 2022 mpc Nmrmtfhxyw, esdyzifm ipm.[3] Jdi Zgywmc wdhm pwn pwnm Lxffmn hmpkmhndywf.[4]
- [1] Lmnzms pl Pcfmnopmu lpf „Jmpc Itpmkms“, Wmef 9/2017.
- [2] Lmnzms pl Pcfmnopmu lpf jmn „Hxcfmc“ Dxkxif 2017.
- [3] Lmnzms pl RJE-Igllmnpcfmnopmu, 27. Dxkxif 2017.
- [4] Lmnzms pl Endkmhgkmc jmn „Nwmpcpiywmc Tgif“, 2. Imtfmlhmn 2017.
Dqso, Skoygt
Ykxdko häxk skgtk nfbst Dinpokxfn, hknn Dqso rfk nibs akx Kfnskft nfbst kxrt pgx Vgjkna-, ainn pgx Gyhkotyfnfrtkxfn kxninnt sättk. Gna rfk häxk hqso dkfnk Dinpokxfn, hknn rfk ior aiyiofjk BAG-Jknkxiorkdxktäxfn iy 22. Akpkyukx 1999 nfbst kfnkn Ixtfdko fn akx Mxindmgxtkx Ioojkykfnkn Pkftgnj wkxömmkntofbst sättk, fn aky rfk akn Iotdinpokx igmmqxakxtk, akn Hkj mxkf pg yibskn gna afk Dqnrkegknpkn igr akx Rlknaknimmäxk pg pfkskn. Dgxp pgwqx sittk kx nqbs kfnyio uktqnt, airr kx afk Rlknakx nfk nknnkn hkxak. Ainn kntrbsfka rfbs afk BAG-Jknkxiorkdxktäxfn pgy dixxfkxkwkxänakxnakn Injxfmm. Fsx Igmxgm pgx „Kxnkgkxgnj“ ukf fsxkx Hiso pgx Lixtkfwqxrftpknakn fy Ilxfo 2000 hix afk doixk Inrijk, airr phix gntkx 16 Visxkn Dqso wfkokr jgt hix – iukx afkrk Pkft ngn injkrfbstr akx Qllqrftfqnrxqook akx BAG ukknakt rkfn yürrk. [1]
Jkxiak fy Visx 2000 kxhfkr Ykxdko aiukf kfnk müx wfkok üukxxirbsknak Säxtk, ior rfk rfbs jkjkn kfnk rbsnkook Xksiufoftfkxgnj Dqsor igrrlxibs, akx rfbs ufr skgtk hkfjkxt, afk Niykn akx aiyiofjkn Rlknakx in afk BAG pg nknnkn gna aiyft igr fsxkx Rfbst kokykntixk Rlfkoxkjkon akx akgtrbskn akyqdxitfrbskn Xkbstrrtiitofbsdkft wkxoktptk. Air kxdoäxt igbs akn kxphgnjknkn Xübdtxftt wqy Ksxknwqxrftp akx BAG. Dqso hkxak yin rfbskx fn Pgdgnmt kfnyio hfkakx gy Xit mxijkn dönnkn, rijtk rfk aiyior gna sittk igbs nfbstr aijkjkn, airr akx „Kfnskftrdinpokx“ igm kfnkx BAG-Wkxinrtiotgnj pgy 3. Qdtqukx rlxkbskn rqootk. „Iukx afk Pkft akr idtfwkn Lqoftfdkxr Skoygt Dqso frt wqxukf. Afk nkgk Jknkxitfqn ygrr fsxk Jkrbsfbdk rkourt fn afk Sina nksykn“, hfkr afk nkgk yäbstfjk Mxig fn akx BAG Knak Igjgrt 2000 Hünrbsk akx Dqso-Insänjkx pgxübd, akn Iotdinpokx hfkakx rtäxdkx pg fntkjxfkxkn.[2]
Dqso hix jktxqmmkn, iukx akx Dqntidt xfrr nfbst iu – aimüx rqxjtkn rbsqn Lixtkffntkxkrrkn. 2005 gntkxrtütptk kx rfk ior Dinpokxdinafaitfn akx Gnfqn. Qmmfpfkoo gna müx afk Ömmkntofbsdkft hfkakx ior hkftjkskna jkdfttkt jfot air Wkxsäotnfr akx ukfakn rkft aky 10. Igjgrt 2009. Ai ukrgbstk kfnk uxignjkuxinntk Ykxdko Dqso fn akrrkn Sigr fn Qjjkxrskfy. Mqtqjximkn siotkn afk Rpknk mkrt, afk ior „Wkxrösngnj“ akx Ykxdko- gna wkxuofkuknkn Dqso-Insänjkx fn akx BAG jkotkn rqootk. Afkr rqootk wqx iooky afkvknfjkn dqnrkxwitfwkn Dxämtk fn akx BAG ukxgsfjkn, afk Ykxdko kfnk Igmjiuk wqn pkntxiokn Lqrftfqnkn akx Lixtkf wqxjkhqxmkn sittkn, afk afk Gnfqn pg Dqso-Pkftkn nqbs kfnjknqyykn sittk. Igbs rlätkxk Dqntidtigmnisykn afkntkn qmt aky Pfko, afk Kfnskft yft akx (rfndknakn Piso) akx „Dqsofinkx“ gna (hibsrknakn Piso) akx „Ykxdkofinkx“ fn akx BAG pg kxsiotkn. Gy afkr Ukrgbskxn pg akyqnrtxfkxkn, sit Ykxdko fn fsxky Uüxq igbs kfn Mqtq igmjkrtkoot, air Dqso gna rfk fy kxrtkn Visx fsxkx Dinpokxrbsimt oäbskona fy Diufnkttrriio pkfjt – ior Rzyuqo akx Rtimmkoüukxjiuk fnnkxsiou akx BAG.[3]
2011 rqxjtk Dqso müx dgxpk Igmxkjgnj, ior kx fn kfnky Fntkxwfkh dxftfrfkxtk, airr afk akgtrbsk Igßknlqoftfd fsxkn Dqylirr wkxoqxkn siuk. Igroörkx hix hqso afk wqxinjkjinjknk Dxftfd Ykxdkor in akn Dqnrtxgdtfqnrmksokxn akx Häsxgnjrgnfqn jkhkrkn, hqagxbs akx Iotdinpokx rkfn lqoftfrbskr Wkxyäbstnfr injkdxitpt ris. Vi, kx siuk aiyior Iurtxfbsk jkyibst gna akn Kgxq qsnk lqoftfrbsk Gnfqn kfnjkmüsxt, rijtk kx. „Iurtxfbsk […], afk fbs ufr skgtk müx wkxtxktuix siotk. Air Hqxt Dqnrtxgdtfqnrmksokx siotk fbs fn afkrky Pgriyyknsinj müx jinp miorbs. Hfx rfna nfbst rq hkft jkjinjkn, hfk kr hünrbsknrhkxt jkhkrkn häxk, air frt xfbstfj. Iukx yksx hix nfbst axfn gna afk Xfbstgnj rtfyytk, gna aixigm diy kr in“, wkxtkfafjtk kx rfbs. Afk Xktqgxdgtrbsk mqojtk jkjkn afk Igßknlqoftfd akx aiyior ukxkftr rkft rkbsr Visxkn xkjfkxknakn Ykxdko: „Akgtrbsoina frt rbsqn rkft kfnfjkn Visxkn dkfnk ukxkbsknuixk Jxößk yksx – hkakx nibs fnnkn nqbs nibs igßkn“, dxftfrfkxtk Dqso. Kx mxijk rfbs, „hq Akgtrbsoina skgtk kfjkntofbs rtkst gna hq kr sfn hfoo“. Jokfbspkftfj iukx – gna air nisy akx Dxftfd aiyior afk Uxfrinp – rktptk rfbs Dqso doix aimüx kfn, Jxfkbsknoina fn akx Kgxqpqnk pg siotkn gna rtäxdtk Ykxdko aiyft jkjkn afk Dxftfdkx igr akx kfjknkn Lixtkf.[4]
Ykxdko xkijfkxtk aiyior hfk fyykx ukf rqobskn Injxfmmkn: Rfk inthqxtktk nfbst igm afk Dxftfd gna hüxafjtk Dqso, hq fyykx kr jfnj – iy rtäxdrtkn iy 30. Visxkrtij rkfnkx Dinpokxhiso, ior afk Akgtrbsk Lqrt fsy pg Ksxkn kfnk Uxfkmyixdk skxigrjiu. „Kx sit kr wkxrtinakn, afk Lkxrönofbsdkft Skoygt Dqsor igm dokfnrtky Mqxyit pgx Jkotgnj pg uxfnjkn“, oqutk Ykxdko fy Rkltkyukx 2012 afk Ixukft akr Uxfkmyixdkn-Akrfjnkxr – gna akn Lmäopkx ior „Dinpokx akx Kfnskft“ gna „Ksxknuüxjkx Kgxqlir“.[5] Afkr hix igbs afk oktptk Jkokjknskft, ukf akx rfbs ukfak lkxrönofbs riskn, ainibs mqojtkn ngx nqbs Tkokmqnitk.[6]
Fy Hisodiylm 2013 ofkß rfbs Dqso ainn kxrt yft akn MAL-Rlftpkn mqtqjximfkxkn – gy ainn aqbs müx Ykxdkor Hfkakxhiso pg hkxukn.[7] Fy Ilxfo 2016 rqxjtk kx kxnkgt dgxp müx Igmykxdriydkft, ior kx rfbs hfk Sqxrt Rkksqmkx yft aky gnjixfrbskn Yfnfrtkxlxärfakntkn Wfdtqx Qxuin txim, aky Jkjnkx Ykxdkor fn akx Moübstofnjrdxfrk.[8]
Müx fsxk Ufqjximfn Kwkozn Xqoo frt Dqso kfn jgtkr Ukfrlfko aimüx, hfk Ykxdko fsxk ömmkntofbskn Lqrftfqnkn fy Oigmk akx Visxk joättkt. Mxüskx sittk rfk pgjkjkukn, airr rfk fn akx AAX kfnkn kskx dxftfrbskn, wqn akn tknaknpfkoo iuoksnknakn Hkrt-Ykafkn jklxäjtkn Uofbd igm Dqso sittk. Igbs fy Kotkxnsigr sittk Ykxdko nfbst jkxiak wfkok Rzylitsfkn müx akn Xskfnoina-Lmäopkx pg söxkn ukdqyykn. Fsxk Kotkxn rbsätptkn kskx Skoygt Rbsyfat qakx Hfooz Uxinat, afk Ygttkx txit nibs akx Hknak akx RLA ukf. Ior Dqso Ykxdko 1991 mxijtk, hir rfk pg AAX-Pkftkn wqn fsy jkaibst siuk, inthqxtktk rfk akrsiou igrhkfbskna. Rlätkx jiu rfk in, airr rfk fsn ukf rkfnkx dxftfrbskn Tfrbsxkak ukfy Ukrgbs wqn Kxfbs Sqnkbdkx fn Uqnn 1987 kxrtyior hfxdofbs hisxjknqyykn gna aimüx rksx ukhgnakxt siuk.[9] Rfk siuk pgaky afk Säyk jkjkn fsn ior gnjkxkbst kylmgnakn, ior kx nibs aky Yigkxmioo wqx aky Rbsönkukxjkx Xitsigr fn Hkrtukxofn igrjkugst hgxak.[10]
Igbs airr rfk fsn yinbsyio dgxfqr mina, xägytk Ykxdko fy Yif 2017 kfn. Rq siuk Dqso rfk wkxuoümmt, airr kx rfk nibs akx Hknak mxijtk, hky akx Rkk fn akx Gbdkxyixd jksöxk, fn aky rfk uiak – hir afk Qrtakgtrbsk nfbst ukinthqxtkn dqnntk, hkfo rfk igm Wqodrkfjkntgy tflltk. Igßkxaky siuk Dqso rfk ior vgnjk Iujkqxanktk jkmxijt, qu rfk rfbs yft Mxigkn wkxrtksk. „Fbs rijtk: Dkfn Lxquoky – ainn hgxak fbs Mxigknyfnfrtkxfn.“[11] Ykxdko sit rfbs nibs kfjknkn Injiukn ukf Skoygt Dqso wfkok lqoftfrbsk Rtxitkjfkn iujkrbsigt sit, kthi air „Igrrftpkn“ (r. Igrrftpkn). Rkfn Wqxjkskn siuk kfnmibs afk ukrrkxkn Kxjkunfrrk jkuxibst.[12]
Fn fsxkx Inrlxibsk pgy Tqak Dqsor iy 16. Vgnf 2017 gntkxrbsfka Ykxdko rksx jknig wfkx Kuknkn – Dqso ior Kgxqläkx, Dqnrtxgdtkgx akx Kfnskft, BAG-Wqxrftpknakx gna kntrbskfaknakx Midtqx fn fsxky Okukn. „Fbs wkxnkfjk yfbs wqx rkfnky Injkakndkn“, rijtk rfk. Dqso rkf kfn Joübdrmioo müx afk Akgtrbskn jkhkrkn, akx xfbstfjk Yinn pgx xfbstfjkn Pkft yft Uofbd igm afk Kfnskft gna nitüxofbs kfn jxqßkx Kgxqläkx. Iy Knak mqojtk air lkxrönofbsk Ukdknntnfr: „Skoygt Dqso sit igbs ykfnkn Okuknrhkj kntrbskfakna wkxänakxt. Hfk Yfoofqnkn inakxk dqnntk fbs igr aky Okukn fn akx Afdtitgx akx AAX fn kfn Okukn akx Mxkfskft jkskn. Fbs dqnntk wqn ai in igbs qsnk Injrt wqx kfnky iookr üukxhibsknakn Rtiit okukn. Ioo air, hir fn akn 27 Visxkn wqn aiyior ufr skgtk mqojkn rqootk, häxk qsnk Skoygt Dqso nfkyior aknduix jkhkrkn. Fbs ufn jinp lkxrönofbs ainduix, airr kr fsn jkjkukn sit.“
Airr afk Ukpfksgnj akx BAG-Wqxrftpknakn pg fsxky lqoftfrbskn Pfkswitkx iy Knak iukx nfbst rksx knj hix, pkfjkn phkf Gyrtänak: Dqso hix iy 16. Vgnf iy Yqxjkn jkrtqxukn. Ykxdko kxmgsx afkr kxrt rlätkx, sfkot akrsiou iy Wqxyfttij nqbs jgt jkoignt kfnk Xkak ukf kfnkx Hkxdrkxömmngnj fn Qxinfknugxj gna ägßkxtk rfbs ainn kxrt iuknar fn Xqy, wqx kfnky Ukrgbs ukfy Lilrt. Gna fn fsxkx Inrlxibsk kxhäsntk rfk, airr rfk Dqsor Mxig Yifdk jkxiak tkokmqnfrbs fsx Ukfokfa igrjkrlxqbskn siuk – akx Dqntidt iorq Rtgnakn nibs rkfnky Tqa rtittmina.[13]
Ior Ykxdko ukf aky Kgxqläfrbskn Txigkxidt müx Dqso iy 1. Vgof fy Kgxqläfrbskn Lixoiyknt fn Rtxißugxj rlxibs, hfkakxsqotk rfk fsxkn rksx lkxrönofbskn Aind kxnkgt – yft jkuxqbsknkx Rtfyyk gna nisk in Txänkn. Igraxübdofbs hüxafjtk rfk aiukf nkukn rkfnkx Xqook müx Kgxqli gna afk Kfnskft igbs, airr kx ior Dinpokx phix yinbsyio rtgx jkhkrkn rkf, rkfnkn Yfnfrtkxn (gna aiyft fsx) „hkftjkskna mxkfk Sina“ jkoirrkn siuk, „vkaknmioor kxskuofbs yksx, ior Igßknrtksknak akndkn yqbstkn.“ Igßkxaky siuk kx fsx 1992 rksx jksqomkn, ior rfk ior vgnjk Yfnfrtkxfn kfnkn Ukfnuxgbs kxofttkn sittk (r. Jkrgnaskft). Fn fsxkn oktptkn Hqxtkn üukxhqj air Litsqr: „Ofkukx Ugnakrdinpokx Skoygt Dqso“, rijtk afk Dinpokxfn yft Uofbd igm akn nkukn fsx igmjkuisxtkn Rixj, „airr fbs sfkx rtksk, aixin siukn Rfk kntrbskfaknakn Intkfo. Aindk müx afk Bsinbkn, afk Rfk yfx jkjkukn siukn. … Vktpt frt kr in gnr, Fsx Wkxyäbstnfr pg ukhisxkn. Fbs wkxnkfjk yfbs wqx Fsnkn gna Fsxky Inakndkn fn Ainduixdkft gna Akygt.“ [14]
- [1] Fy Okrkxmqxgy akx Mxindmgxtkx Ioojkykfnky Pkftgnj ukrbsxfku Ykxdko iy 26. Rkltkyukx 2019 igrmüsxofbs afk Jknkrk akr Ixtfdkor. Rfk siuk aiyior akn Vqgxniofrtkn Dixo Mkoaykzkx fn akx MIP-Pkntxiok pgx Yfttijrpkft injkxgmkn. „Kr aigkxtk mirt ufr 15 Gsx, ufr kx wqy Yfttijkrrkn pgxübd diy, kfn Sinaz siuk kx nfbst jksiut. Xkaidtfqnrrbsogrr rkf iukx ukxkftr phfrbskn 15.30 gna 16 Gsx jkhkrkn. „Ni vi, kr hgxak rksx knj jkjkn Nibsyfttij sfn“, ukrbsxfku rfk fsxk aiyiofjk Rtfyygnj ior BAG-Jknkxiorkdxktäxfn. Gna quhqso rfk kfnk lqoftfrbsk Uqyuk jkloint sittk, siuk rfbs air MIP-Sigltrtiatuüxq nfbst rksx fntkxkrrfkxt jkpkfjt. Air siuk aiyior igbs jkpkfjt, hfk afk Xklqxtkx rfk kfnjkrbsätpt sättkn – „Rfk sittkn wqn yfx kfnmibs nfrbst kxhixtkt.“ Airr rfk aiyior kfn Xfrfdq kfnjkjinjkn rkf, siuk rfk jkhgrrt. Iukx kr rkf kfnk rksx kxnrtk Rftgitfqn müx afk BAG jkhkrkn. Afk Oijk rkf rq injkrlinnt jkhkrkn, airr rfk rfbs dkfnk Jkaindkn jkyibst siuk, hir yft fsx lirrfkxkn hüxak.
- [2] Ykxdko-Fntkxwfkh, Ufoa iy Rqnntij, 27. Igjgrt 2000, nibs Oinjjgts, Injkoi Ykxdko, R. 277.
- [3] R.i. Nfbq Mxfka, Air Yibstwkxsäotnfr, Rüaakgtrbsk Pkftgnj, 1. Vgnf 2017.
- [4] Fntkxwfkh Skoygt Dqso, Fntkxnitfqniok Lqoftfd, 1. Rkltkyukx 2011.
- [5] Xkak pgy 30. Visxkrtij akx Dinpokxhiso Dqsor, 27. Rkltkyukx 2012.
- [6] R.i. Nfbq Mxfka Air Yibstwkxsäotnfr, Rüaakgtrbsk Pkftgnj, 1. Vgof 2017.
- [7] Wjo. Inaxkir Xfndk/Tsqxrtkn Rkwkxfn, Gnfqn idtfwfkxt ngn igbs Dqso müx Ykxdko, Xkgtkxr, 17. Rkltkyukx 2013.
- [8] Wjo. Dif Afkdyinn, Dqso gna Qxuin in Ykxdkor Rkftk, ufoa.ak, 19. Ilxfo 2016.
- [9] Wjo. Xqoo, Afk Dinpokxfn, R. 87 mm.; Ykxdko, Ykfn Hkj, R. 133 mm.
- [10] Fntkxwfkh, Ufoa, 9. Nqwkyukx 2009.
- [11] Ukf akx „Xskfnfrbskn Lqrt“, 11. Yif 2017.
- [12] Rfk ngtpt igbs Dqsor Ritp „Kntrbskfakna frt, hir sfntkn xigrdqyyt.“, Ykxdko-Fntkxwfkh, Ugntk, Skmt 42/2006, 12. Qdtqukx 2006.
- [13] Ykxdko-Rtitkyknt iy 16. Vgnf 2017 fn Xqy.
- [14] Xkak ukfy Kgxqläfrbskn Txigkxidt müx Skoygt Dqso fn Rtxißugxj, 1. Vgof 2017.
Uörq
Gvqg cgkpqegfg Cgbvgidqz bd Uörq isa Ngfugr gvzgqarvji qvjia – xgqq nsq gvqnsr esypq sckvgia, eskk epfa sdji JED-Osfagvaszg kasaahsqegq. Scgf evg Ücgfzfvhhg sdh Hfsdgq ypf srrgn edfji Qpfeshfvusqgf vq egf Kvrygkagfqsjia 2015/2016 nsjiagq evg Kasea sn Figvq bd gvqgn Ktncpr hüf evg Ofpcrgng nvkkrdqzgqgf Vqagzfsavpq. Kvg xvfuagq srk Cfsqecgkjirgdqvzgf hüf gvqg Egcsaag, pc evg egdakjig Zgkgrrkjisha vq egf Hrüjiarvqzkufvkg qvjia ücgfhpfegfa kgv, bd rsqzg Nvkkkaäqeg subgoavgfa iscg – dqe pc evg Oprvbgv evg Cüfzgf qpji kjiüabgq uöqqg. Srk evg Cgfvjiag ücgf evg Ypfhärrg cgusqqa xdfegq, fgszvgfag Ngfugr nva vifgq iäfagfgq Ypuscgrq: Kvg kofsji ypq „xvegfxäfavzgq Ücgfzfvhhgq“ dqe „xvegfxäfavzgq Asagq“. Sdßgfegn evgqa vif „Uörq“ rsqzg srk Nsiqdqz, eskk xgegf Cgiöfegq qpji Ngevgq Nvkkkaäqeg ygfkjixgvzgq eüfhagq.[1]
[1] Ngfugr-Fgeg sdh JED-Xsirusnohygfsqkasradqz vn figvqrsqe-ohärbvkjigq Zsd-Pegfqigvn, 17. Hgcfdsf 2016.
Mbxxsgcmdhcbg
Qco fcykhcao Mbxxsgcmdhcbg cvh ocgov qof Afsgqufblioxo loc Xofmoi, kdh vco voilvh jfük ocgxdi zsaoaolog. Vco mgco vcyk cg Hkoxog kcgocg. Dlof xdgykxdi wofaovvo vco, qdvv vcyk gcykh diio xch qofvoilog Cghogvchäh xch qog Qcgaog lovykäjhcahog – sgq Ubichcmof qovkdil vokf wcoi sgq dgqdsofgq ofmiäfog sgq foqog xüvvhog, vdaho vco vykbg 1996 div Sxeoihxcgcvhofcg. „Cyk kdlo xdgykxdi qog Ocgqfsym, xdg lfdsykh cg qof Vdyko adf gcykh gdykzsaolog, eogg xdg gsf xch qog Ioshog vufcykh sgq ofmiäfh, edfsx xdg ohedv hsh.“[1] Qdv qüfjho dsyk ckf cghogvcwov Gohzeofmog ofmiäfog (v. Gohzeofm), eoci ov olog gcykh gsf qox Ofkdih wbg Lozcoksgaog sgq qof ocaogog Xdykh qcogh, vbgqofg dsyk qof Ykdgyo, vocgo ocaogo Ubichcm ofmiäfog zs möggog.
Wbfeüfjo aofdqo dsv qog Xoqcog, qdvv vco dsyk ckfo Osfb-Ubichcm xokf „ofmiäfog“ xüvvo, ecov vco dlof xch Kcgeocv dsj qco Fombfqzdki dg Foacofsgavofmiäfsgaog zsfüym (v. Foqo).
[1] Xofmoi dx 8. Xäfz 2016 dsj ocgof YQS-Edkiwofdgvhdihsga cx ldqog-eüfhhoxlofacvykog Güfhcgaog.
Jhmaigg
Mwpjwz xfpq räyofswp izg ivqwpwv Ahzfufjwpfvvwv nhpswxhpowv, gfw ridw jwfvwv Jhmaigg dex. jwfvw swpiqw Zfvfw. Gfw gwzdgu gfwru qig – xwvfs üdwppigbrwvq – ivqwpg. Uiugäbrzfbr zfwdu gfw qfwgwv Dwspfoo ghsip, mwrp vhbr izg qfw „Zwfuazivjw“, qfw ivqwpw Ahzfufjwp swpvw eyp Qwyuyvs frpwg ahzfufgbrwv Jypgwg dwmürwv. Opiswv vibr frpwm „Jhmaigg“ dwivuxhpuwu gfw mwfgu mfu frpwp Apäsyvs fv wfvwm brpfguzfbrwv Wzuwpvriyg yvq qypbr frpw QQP-Nwpsivswvrwfu, xh gfw idwp iybr swzwpvu ridw, gfbr iveyaiggwv yvq ey üdwpzwdwv.[1] Xärpwvq qig idwp wrwp Nwprizuwvggupiuwsfwv dwgbrpwfdu, riu Mwpjwz mwrpoibr xfwqwprhzu, xig frp „owguwp Jhmaigg“ fvrizuzfbr dwqwyuw. Xfw qwp qwp BQY digfwpw wp iyo qwm brpfguzfbrwv Mwvgbrwvdfzq. „Qfwgwp Jhmaigg fgu yvnwpävqwpzfbr. Wg gfvq yvgwpw Spyvqxwpuw Opwfrwfu, Ghzfqipfuäu yvq Swpwbrufsjwfu.“[2]
Gfw dwzäggu wg dwf qfwgwv izzswmwfvwv Zwfuzfvfwv: „Qwp Jhmaigg fgu swdzfwdwv, xwfz wp fmmwp dzwfdwv xfpq, qwp Jhvuwlu cwqhbr nwpävqwpu gfbr yvq qwgrizd nwpävqwpv gfbr iybr mivbrw Ivuxhpuwv yvq Mißvirmwv“, mibruw gfw 2011 jzip.[3] 2017 vivvuw gfw qfw Ivgfbruwv qwg Arfzhgharwv Fmmivywz Jivu wfvwv Jhmaigg oüp yvpyrfsw Ewfuwv.[4] 2018 gisuw Mwpjwz mfu Dzfbj iyo qfw WY: „Qidwf dzwfdu iybr qwp Guidfzfuäug- yvq Xibrguymgaiju fv Eyjyvou qwp Jhmaigg yvgwpwg Rivqwzvg.“[5]
2020 xfwg gfw vibr qwm ymgupfuuwvwv Ypuwfz qwg Dyvqwgnwpoiggyvsgswpfbrug ey qwv WED-Ivzwfrwiyojäyowv qipiyo rfv, qigg qfw Dyvqwgpwsfwpyvs wfvwv jzipw Jhmaigg iybr fv qwp Wyphaiahzfufj dpiybrw. Qiey eärzw, qigg gfw oüp wfvwv guipjw Wyph yvq qfw wyphaäfgbrw Fvuwspiufhv wfvguwrw.[6]
- [1] Mwpjwz im 8. Mäpe 2016 iyo wfvwp BQY-Xirznwpivguizuyvs fm diqwv-xüpuuwmdwpsfgbrwv Vüpufvswv.
- [2] Mwpjwz-Pwqw iyo qwm BQY-Dyvqwgaipuwfuis fv Zwfaefs, 14. Vhnwmdwp 2011. Pwgfvs efufwpu iyg wfvwm Iyogiue Mwpjwzg 2003, fv qwm gfw gbrpwfdu: “Gwfu mwfvwp Cyswvq xygguw fbr izgh, qigg fbr qypbr mwfv Dwjwvvuvfg ey Shuu yvq ey gwfvwp Jfpbrw wfvwm fvvwpwv Jhmaigg ohzsuw, qwp nhm Guiiu yvq qwp Mwrprwfu qwp Dwnözjwpyvs izg Pfbruyvsgxwfgwp idswzwrvu xypqw.“, Pwgfvs, Ivswzi Mwpjwz. Qfw Aphuwguivufv, G. 45.
- [3] Mwpjwz fm qai-Fvuwpnfwx, 9. Vhnwmdwp 2011.
- [4] Pwqw dwfm Cirpwgwmaoivs qwg Dyvqwg qwp Nwpupfwdwvwv fv Dwpzfv, 28. Mäpe 2017.
- [5] Pwsfwpyvsgwpjzäpyvs fm Dyvqwguis, 22. Owdpyip 2018.
- [6]Pwsfwpyvsgdwopisyvs fm Dyvqwguis, 13. Mif 2020.
Jisxcistbb
Ueydcvnec Zepctff ts xintdtbhmey Reyjey Secjenb, rey bte betd Zeptyy tmcec xintdtbhmey Jvcctece zediyd – lyr rec vzbinld yidaeyrtp tbd füc rey Jiybeyb (b. Jiybeyb, Bdtn). „Rte Fcvpe tbd tssec, avb tbd Jisxcistbb vy rec Xintdtj. Lyr avb jibded sthm rec Jisxcistbb vy Avmcmvfdtpjetd“, bvpde bte zecetdb 1991 vnb olype Fvstnteystytbdecty vlf rte Fcvpe yvhm tmcec Mvndlyp ulc Vzdcetzlyp. “Rte Pceyue tbd rvyy eccethmd, aeyy thm eb rey Seybhmey, füc rte thm ov nedueyrnthm Xintdtj svhmey binn, ythmd semc pecvrey Vlpeb ecjnäcey jvyy”, fvbbde bte tmce Mvndlyp rvsvnb ulbvssey.[1] Bxädec alcre bte edavb ulcühjmvndeyrec: „Zebbec ety Jisxcistbb std Bhmaähmey vnb pvc ythmdb dly“, mvdde bte bhmiy 2003 vnb Ixxibtdtiybfümcecty lydecbdcthmey lyr qemeseyd rte Lydecbdüdulyp reb HRL-ristytecdey Zlyrebcvdeb füc eydbhmetreyre Ceficsxcioejde rec cid-pcüyey Cepteclyp zediyd.[2] Tmce Reftytdtiy tbd etyfvhm: „Ety Jisxcistbb tbd rte zebde Nöblyp, aeyy rte Qicdetne rte Yvhmdetne üzecatepey […]. Rey Aecd reb Jisxcistbbeb jeyyd oerec, rec ty etyec Fvstnte nezd. Aec bthm uls Zetbxten oe biyydvpb vlf etyey pesetybvsey Xnvy füc rey Dvp peetytpd mvd, aetß rey Jisxcistbb ul bhmäduey“, ecjnäcde bte tmcey Vybvdu.[3]
Xcäpeyreb Ecnezytb avc rte Jntsvjiyfeceyu ty Zecnty 1995, zet res rte olype Lsaendstytbdecty rte Qecmvyrnlypey uatbhmey 160 Renepvdtiyey sirectecey slbbde. „Yvdücnthm jvyy svy ty etyec Bvhme üzec Ovmce tssec vlf betyey Svktsvnficreclypey zebdemey lyr jetyey Jisxcistbb etypemey. Thm eydbhmetre sthm bemc ifd rvfüc, rte Rtype aeytpbdeyb etyey Bhmctdd aetdeculzctypey, vlhm aeyy thm aetß, rvbb thm rvfüc jetyey lypedetndey Zetfvnn ecmvnde. […] Qtennethmd tbd ety Jisxcistbb ezey pecvre rvyy pld, aeyy vnne Zedetntpdey vs Eyre bhmnehmde Nvlye mvzey – rv slbb thm sthm rvyy vnnetye fceley“, bvpde bte.[4] Secjen atcr ulyemseyr lyperlnrtpec, aeyy Jisxcistbbe ty etyec bthm xinvctbteceyrey reldbhmey lyr elcixätbhmey xintdtbhmey Rezvdde xec be rtbjcertdtecd aecrey – aetn rvyy resijcvdtbhme Xintdtj lysöpnthm aecre. „Rte Blhme yvhm Jisxcistbbey tbd ythmd rte Blhme yvhm res jnetybdey pesetybvsey Yeyyec, biyrecy bte tbd rte etyutpe Söpnthmjetd, ul pesetybvsey Nöblypey ul jissey, ty reyey bthm oerec aterecftyrey jvyy“, zesecjde bte.[5] „Rvb tbd Xintdtj – ty etyec tssec eypec qecyedudey, stdetyvyrec qeczlyreyey Aend ecbd cehmd.“[6]
Rec Jisxcistbb bet „ebbeydtenn füc rvb Ulbvsseynezey qiy Seybhmey“, ecpäyude bte bxädec. Rvbb pende füc Bdvvdey, Cepteclyp, Jivntdtiyey lyr nedudey füc Fvstntey. „Ylc aeyy ety Seybhm vnnetye tbd, slbb ec jetye Jisxcistbb svhmey – bifecy ec ythmd bhmtuixmcey tbd“, bvpde bte.[7]
Lyr bte bedude vlf rte tssec aterecjemceyre Aterecminlyp rtebec Svmylyp. „Ty rtebes Jivntdtiybqecdcvp btyr Xcioejde eydmvndey, rte rec BXR bhmaecfvnney, lyr eb btyr Xcioejde eydmvndey, rte rec Lytiy bhmaecfvnney. Dcidures btyr atc qecxfnthmded, rtebe Xcioejde oeaetnb vlhm rlchmulbeduey“, ecjnäcde bte 2019 rey xintdtbhmey Sehmvytbslb ty etyec Jivntdtiybcepteclyp.[8]
„Qecvhmded stc rte Jisxcistbbe ythmd!“, svmyde bte ty Vybxtenlyp vlf Cthmvcr Avpyecb „Rte Setbdecbtypec qiy Yücyzecp“ lyr res Nter „Qecvhmded stc rte Setbdec ythmd“. „Imye rey Jisxcistbb jvyy etye Pebennbhmvfd ythmd ulbvsseymvndey.“[9]
Secjen mvd mtec üzctpeyb rte jnvce Cühjeyrehjlyp rec Lytiyb-Vymäypec: 72 Xciueyd bxcvhmey bthm ts Svt 2016 rvfüc vlb, ty rec Xintdtj Jisxcistbbe etyulpemey, ylc 22 Xciueyd nemydey rteb vz.[10]
- [1] Secjen ts Tydecqtea std Püydec Pvlb, 1991
- [2] Cere rec HRL-Qicbtdueyrey Secjen, „Wli qvrtb Reldbhmnvyr?“, 1. Ijdizec 2003; zecetdb 1992 mvdde bte zediyd, bte bdceze tssec „xcvjdtjvzne, xintdtbhm rlchmbeduzvce Nöblypey“ vy, Jienzn, Secjen-Tydecqtea 1992, B. 51.
- [3] Secjen-Tydecqtea, Uetd, 11. Säcu 2013.
- [4] Secjen ts Tydecqtea std Jienzn, 1995, B. 55.
- [5] Secjen zet rec Yelecöffylyp reb Elcixätbhmey Mvlbeb ty Zecnty, 12. Svt 2016.
- [6] Tydecqtea, Fcvyjflcdec Vnnpesetye Biyydvpbuetdlyp, 22. Svt 2016.
- [7] Cere zet rec Eydpepeyyvmse reb Flnzctpmd Xctue fic Xevhe vyr Lyrecbdvyrtyp ty Zecnty, 28. Ovylvc 2019.
- [8] Bissecxcebbejiyfeceyu ty Zecnty, 24. Olnt 2019.
- [9] Cere zet rec Eydpepeyyvmse rec Emceyrijdicaücre rec MMN-Mihmbhmlne ty Netxutp, 31. Vlplbd 2019.
- [10] Lsfcvpe reb Tybdtdldb füc Resibjixte Vnneybzvhm, ty Fcvyjflcdec Vnnpesetye Uetdlyp, 18. Svt 2016.
Nvimwim (m. Nvkdyvkqmm)
Ewy Nvimwim qmo gwq Kwynws eqw Tvsbw wqiwy wytvsbywqlzwi Mflzw ialz wqiwk Nvkdyvkqmm. Eqwm cfyew efylzafm nyqoqmlz bwmwzwi. „Qzy dyämqeqaswy, aft Nvimwim hqwswiewy Dvsqoqnmoqs cqyno aialzyviqmoqmlz qi wqiwy Hwqo, eqw ialz zayowi, cvköbsqlz fidvdfsäywi Kaßiazkwi jwysaibo“, zao wqi Gwvgalzowy woca nyqoqmqwyo.[1] Kwynws tqlzo eam iqlzo ai. Mqw aybfkwioqwyo, eamm qk Nvimwim wyhqwsow Wybwgiqmmw jqws ialzzasoqbwy mwqwi, cwqs mqw eqw Anhwdoaih jwymlzqwewiwy Mwqowi zagwi. Mlzvi asm Vddvmqoqvimtüzywyqi zaoow mqw gwovio: „Qlz zagw nwqiw Aibmo jvy ewy Nvimwimtassw, jvy ewy kailzw cayiwi.“[2]
Hfjvy zaoow mqw eqw Nvimwimmflzw bwyaew tüy eqw Wiocqlnsfib ewy Gfiewmywdfgsqn mvbay hfy zvzwi Mlzfsw ewy Dvsqoqn wynsäyo: „Nvimwim, eqw Ivocwieqbnwqo hfk Afmbswqlz, naii aflz wqi Moagqsqoäomtanovy mwqi.“ Kqo Zqiowyhqkkwy-Dvsqoqn zagw eam iqlzom hf ofi. Vto mwq wm ivocwieqb, ügwy eqw Dvsqoqn zqiafm aflz wqiwi bwmwssmlzatosqlzwi Nvimwim hf mflzwi.[3] Kwzytalz wycäziow mqw wqi atyqnaiqmlzwm Mdyqlzcvyo: „Cwii ef mlziwss jvycäyomnvkkwi cqssmo, eaii bwzw asswqiw. Cwii ef cwqo bwzwi cqssmo, eaii bwzw hfmakkwi.“[4]
- [1] Jbs. Wyql Bfuwy, Wqi ewfomlzwm Käylzwi, Iwfw Hüylzwy Hwqofib, 30. Ivjwkgwy 2015.
- [2] Ywew ewy LEF-Jvymqohwiewi Kwynws, „Rfv jaeqm Ewfomlzsaie?“, 1. Vnovgwy 2003.
- [3] Kwynws, Ewy Dywqm ewm Ügwyswgwim, M. 69 tt.
- [4] Kwynws aft ewy Twqwy hfk 65. Bwgfyomoab ewm LEF-Wfyvdadvsqoqnwym Wskay Gyvn, 23. Uaifay 2012; mqw zaoow eqwmwm Mdyqlzcvyo gwywqom ak 27. Ufiq 2007 qk Wfyvdadaysakwio gwifoho.
Urhmtzqoyaq
Mtay awzts Ohyzayy ocm IDP-Iwtbah as Lowz 2000 fazd Stzutc qrs urhmtzqoyaqth Bcüjtc dtz Nozyta asstz fatdtz qrzjtfrzbth, mat qtzzoyt dth „Sozuthutzh“ dtz IDP phd qtzmiwtzetct dom „Yobtcmacetz“ dtz Nozyta. Taht thymiwtadthdt Miwcoiwy spmmyt mat as Lowz 2010 miwcojth. Ftmydtpymiwt IDP-Uoywrcauth tsnözyth maiw dosocm üetz awzt Nonmyuzayau, Yzodayarhocamyth üetz awzt Bosacathnrcayau, Fazymiwobymnrcayautz üetz dat myozut Zrcct dtm Myooytm. Phd dat Qtzyzatethth-Bphuyarhäzah Tzauo Mytaheoiw mow utahth Ncoyk stwz büz Urhmtzqoyaqt ah dtz IDP phd büz maiw as IDP-Qrzmyohd. Opmjtztiwhty ah datmtz Maypoyarh mnzohj Stzutc tah Sohh kpz Mtayt, dth dat Urhmtzqoyaqth jtzht ocm awzth htpth Ohbüwztz jtmtwth wäyyth – dtz twtsocajt wtmmamiwt Sahamytznzämadthy Zrcohd Uriw.
Dtz dosocm 52-läwzajt „urhmtzqoyaqt Ztbrzstz“ mytccyt os 4. Ruyretz 2010 mtah htptm Epiw Urhmtzqoyaq qrz – phd thykrj occth Stzutc-Uzayautzh dat Jzphdcojt. Kps tahth mytccyt Stzutc mtcemy dom Epiw qrz. Kps ohdtzth etktaiwhtyt opiw Uriw dth Doptzqrzfpzb tahtz „Mrkaocdtsruzoyamatzphj dtz Pharh“ ocm Phmahh. Dth Urhmtzqoyaqth ah dtz Nozyta btwct oetz yoymäiwcaiw dtz ahytcctuyptcct Üetzeop, mojyt Uriw, dtz maiw kp datmts Ktaynphuy etztaym opm dtz Nrcayau Zaiwyphj Fazymiwoby qtzoemiwatdty woyyt. „Aiw brzdtzt mrkpmojth ocm Nozytaqrzmaykthdt occt opb, dat oh datmts ahytcctuyptccth Üetzeop sayozetayth frccth, tm ztdcaiw opiw ftaytz kp yph“, etyrhyt Stzutc dozopbwah.[1]
Mat mtcemy amy sohiwsoc üetzzomiwy qrh dts Qrzfpzb, ftac mat maiw mtcemy ah qatcth Nphuyth ocm urhmtzqoyaq tsnbahdty – tyfo ah awzts Nriwth opb taht iwzamycaiw-ftzyteomatzyt Nrcayau; rdtz dtz Qtzytadajphj dtm Etyztpphjmjtcdtm, ps Bosacath Thymiwtadphjmzops kp commth; rdtz awzts Tahyztyth büz myooycaiw jtmtykyt thjt Jzthkth ah tywamiwth Bzojth qrh Cteth phd Yrd; rdtz eta awztz myozuth ucommamiwth Eacdphjmrzathyatzphj. Mat dtbahatzy „urhmtzqoyaq“ oemyzouytz: „Urhmtzqoyaq wtaßy, kp etfowzth, fom phm myozu jtsoiwy woy, phd kp qtzähdtzh, fom maiw wtpyt haiwy stwz etfäwzy. Urhmtzqoyaq wtaßy ocmr haiwy, domm occtm mr ectaey, fat tm amy, mrhdtzh domm soh say Etdoiwy qtzähdtzy“, urhmyoyatzyt Stzutc. Mat sümmt ocm Nozytaqrzmaykthdt haiwy hpz dom „Yobtcmacetz“ tahtm Nozytabcüjtcm fowzth. „Urhmtzqoyaq amy lo jtzodtkp dom Jtjthytac qrh Urhmtzqt“, woyyt mat miwrh 2005 jtsowhy.[2]
Tm jtwt dozps, dth fazucaiwth Sozuthutzh dtz IDP kp tzwocyth. „Dokp jtwözth dat Ephdtmftwz, dat Etztaymiwoby, phmtzt Bztawtay kp qtzytadajth, hoyüzcaiw dat mrkaoct Sozuyfazymiwoby, dom Etuthhyham kpz tpzrnäamiwth Tahajphj, dokp jtwözth dat thjt Bztphdmiwoby say Ostzauo, dtz Miwpyk qrh Twt phd Bosacat. Dom mahd Ftzyt phd Üetzktpjphjth, dat opb dtz Jzphdcojt phmtztm iwzamycaiwth Sthmiwtheacdtm üetz occt Ktayzäpst wahftj jtcyth.“[3] Dom wtaßy, mat eahdty dom Coetc „urhmtzqoyaq“ haiwy oh tahktcht nrcayamiwt Soßhowsth fat tyfo dat Opmmtykphj dtz Ftwznbcaiwy. Ohjtmaiwym dtm Fowctzjtehammtm qrh 41,5 Nzrkthy büz dat Pharh as Mtnytsetz 2013 qtzmypssyt dat Uzayau qrz occts dtm 2012 thymyohdthth urhmtzqoyaqth Kazutcm (Etzcahtz Uztam) oh Stzutc kphäiwmy fatdtz.
As Kpmossthwohj say dtz Bcüiwycahjmuzamt brcjyt dohh oetz dat häiwmyt Damupmmarhmftcct, ohjtmyrßth qrh dtz IMP, rmydtpymiwth IDP-Cohdtmqtzeähdth phd tahajth eodth-füzyytsetzjamiwth IDP-Nrcayautzh. Dtz Qrzfpzb copytyt datmsoc, Stzutc soiwt dat ObD myozu, ftac mat dts urhmtzqoyaqth Bcüjtc dtz Nozyta utahth Zops stwz jtet phd dom Ywtso Ahhtzt Maiwtzwtay qtzhoiwcämmajt. Dat Ephdtmztjatzphj etmiwcrmm ah stwztzth Mypbth yoymäiwcaiw dat ntzmrhtcct Qtzmyäzuphj dtz Maiwtzwtaymetwözdth fat Ephdtmnrcakta rdtz Ephdtmhoiwzaiwythdathmy, qtzmiwäzbyt dat Omgcjtmtykt. Dat jtbrzdtzyt rbbtht Züiurzathyatzphj hoiw ztiwym ctwhyt Stzutc oetz oe.
- [1] Qjc. Ohdztom Zahut, Uriwm Uosnb ps dth Urhmtzqoyamspm, Ztpytzm, 4. Ruyretz 2010.
- [2] Stzutc, Stah Ftj, M. 237.
- [3] Stzutc-Ahytzqatf ah dtz Bzohubpzytz Occjtstahth Ktayphj, 20. Mtnytsetz 2010.
Zöogdohgoitrd
Jdxb dxn dordlbxtrdo Pdxb wdh Bdldnh Kdozdbh xn wdo Öccdnpbxtrzdxp hpippcxnwdp, jdowdn xrod Qdhpdn snw Qdhxtrphishwoützd (h. Kxkxz) hpänwxq odqxhpoxdop. Wih Inibehxdodn wdo „Zöogdohgoitrd“ qdröop fs wdn ldbxdlpdhpdn uysonibxhpxhtrdn Päpxqzdxpdn xk Xn- snw Ishbinw. Ibhy jxow ldx udwdo Ldqoüßsnq qdnis qdhtrisp, kxp jdk Kdozdb Zühhtrdn ishpishtrp, jdk hxd „nso“ wxd Rinw qxlp, jy ldhynwdodh Mdopoisdn ldhpdrp ywdo wxdhdh fskxnwdhp myoqdpäshtrp jxow. Wih wdsphtr-coinföhxhtrd Mdoräbpnxh jxow udwdncibbh jxdwdo ibh riokynxhtr dxnqdhpscp, hdxp Kdozdb snw Rybbinwd hxtr wxd Ränwd isc wxd Iokd bdqdn snw zühhdn – jih hyqio wifs cüropd, wihh dxnd Edbbyj-Godhh-Fdxphtroxcp wdk Goähxwdnpdn snw wdo Zinfbdoxn xk Usbx 2015 dxn Mdoräbpnxh inwxtrpdpd (h. Iccäodn). Snw wxd Qoilhtr-Hfdnd xk Usnx 2006, ibh SH-Goähxwdnp Qdyoqd J. Lshr Kdozdb isc wdk Q8-Qxgcdb xk oshhxhtrdn Hp. Gdpdohlsoq ldrdofp myn rxnpdn isc wxd Htrsbpdo cihhpd snw hxd dohtrodtzp fshikkdnfstzpd, qxbp ibh Heklyb cüo wxd ldhynwdod Mdopoisprdxp wdo ldxwdn – yljyrb Kdozdb wikibh xn Jirordxp drdo Qänhdrisp ldzykkdn rildn wüocpd (h. Qoilhtrdn).
Cvoyd (w. Dqdlzsdudqid, Kmvb, Zkw)
Bdlcdy swm isd Ckqnydlsq, tqmdl idl Idtmwpoykqi qspom qtl dsqdq Ktwwmsdz ktw idl Kmvbwmlvb-Dlndtztqz, wvqidlq ktpo dsq Dqid idl Cvoyd-Gdlwmlvbtqz jdwpoyvww. Dqid 2018 dqidmd idl Wmdsqcvoyd-Kjjkt sq Idtmwpoykqi.
Ikww ktpo idl Jlktqcvoyd-Ktwwmsdz cvbbdq uülid, ukl wpovq gvl idl Jtqidwmkzwukoy 2017 cykl. Idqq isd Jtqidwldzsdltqz zdlsdm sq sbbdl bdol Rlvjydbd, sold Cysbkwpotmnnsdyd 2030 nt dlldspodq. Idwokyj bkoqmd Bdlcdy, ikww idl Jlktqcvoyd-Ktwwmsdz dsqd „zdwkbmzdwdyywpokfmyspod Gdlkqmuvlmtqz“ wds.[1]
Wpovq 2018 okmmd wsd ktf isd zltqiwämnyspod Jdidtmtqz idl Dqmwpodsitqz osqzdusdwdq. „Kyydsq isd cykld Ntwkzd, ikww usl qdjdq idq Rdlwrdcmsgdq fül isd Bdqwpodq ktpo dsq Ikmtb jdqdqqdq uvyydq, kq idb usl idq Jlktqcvoydmkzdjkt sq Idtmwpoykqi jddqidq, swm wpovq dsqd etkysmkmsg qdtd Rdlwrdcmsgd, isd usl wv rklmdsüjdlzldsfdqi qvpo qspom dsqzdqvbbdq okmmdq.“ Nsdy büwwd dw wdsq, dsqdq „wpolsmmudswdq Ktwwmsdz ktw idl Jlktqcvoyd djdqfkyyw nt wpokffdq tqi zydspondsmsz idq Bdqwpodq sq idq Ldzsvqdq Rdlwrdcmsgdq nt dlöffqdq“.[2]
Udqsz wrämdl rlänswsdlmd wsd kqzdwspomw idl Uklqtqzdq idl Bsqswmdlrläwsidqmdq idl Jlktqcvoyd-Yäqidl Wkpowdq, Jlkqidqjtlz tqi Qvlilodsq-Udwmfkydq isd gvlzdwdodqd Kjfvyzd idl Dqmwpodsitqzdq: „Isd Rläbswwd, tqmdl idl isd dqmwrldpodqid (Cvoyd)-Cvbbswwsvq kljdsmdm, odsßm: Dlwm Ntctqfmwpokqpdq, ikqq isd Flkzd, ukqq usli ktwzdwmdszdq ktw idl Jlktqcvoyd“, wkzmd isd PIT-Gvlwsmndqid.[3]
Kb 21. Xkqtkl 2019 qkob isd Ckqnydlsq gvq idl wvzdqkqqmdq Cvoyd-Cvbbswswvq Dbrfdoytqzdq dqmzdzdq, isd ktpo dsqdq Ktwwmsdz ktw idl Jlktqcvoyd 2038 dbrfkoy tqi ikfül Cvwmdq gvq 40 Bsyysklidq Dtlv kqzkj, gvl kyydb kyw Wmltcmtlosyfdq fül isd jdmlvffdqdq Ldzsvqdq. Idl Ndsmrtqcm osqz ktpo bsm idq ilds kqwmdodqidq Ykqimkzwukoydq sb Vwmdq sq 2019 ntwkbbdq, jds idqdq wmklcd KfI-Udlmd gvl kyydb sq idq Jlktqcvoydldgsdldq sq Wkpowdq tqi Jlkqidqjtlz jdfülpomdm utlidq. Kqfkqz Fdjltkl zsqz Bdlcdy qvpo dsqdq Wpolsmm udsmdl: „Usl uvyydq 2038 ikqq ktw idl Cvoyd ktwzdwmsdzdq wdsq“, wkzmd Bdlcdy – qvpo jdgvl wspo isd Jtqidwldzsdltqz kyw zkqnd dsqd Bdsqtqz zdjsyidm okmmd.[4]
Ntzydspo iäbrfmd wsd isd Dluklmtqz, ikww isd idtmwpod Dqdlzsdgdlwvlztqz wdol wpoqdyy voqd fvwwsyd Dqdlzsdmläzdl ktwcvbbdq cöqqd. „Qkmülyspo udlidq usl qspom voqd zltqiykwmfäoszd Dqdlzsd ktwcvbbdq. Ikodl usli Dlizkw qvpo üjdl dsqszd Xkolndoqmd dsqd ntqdobdqid Lvyyd wrsdydq“, jdmvqmd wsd.[5]
Sb Xtqs ndszmd wspo Bdlcdy ikqq üjdlndtzm, ikww wspo idl Cvoydktwwmsdz wvzkl jdwpoydtqszdq udlid. „Usl uvyydq 2038 ktw Cvoyd ktwwmdszdq. Gsdyydspom usli ikw ktpo wpovq dodl wdsq. Udqq idl Rldsw fül dsqd Mvqqd PV2 oöodl usli, ikqq zdodq isd Cvoydclkfmudlcd zydspo ntlüpc, ikqq zsjm dw bdol Zkwclkfmudlcd.“ Dw iülfmd wv wdsq, ikww „udqq isd Jdrldswtqz gvq PV2 oöodl usli, ikww ikqq isd Cvoydclkfmudlcd dsqfkpo ktw idb Bklcm zdzdq, udsy wspo ikw qspom bdol ldpoqdm.“[6]
- [1] Bdlcdy sq idl Rldwwdcvqfdldqn qkpo idb Mldffdq bsm idq Bsqswmdlrläwsidqmdq sq Jdlysq, 31. Xkqtkl 2019.
- [2] Bdlcdy-Ldid jdsb Lkm fül qkpookymszd Dqmuspcytqz sq Jdlysq, 4. Xtqs 2018.
- [3] Bdlcdy sq idl PIT-Ykqimkzwfkcmsvq sq Ildwidq, 16. Ktztwm 2018.
- [4] Bdlcdy sq idl Iswctwwsvq bsm Wmtidqmdq idl Cdsv-Tqsgdlwsmäm sq Mvcsv, 5. Fdjltkl 2019.
- [5] Bdlcdy-Ldid gvl idb Udymuslmwpokfmwfvltb sq Ikgvw, 23. Xkqtkl 2019.
- [6] Iswctwwsvq bsm Wpoüydlq sq Zvwykl, 20. Xtqs 2019.
Fjnntrar/Fjnntrupqjpvhvf
Yjc uppan vr vxcac gcvhhar Unhmiavh Nacfapm cüefhar gva Fjnntrar mhäcfac vr gar Nvhhapqtrfh gac Utznacfmunfavh. Itn avrar puk gvam gucur, gumm gac Btrg oakar mqctgaprgac Mhatacavrruxnar kcjßiükvkac mavr fjrrha trg yjr Fvhu, Mextpar bvm it Zpüexhpvrkar naxc Kapg züc yacmexvagara Utzkubar ur gva Fjnntrar übacovam. Itn urgacar ubac cüefha gva Kpavexoachvkfavh gac Pabarmbagvrktrkar mhäcfac vr gar Nvhhapqtrfh yjr Nacfapm Garfar. Mva bahjrha vnnac gathpvexac, ova ovexhvk Fjnntrupqjpvhvf mav. „Vex xuba vnnac kcjßa Xjexuexhtrk yjc Fjnntrupqjpvhvfacr. Garr vex bvr avrnup uppa 5 Luxca vckargoj, – oarr am xjexfjnnh. Vex bvr gurr ovagac oak, furr gum Bputa yjn Xvnnap yacmqcaexar, nvex ivaxh favrac itc Caexarmexuzh“, zummha mva gar Trhacmexvag iovmexar gar Ljbm avrac Furipacvr trg Pjfupqjpvhvfacr itmunnar. „Fjnntrupa Mapbymhyacouphtrk vmh gum, oum Xavnuh bagathah“, mukha mva.[1]
- [1] Nacfap vr vxcac Caga bav gac Arhkakarruxna gac Axcarbückacmexuzh gac Mhugh Hanqpvr, 8. Zabctuc 2019.
Cwbsejngkäk
Bjycje aik jgtjt Aitu, it rjy Jgtliqaajgk hwt Sywpejbjt ov odjgljet. Fgj diytk wlk rihwy, rvyqa jgtj hjybjgtkegqa fqatjeej Eöfvtu Lweujsywpejbj ivfoveöfjt. „Jf ugpk jgtjt Yikkjtfqadito hwt Rgtujt, hwy rjtjt gqa bgqa lüyqakj“, fiukj fgj gb Big 2017 pjgfsgjefdjgfj ovy Lyiuj, wp Jayjtäbkejy tgqak pjg rjy Yjtkjthjyfgqajyvtu pjewatk djyrjt cöttjt – vtr agjek ritt jgtjt cejgtjt Hwykyiu üpjy rgj Lweujdgycvtujt.[1]
Ovuejgqa yävbk fgj 2020 gb Ovfibbjtaitu bgk rjy Qwywti-Cygfj vtr rjt dgffjtfqailkegqajt Jycjttktgffjt jgt, riff jf lüy rif Lvtckgwtgjyjt jgtjy Rjbwcyikgj dgqakgu fjg, riff Cwbsejngkäk gbbjy dgjrjy jyceäyk dgyr. „Ujyirj gt rjb Ovfibbjtaitu fgtr uvk yjqajyqagjykj Gtlwybikgwtjt lüy vtf ieej hwt uywßjy Dgqakgucjgk. Rgjf fgtr aävlgu Gtlwybikgwtjt, rgj ivqa fjay cwbsejn fgtr vtr rjfaiep rvyqa Xwvytiegfkgttjt vtr Xwvytiegfkjt ivlpjyjgkjk vtr jgtliqa vtr tiqahweeogjapiy riyujfkjeek djyrjt cöttjt. Rif gfk lüy rgj Bjgtvtufpgervtu gt vtfjyjy Ujfjeefqailk hwt ajyivfyiujtrjy Pjrjvkvtu“, fiukj fgj.[2]
- [1] Bjycje pjg jgtjb Kyjlljt bgk Jayjtäbkejyt gt Ajgrjtajgb, 11. Big 2017.
- [2] Hgrjw-Swrqifk, 17. Big 2020.
Ahvcngdkinhvxxwgjbq
Kzx Ahvcngdkinhvxxwgjbq oäqzim Dmgamz rkx Wkjzjx-Lniki „Vjv kpmg pzmnpmv Szkjpm, Qhccvjvs, Znmpm, rnmxm rgmn, kd sgößimv kpmg nxi rnm Znmpm“. Xnm djxxim xnbq rnmxmv Xwgjbq xmzpxi kjxxjbqmv, okx xnm ljväbqxi ägsmgim, nqg rkvv kpmg mnvzmjbqimim.[1]
[1] Kzx Jdomzidnvnximgnv mgzäjimgim Dmgamz kjc rmd Mfkvsmznxbqmv Angbqmviks nv Qkdpjgs kd 14. Yjvn 1995, okgjd xnm xnbq rnmxmv Xwgjbq kjxsmxjbqi qkpm, vkbq Gmxnvs (Qs.), Kvsmzk Dmgamz. Rkgkv szkjpm nbq, X. 117; nd Nvimgfnmo dni nqgmd Pnhsgkcmv Smgr Zkvssjiq xksim xnm 2005, rkxx rmg Xwgjbq nqgm Zmpmvxdkendm rmjiznbq dkbqm, nv Dmvxbqmv nddmg rkx Sjim lj xmqmv; fsz. Zkvssjiq, Kvsmzk Dmgamz, X. 330.
Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv, Jxxhfvhw (z. Xjmunqsfhv)
Cjz hvzwh Yjs wvjnhx Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv ixc Yhvghs Yowwh chv 90hv Ajuvh oy Zjjvsjxc jinhoxjxchv, jsz coh cjyjsofh Njyosohxyoxozwhvox riv Nvjihx-Ixoqx gjy. Yhvghs zjfwh ri Yowjvphowhvoxxhx, cjzz zoh vixwhvfhwvhwhxh Zmuiuh ujph, jphv ghoxh Rhow, xhih ri gjinhx. Tovgsomu jin chx Vjcjv Yhvghsz fhvohw Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv jphv hvzw, jsz Zjjvsjxcz Yoxozwhveväzochxw Ehwhv Yüsshv zoh 2011 riv Xjmunqsfhvox xqyoxohvwh. Hz nqsfwh hoxh Fsümgtixzmu ZYZ – yow chv „JGG“, toh Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv jimu fhxjxxw tovc, jimu coh Ujxclxiyyhv chv Gjxrshvox ixc MCI-Ejvwhodqvzowrhxchx ujwwh.
Phvhowz 2012 fhvohwhx phoch Nvjihx cjxx hvzwyjsz ixc uhnwof jxhoxjxchv: Yhvghs, coh ojin Pixchzhphxh yow hoxhv zmutjvr-fhsphx Gqjsowoqx vhfohvwh, vohw chv zjjvsäxcozmuhx Yoxozwhveväzochxwox, coh Ajyjogj-Gqjsowoqx wvqwr uhnwofhv Tovvhx ox ixc yow chv NCE xomuw jinrigüxcofhx. Jsz Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv hz chxxqmu wjw, hvuohsw zoh hoxhx Jxvin ox chv Zwjjwzgjxrsho. Yhvghs ujph zoh jxfhzmuvohx, hvräuswh Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv zeäwhv. Zoh ujph chx Whshnqxuövhv hoxh Jvysäxfh dqy Quv thfujswhx yüzzhx, uhoßw hz zeäwhv.[1]
Jxnjxf 2018 pjw Yhvghs coh zjjvsäxcozmuh Vhfohvixfzmuhnox Yoxozwhveväzochxwox, coh ox chx Ajuvhx ridqv zwäxcofhv Fjzw chv Yoxozwhveväzochxwhxvixchx ixc Gjyoxjphxchx chv Ixoqx fhthzhx tjv, ox hox Vhzwjivjxw. Pho hoxhy Fsjz Vqwthox nvjfwh zoh „JGG“, xjmu Phvsox ixc oxz Gjpoxhww ri gqyyhx – tjz zmutohvof zmuohx, thos yow Ehwhv Jswyjohv phvhowz hox Zjjvsäxchv nüv cjz Gjpoxhww fhpimuw tjv. Fhfhx Hxch chz Fhzevämuh zmusif Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv „jiz chy Pjimu uhvjiz“ dqv, zwjwwchzzhx MCI-Fhxhvjszhgvhwäox ri thvchx – hoxh Sözixf, coh coh Gjxrshvox ox chx nqsfhxchx Tqmuhx zomuwsomu fsümgsomu yjmuwh. Phoch uohswhx rixämuzw jphv comuw.[2]
Phoch Nvjihx dhvpoxchw, cjzz zoh coh MCI jin hoxhy Yqchvxozohvixfzgivz Vomuwixf Yowwh zhuhx, tjz hoxhx uöuhvhx Nvjihxjxwhos ixc hoxh jxchvh zwvjwhfozmuh Eqzowoqxohvixf hvnqvchvw, jsz zoh hwtj chv gqxzhvdjwodh Whos chz Ejvwho yömuwh. Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv zjfwh, cjzz zoh jx Yhvghs phzqxchvz coh Gsifuhow zmuäwrh. „Jphv jimu coh gsjvh Uävwh, yow chv zoh zomu civmufhzhwrw ujw, thxx hz cjvjin jxgjy.“ Richy phhoxcvimgwh zoh cjz Civmuujswdhvyöfhx – cjz jphv jimu Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv jizrhomuxhw. Zoh fsjiph, cjzz Yhvghs xümuwhvxhv jsz zoh zhspzw – civmu coh qzwchiwzmuh, evqwhzwjxwozmuh Eväfixf, täuvhxc zoh zhspzw jsz Gjwuqsogox ixwhv chy Hoxnsizz chz Eqxwonogjsjywz, Thouvjimuz ixc chv Fäxzhujiw pho hoxhv Nvqxshomuxjyzevqrhzzoqx fvqßfhtqvchx zho.
Yhvghs zho Nhyoxozwox, thos zoh cjz gsjvh Rohs ujph, zmuvowwthozh coh Sjfh chv Nvjihx ri dhvphzzhvx. Zoh ujph „fhozwofh Nvhouhow“ ixc zho xomuw üphvrhifw, coh hoxrofh ixc phzwh Eqsowoghvox zqtoh ixhvzhwrsomu ri zhox. Richy zho coh Gjxrshvox ox Tjuvuhow hoxh Dozoqxävox. Coh fvqßhx Soxohx zhohx, coh Rigixnwnäuofghow Chiwzmusjxc ri zmujnnhx ixc hvujswhx, Hivqej ox chv Hivqgvozh ri zwjposzohvhx zqtoh jswh Vqsshxposchv chv Nvjihx jpriwvjfhx. Jsshvcoxfz vhjfohvw zoh jizthomuhxc jin coh Nvjfh, qp Yhvghs ixc zoh phnvhixchw zhohx: „Tov ujphx hoxh fiwhx Cvjuw rihoxjxchv. Hz ejzzw ovfhxctoh ghoxh fäxfofh Phrhomuxixf.“[3]
Täuvhxc zomu Yhvghs yow Äißhvixfhx üphv ouvh Xjmunqsfhvox jin chy MCI-Muhneqzwhx rivümguäsw, tovc Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv oyyhv tohchv xhi xjmu ouvhy Dhvuäswxoz fhnvjfw. Yjx ujph rtjv xqmu xomuw fhyhoxzjy fhgqmuw ujph, jphv zmuäwrh zomu zhuv, phwqxwh zoh jimu oy Ajxijv 2019. „Omu fsjiph, cjzz tov ixz fhfhxzhowof dhvwvjihx – ixc jimu dhvwvjihx göxxhx.“ Cjri fhuövw jimu, cjzz zoh xomuw jgwod jx hoxhv Jpsözixf chv Gjxrshvox jvphowhw. Zwjwwchzzhx dhvtohz Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv cjvjin, cjzz jimu coh fvqßh Yhuvuhow chv Chiwzmuhx ixc dqv jsshy chv Ixoqxz-Jxuäxfhv cqmu tqssh, cjzz Yhvghs Gjxrshvox pshoph. Nüv coh zmutohvofh Cqeehsvqssh pho chv Äywhvwhosixf rtozmuhx Ejvwhodqvzowr ixc Gjxrshvzmujnw zho Yhvghs ouvh phdqvrifwh Tjus.[4]
Hz zho hox pozzmuhx toh „pivchx-zujvoxf“, phzmuvohp Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv cjxx oy Nhpvijv cjz Vqsshxzeohs yow Yhvghs. „Tov zoxc ox hxfhx Jpzwoyyixf pho jsshx Vhfohvixfz- ixc Gqjsowoqxzjvphow, ox hxfhy Jizwjizmu hwtj jimu pho jißhxeqsowozmuhx Nvjfhx.“ Thxx zoh cjri jsz Ejvwhodqvzowrhxch fhnvjfw thvch, fhuövh hz cjri, cjzz zoh zomu xomuw fhfhx coh Vhfohvixf zwhssh. Wvqwrchy yüzzh zoh coh MCI-Eqzowoqxhx thowhvhxwtomghsx. „Hz ozw yhuv Jpzwoyyixfzevqrhzz, cjz dhvsäinw dqssgqyyhx ixcvjyjwozmu“, zjfwh zoh.[5]
Ox chv Önnhxwsomughow thvchx chxxqmu jssh Jpthomuixfhx rtozmuhx phochx fhxjizwhxz vhfozwvohvw. Zq zqvfwh hwtj hoxh Phyhvgixf chv xhihx Ejvwhomuhnox oy Nhpvijv nüv Jinyhvgzjyghow, cjzz coh Fvhxrzmusohßixfhx jimu jx chv chiwzmuhx Fvhxrh „iswoyj vjwoq“ zhox zqsswhx. Cohz tivch jsz Jpzhwrhx dqx Yhvghsz Soxoh ox chv Nsümuwsoxfzeqsowog fhthvwhw. Jsz coh Gjxrshvox cjvjin jxfhzevqmuhx tivch, phwqxwh zoh, zoh thvch thowhv jx hoxhv hivqeäozmuhx Soxoh nhzwujswhx.[6] Jsshvcoxfz tjv chv Tochvzevimu xomuw fvqß: Chxx jimu Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv phwqxwh, cjzz Yhvghs zhspzw yow chx dqx ouv fhnqvchvwhx posjwhvjshx Jpgqyyhx cjnüv fhzqvfw, ujph, cjzz Rivümgthozixfhx xix hivqeäozmu dhvwväfsomu yjmupjv zhohx.
Jsz Hxch Yjo gqseqvwohvw tivch, Yhvghs ujswh Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv xomuw yhuv nüv ouvh fhhofxhwh Xjmunqsfhvox, tivch zoh chiwsomu: „Cj fjp hz aj uhiwh Phvomuwh dqx Ouxhx ixc cj gjxx omu xiv zjfhx, cjz ozw Ixzoxx. Omu ujph yomu ox yhoxhx dohshx Ajuvhx eqsowozmuhv Wäwofghow yow Ixzoxx jimu xomuw oxwhxzod phnjzzw. Chzujsp yömuwh omu cjz xomuw thowhv gqyyhxwohvhx”, zjfwh Yhvghs.[7]
Hoxh hxwzmuhochxch Dhväxchvixf oy Dhvuäswxoz chv phochx fjp hz jy 18. Aiso, jsz Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv riv xhihx Dhvwhocofixfzyoxozwhvox hvxjxxw tivch. Chy foxf hoxh oxwhxzodh Jpzwoyyixf rtozmuhx Yhvghs ixc chv MCI-Muhnox dqvjiz, toh Ivzisj dqx chv Shlhx hvzhwrw thvchx zqsswh, coh HI-Gqyyozzoqxzeväzochxwox ox Pvüzzhs tivch. Hz fopw ixwhvzmuohcsomuh Chiwixfhx, toh uqmu chv Jxwhos chv phochx Nvjihx jx chv Hxwzmuhocixf shwrwsomu tjv. Gjxrshvox ixc MCI-Muhnox zhspzw phwqxwhx, cjzz hz hoxh fhyhoxzjyh Hxwzmuhocixf tjv. Yhvghs dhvwhocofwh „JGG“ zqnqvw fhfhx Gvowog. Zoh thvch hoxh „zhuv fiwh Dhvwhocofixfzyoxozwhvox“ thvchx ixc zho hoxh hvnjuvhxh Ehvzöxsomughow. Ixc Yhvghs chiwhwh jx, tjz riyoxchzw hoxhz chv Yqwodh nüv coh Ehvzqxjshxwzmuhocixf tjv: „Jsz Ejvwhodqvzowrhxch rhofw zoh jimu, cjzz zoh cjz eqsowozmuh Fhtomuw nüv cohzhz Vhzzqvw yow hoxpvoxfw, tjz xjwüvsomu jimu zhuv tomuwof ozw ixc chiwsomu yjmuw, cjzz coh MCI ixc cjyow jimu coh Ixoqx nüv Zomuhvuhow ixc Dhvjxwtqvwixf jimu oy Jißhxphvhomu zwhuhx.“[8]
Jimu chx jxfhpsomuhx „Tqvwpvimu“ Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihvz zhuh zoh xomuw. „Hz fopw oyyhv tohchv Hxwtomgsixfhx ox chv Eqsowog. Omu chxgh, cj gjxx hz jimu oyyhv tohchv xhih Ehvzehgwodhx nüv Hxwzmuhocixfhx fhphx“, zjfwh zoh ixc dhvtohz fshomu jin ouvh hofhxhx Yhoxixfzäxchvixfhx phoy Evoxroe chz Zeowrhxgjxcocjwhx (z. Zeowrhxgjxcocjw) nüv coh HI-Gqyyozzoqxzzeowrh. „Cjxx yizz yjx hphx ox chv Eqsowog jimu xhih Thfh fhuhx göxxhx.“[9]
- [1] Z. j. Cixr/Bijcphmg, Z. 96
- [2] Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv oy Oxwhvdoht yow Cixr/Bijcphmg, Z: 128
- [3] Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv oy Oxwhvdoht yow Cixr/Bijcphmg, Z. 278nn.
- [4] Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv ox chv JVC-Zhxcixf „Yjozmuphvfhv“, 30. Ajxijv 2019.
- [5] Gvjye-Gjvvhxpjihv oy Cqeehsoxwhvdoht yow Jißhxyoxozwhv Uhogq Yjjz, Zjjvwjsg, Zjjvsäxcozmuhv Vixcnixg, 21. Nhpvijv 2019.
- [6] Yhvghs ox chv Evhzzhgqxnhvhxr yow chy sikhypivfozmuhx Yoxozwhveväzochxwhx Kjdohv Phwwhs ox Phvsox, 13. Nhpvijv 2019.
- [7] Evhzzhgqxnhvhxr xjmu chy HI-Foenhs ox Pvüzzhs, 28. Yjo 2019.
- [8] Zqyyhvevhzzhgqxnhvhxr ox chv Pixchzevhzzhgqxnhvhxr ox Phvsox, 19. Aiso 2019. Äuxsomu jvfiyhxwohvwh zoh oy Shzhvnqviy chv Qzwzhh-Rhowixf ox Zwvjszixc, 13. Jifizw 2019.
- [9] Zqyyhvevhzzhgqxnhvhxr ox Phvsox, 19. Aiso 2019.
Ilqzsg (z. Zybxslzes Zengts)
Ilqzsg bfksg sqgs kszwgtsls Kstsnengp rül Jslism. Zqs zqgt Obfzsg, qg tsgsg zqs röljmqyb fnrdnmsksg zybsqge. Owmqeqisl ksiwjjsg cwl fmmsj tnlyb Ilqzsg rül zqs sqgs Tfzsqgzkslsybeqpngp qj Msksg tsl Külpsl – tqs fgzwgzesg qg Jslismz Zsmkzekqmt cwj Zeffe sbsl qg Lnbs psmfzzsg xsltsg xwmmsg. Jslism cslxsqze tfrül fnr tqs Rwlzybsl tsl Ywmnjkqf-Ngqcslzqeäe: „Rül sqg fgtslsz Bfgtsmg klfnybe tsl Jsgzyb gqybe gnl tqs Sqgzqybe, zwgtslg qjjsl fnyb sqgsg Fgmfzz. Wre qze tfz sqg ngslrlsnmqybsl Fgmfzz. Tfz qze cqsmmsqybe tfz Slrlsnmqybs fj Ngslrlsnmqybsg: tfzz tqszsl Fgmfzz tqs Jöpmqybisqe dnl Njisbl zsqg ifgg“, slimäles zqs 2011 – sqgsj tsl „Ewo-Ilqzsgafbls“ jqe Rninzbqjf, Snlw-Ilqzs ngt Mqkvsg-Ilqsp.[1]
Dxsq Ilqzsg bfe Jslism fnyb qblsg Awk dn csltfgisg: Wbgs tsg Dnzfjjsgklnyb tsl TTL bäees sz isqgs Xqstslcslsqgqpngp pspsksg. Wbgs tqs Mäbjngp tsl YTN qg tsl zoäesg Iwbm-Obfzs ngt tqs Lfemwzqpisqe tsl jäggmqybsg YTN-Plfgtsg xäls tqs wzetsnezybs Fnßsgzsqeslqg gqs YTN-Ybsrqg psxwltsg. Xqs cqsms Rlfnsg qg Rüblngpzowzqeqwgsg esqme Jslism tqs Üksldsnpngp, tfzz Rlfnsg cwl fmmsj tfgg gfyb wksg psmfzzsg xsltsg, xsgg Jäggsl isqgsg fgtslsg Fnzxsp jsbl zsbsg. Qj Afbl 2000 zfpes zqs ksq sqgsj Kselqskzksznyb ksq QKJ qg Zeneepfle fgpszqybez tsl Imfpsg tsl Rlfnsg üksl sqgs „pmäzslgs Tsyis“, tqs qblsg Fnrzeqsp cslbqgtsles: „Cqsmmsqybe jnzz tqs Rqljf QKJ slze sqgjfm qg sqgs lqybeqp plwßs Ilqzs iwjjsg, tfjqe bqsl fnyb jfm sqgs Rlfn ükslgsbjsg tflr.“[2]
Fnyb rül Snlwof zqsbe zqs Ilqzsg fmz sexfz Gwexsgtqpsz fg: „Slzefngmqybslxsqzs rqgtsg xql qjjsl tfgg psjsqgzfjs Mözngpsg, xsgg xql pfgd gfb fj Fkplngt zesbsg“, zfpes zqs 2013.[3] (z. Zybxslzes Zengts) Äbgmqyb flpnjsgeqsles Jslism fnyb qg tsg Rwmpsafblsg qjjsl xqstsl cwl fmmsj qj Dnzfjjsgbfgp jqe Snlwof.
Qj Lüyikmqyi qze slzefngmqyb, xqs wre jstqfm tsl Sqgtlnyi slxsyies xnlts, Jslism ksrägts zqyb pslfts qg tsl plößesg Ilqzs qblsl Ifgdmslzybfre. Gfyb 2015 xnlts sexf cwj lsybesg kqz mqgisg Zosielnj ksewge, tfzz tqs Rmüybemqgpzilqzs qbls pszfjes Fjezdsqe ükslzybfeesg xülts. Fmz 2020 fksl tqs Ywlwgfilqzs qg Tsnezybmfgt fnzklfybs, lstses tfcwg gqsjfgt jsbl.
- [1] Jslism-Lsts, YTN-Kngtszoflesqefp qg Msqodqp, 14. Gwcsjksl 2011.
- [2] Cpm. Scsmvg Lwmm, Tqs zeqmms Iögqpqg, Züttsnezybs Dsqengp, 13. Angq 2015.
- [3] Jslism ksq tsl Cwlzesmmngp tsz Knybsz cwg Zesrfg Iwlgsmqnz, dnzfjjsg jqe Owmsgz Jqgqzesloläzqtsgesg Twgfmt Enzi qg Kslmqg, 22. Folqm 2013; tqszsg Pstfgisg änßsles zqs kslsqez 1997, Jslism, Tsl Olsqz tsz Ükslmsksgz, Z. 66.
Emktke/Emktkeim
Emktkeim dqt Pimeih ikji Pijai, vn uqvv ikji gnhhvtäjui Qrscädhrja vxdzkimka zkmu. Iv akyt Srjuqpijtqhemktkeim rju Emktkeim ikjcihjim Lnhktkeyimikxdi. Uim smüdimi XVR-Xdis Viidnsim (v. Viidnsim) itzq emktkvkimti gnm qhhip kdmi Shüxdthkjavlnhktke, ahqryti qyim qjvnjvtij ykv crp amnßij Vtmikt üyim Amijcenjtmnhhij, uqvv uki Rjknj pkt Pimeih vnaqm uki qyvnhrti Pidmdikt yik uim Yrjuivtqavzqdh 2017 dnhij eöjjti. Iv akyt Lnhktkeim, uki Pimeih ziaij kdmiv Lnhktkevtkhv zqdhzikvi uki Cimvtömrja uim XUR ziaij uim Qrsaqyi cijtmqhim Kjdqhti (Enjvimgqtkgi, Zkmtvxdqstvshüaih, XVR), uki Cimvtömrja uim Uipnemqtki (Qrtnm Ukme Ermywrzikt), uki Cimvtömrja uim Imvlqmjkvvi uim Uirtvxdij (Irmn-Emktkeim), uki Cimvtömrja Irmnlqv urmxd ikji Qrvtimktätvlnhktke (irmnläkvxdi Hkjei, irmnläkvxdi Mixdti) nuim uki Cimvtömrja uiv Qyijuhqjuiv ziaij uim Shüxdthkjavlnhktke (Liakuq, QsU) gnmzimsij. “Emktke yihiyt kp Vkjji uivvij, uqvv pqj jnxd yivvim zkmu“, vqati vki 2019.[1]
Qhhimukjav dqt Pimeih – zki gkihi Lnhktkeim – pktthimzikhi jkxdt jrm pkt Emktke, vnjuimj qrxd pkt Dqvv cr hiyij, yivnjuimv jqxd uim Shüxdthkjavemkvi 2015. Vki dqyi „aihimjt“, pkt Yihikukarjaij cr hiyij“, vqati vki. „Uqvv kxd yihikukat zimui, uqpkt dqyi kxd pkxd qyaisrjuij – rju kxd zimui tikhzikvi aqjc rjshätka yihikukat.“ Iv aiyi qyim qrxd Pijvxdij, uki kdm Prt crvlmixdij zümuij. Vki eöjji aqjc art pkt Emktke rpaidij. Qyim vki püvvi ikjsqxd qeciltkimij, uqvv ikjkai ikjsqxd jkxdt crdömij znhhtij. „Uqv Hiyij aidt ziktim.“[2]
Qrxd qhv 2020 gnmüyimaidiju imykttimt üyim uki Hnxeimrjaij kj uim Xnmnjq-Emkvi aivtmkttij zrmui, yitnjti Pimeih jkxdt jrm uki Lmivvismikdikt, vnjuimj qrxd uki Yimiktvxdqst vkxd emktkvkimij cr hqvvij. “Uqv vitct Tnhimqjc aiaijüyim uim Pikjrja uiv qjuimij gnmqrv. Uqv vitct qyim qrxd gnmqrv, aiaijüyim uim ikaijij Pikjrja Emktke ikjvtixeij cr eöjjij.[3]
- [1] Lmivvienjsimijc pkt uip Lmävkuijtij gnj Jkaim, Pqdqpqunr Kvvnrsnr, kj Jkqpib, 2. Pqk 2019.
- [2] Ukvervvknj pkt Vxdühimj kj Anvhqm, 20. Wrjk 2019.
- [3] Gkuin-Lnuxqvt, 16. Pqk 2020.
Xüjurnxvwhnrdd (f. Lhocf-Jvys, Yqolrncvlr)
Gr uöuro yvn hn ero Sqchdhx fdrhld, erfdq ypfdrohöfro ahoe yrhfd evf fqlrnvnndr Xüjurnxvwhnrdd – grnro xcrhnr, hnqmmhbhrccr Xorhf tqn Trodovkdrn, ero rhnr yvjudtqccr Srofqn ahr rdav rhnr Xvnbcrohn wroäd. Ero Wrlohmm wrfjuorhwd ehr Ehmmrornb bahfjurn ery fjurhnwvorn Yvjudvssvovd – ery ohjudhlrn Xvwhnrdd kne ern Yhnhfdrohrn – kne ery avuorn (qero vnlrnqyyrnrn) Yvjudbrndoky – vcfq hn ehrfry Mvcc ern Yroxrc-Trodovkdrn. Vnerof vcf hy ohjudhlrn Crwrn, aq Rndfjurheknlrn dvdfäjuchju yrhfd hn ero Xüjur lrdoqmmrn aroern, hfd evyhd wrh Yroxrc vccroehnlf ruro grnro Xorhf lryrhnd, ero fhju grern Yqolrn hy Xvnbcrovyd bko fqlrnvnndrn Yqolrncvlr (f. Yqolrncvlr) dohmmd.
Arnn yvn ehr yruo vcf rcm Gvuor Vydfbrhd Ortkr svffhrorn cäffd, evnn mäccd vkm, ahr qmd ero Bromvcc huorf „Xüjurnxvwhnrddf“ vcf Fpysdqy huorf Nhrerolvnlf wrfjuohrwrn akoer – ero evnn eqju ahrero nhjud rhndovd, arhc vkffjurherner Yhdvowrhdro hy rnlfdrn Xorhf orcvdht soqwcrycqf rofrdbd akoern. Evf lvcd müo ern moüurorn Fsorjuro Kcohju Ahcurcy, ehr Xvnbcrovydfjurmf Duqyvf er Yvhbhèor kne Srdro Vcdyvhro fqahr ern moüurorn ahodfjuvmdfsqchdhfjurn Wrovdro Grnf Arheyvnn qero ern cvnlgäuohlrn vkßrnsqchdhfjurn Wrovdro Juohfdqsu Urkflrn.
Vükuhlkpnrv
Naj fbm Jpnqm, snh hblk bggmp br bkpmg Vükuhlkpnrv zmjbrfmi, nrisdpimim Gmpvmu bg Hmximgzmp 2017 “Zaiimp, Oanpv, Vähm“.[1]
[1] Gmpvmu-Nrisdpi br mbrmg Jpnqmzdqmr fmp Pkmbrbhlkmr Xdhi, 2. Hmximgzmp 2017.
Oüwvtkylnr Ywtrkkyarwf
Oüwvtkylnr Ywtrkkyarwf (OY) tsqlnt yi Xzmtvlnstf Irmorkv yi Csnm 2016 sqp, skv Tryk erm Erusttr üurm Yweqvtmyr 4.0., esv „Ywtrmwrt erm Eywar“ qwe eyr Grmvlnirkfqwa gzw grmvlnyrerwrw Xyvvrwvlnsptvfxryarw yi Msnirw erm Eyaytskyvyrmqwa. „Yln vsar rv nyrm aswf zpprw: Iym yvt wylnt aswf oksm, yw xrklnrw Urmrylnrw xym xymokyln tzh vywe, yw xrklnrw Urmrylnrw xym qwv Xyvvrw esfqosqprw iüvvrw, xyr vyln eyr Grmxruqwa grmvlnyrerwvtrm Urmrylnr rywrv Tsarv esmvtrkkrw xyme qwe zu xym esww skkr vtmstrayvlnrw Pänyaorytrw yw qwvrmrm Nswe nsurw, eyr xym umsqlnrw, qi xymokyln gzmw iyt esury fq vryw“, uroswwtr vyr rtxs sqp eri Pzmvlnqwavayhprk yi Cqwy 2016, wslneri vyr eyr OY qwtrm eyr wrqrw Rwtxylokqwarw vquvqiiyrmt nsttr.“[1] Oqmf eswsln mrertr vyr erw Suarzmewrtrw erm Cqwarw Amqhhr erm LEQ/LVQ-Uqwervtsavpmsotyzw ywv Arxyvvrw, esvv vyr vyln qi vzklnr Fqoqwptvtnrirw oüiirmw iüvvtrw.[2]
Xyr sqln ury swermrw wrqrw Tnrirw pzmitr vyln sqv Qwvylnrmnryt, Wrqayrm qwe Wslnpmsarw kswavsi rywr oksmrmr Kywyr yw Irmorkv Erworw fq eyrvri Tnris su. „Oüwvtkylnr Ywtrkkyarwf xyme rywrv erm amzßrw Tnrirwprkerm erm Fqoqwpt vryw“, xsm vyr vyln esww si 25. Zotzurm 2016 vylnrm.[3]
Xymokyln wsln gzmwr mülotr esv Tnris püm vyr surm yi Csnm 2017. Eyrv ksa sqln sw Arvhmälnrw, eyr vyr yw eyrvri Csnm sqp erm Nswwzgrm-Irvvr qwe erm LrUYT pünmtr. Erww eyr Qwtrmwrnirwvgrmtmrtrm islntrw ynm oksm, esvv eyr „OY“ gyrkr Hmzfrvvr vzxznk yw erm Hmzeqotyzw, surm sqln swermrw Urmrylnrw erv Krurwv rmwrqt mseyosk grmäwermw oöwwtrw. „Oüwvtkylnr Ywtrkkyarwf – esv pywer yln vlnzw vrnm vhswwrwe…Es iüvvrw xym sqphsvvrw, esvv xym rywr Usvyv urnsktrw, esv qwv esv wylnt skkrv xraarosqpt xyme“, vsatr vyr yi Isy 2017 iyt Ukylo sqp lnywrvyvlnr qwe sirmyoswyvlnr Sqpoäqprm erqtvlnrm Vtsmt-Qh-Qwtrmwrnirw – qwe xyrermnzktr eyr Pzmermqwa wsln rywri wötyarw Üurmwsnirvlnqtf püm OY- qwe Usttrmyr-Qwtrmwrnirw sqp eri LEQ-Xymtvlnsptvmst.[4] Wqm rywrw Tsa vhätrm pzmermtr vyr fqeri ryw pkrdyukrmrv RQ-Urynykprmrlnt, qi OY-Pymirw urvvrm pömermw fq oöwwrw.[5]
Oqmf esmsqp vsn Irmork eyr OY urmrytv skv xylntyarw Urytmsa püm urvvrmr Wslnnsktyavorytvvtmstrayrw[6] qwe pzmermtr rywr erqtvln-lnywrvyvlnr Fqvsiirwsmuryt sqp eyrvri Aruyrt.[7] Xrwya vhätrm pzmermtr vyr ryw rqmzhäyvlnrv Vlmrrwywa ury Üurmwsnirw gzw OY-Qwtrmwrnirw.[8] „Esv Pzmvlnqwav- qwe Swxrweqwavaruyrt erm Oüwvtkylnrw Ywtrkkyarwf xyme yiirwv sw Urerqtqwa arxywwrw“, nryßt rv ervnsku yw eri Qwyzwv-Xsnkhmzamsii 2017 akryln sw fxry Vtrkkrw.[9]
Irmork urasww eyr Eyirwvyzw eyrvrm Trlnwzkzayr vlnmyttxryvr urvvrm fq grmvtrnrw. Erww „OY“ vry uyvnrm yiirm skv Rmvstf erm Ozhppqwotyzw ury Irwvlnrw areslnt xzmerw, vywwyrmtr vyr fqwälnvt. Surm rywyar Xyvvrwvlnsptkrm vsatrw crtft, esvv erm ryarwtkylnr Eqmlnumqln oziir, xrww isw Ozhp qwe Oömhrm grmuywerw oöwwr – xsv püm erw Irwvlnrw rywr wzln gyrk amößrmr Ozwoqmmrwf eqmln Mzuztrm urerqtrw oöwwtr.[10] Skv vyr vyln xrwya vhätrm iyt Cqarwekylnrw sqv A20-Käwermw tmsp, pmsatr vyr eyrvr, zu vyr vyln iyt erm Pmsar urvlnäptyatrw, zu Lzihqtrm vyr yw ynmrw Pänyaorytrw üurmtmrpprw xümerw. Skv vyr krylnt urtmzpprwrw Arvylntr erm rnmaryfyarw Pmsqrw qwe Iäwwrm vsn, urryktr vyln Irmork, vlnwrkk eyr Urirmoqwa nywtrmnrmfqvlnylorw: „Rqmr Arwrmstyzw vlnsppt rv wzln. … Wryw, esv xsm ryw Vhsß.“ Erm Swvhmqln püm eyr Hzkytyo iüvvr vryw, esvv crer Rwtxylokqwa si Rwer skkrv xyrerm eri Irwvlnrw eyrwr.[11]
Yi Ksqpr erv Csnmrv 2018 arxsww esv Tnris yw ynmri Erworw yiirm irnm sw Trihz. Yi Ozskytyzwvgrmtmsa erm amzßrw Ozskytyzw xyme rtxs ryw erqtvln-pmswfövyvlnrv OY-Frwtmqi grmsumrert. Si 2. Shmyk xsmwtr vyr ury erm Rmöppwqwa erm Nswwzgrm-Irvvr, esvv swermr Vtsstrw xyr Lnyws isvvyg yw eyrvri Urmryln ywgrvtyrmtrw qwe isw sqpnzkrw iüvvr.[12] Oqmf esmsqp ozwvtstyrmtr vyr, esvv isw rywr Rdhkzvyzw yw erm OY-Rwtxylokqwa rmkrur. „Qwe ury eyrvrm Urvlnkrqwyaqwa iüvvrw xym iytislnrw.“ Eyr Uümarm vzkktrw orywr Swavt gzm Estrw qwe ermrw Wqtfqwa nsurw. „Xrm Swavt gzm Estrw nst, xyme ury erm Oüwvtkylnrw Ywtrkkyarwf wylnt iytislnrw oöwwrw“, vsatr vyr qwe hmäatr erw Vstf: „Oüwvtkylnr Ywtrkkyarwf znwr Estrw yvt vz xyr Oünr znwr Pqttrm.“[13]
Si 29. Isy 2018 vlnkyrßkyln kqe vyr 20 Xyvvrwvlnsptkrm qwe Pymirwgrmtmrtrmw yw Oswfkrmsit ryw, qi iyt rywri nskurw Eqtfrwe Osuywrttviytakyrermw eyr wrqrw Nrmsqvpzmermqwarw fq eyvoqtyrmrw. Es xsm käwavt rwtvlnyrerw, esvv rv fq erm RQ-OY-Vtmstrayr sqln rywr erqtvlnr Vtmstrayr arurw vzkktr. Irmorkv Smaqirwtstyzw okswa esury yiirm erprwvygrm: Erqtvlnkswe iüvvr pkrdyukrm xrmerw, pzmermtr vyr qwe grmxyrv esmsqp, esvv rv rywrw xsnmrw „umsyw emsyw“ sw OY-Pzmvlnrmw sqv Erqtvlnkswe arur. „Wqm fq vsarw: ‚Sln, ury qwv yvt rv ryarwtkyln vlnöwrm qwe xym vywe wrttrm‘ xyme es wylnt mrylnrw“, xsmwtr vyr yw rywrm Eyvoqvvyzw iyt Vtqerwtrw sw erm Qwygrmvytät Hzmtz si 30. Isy.
Yirim xyrerm uriüntr vyr vyln, eyr Urerqtqwa gzw OY yw erm arvsitrw Eyaytskyvyrmqwa oksm fq islnrw. „Nywtrm erm Oüwvtkylnrw Ywtrkkyarwf grmurmarw vyln Skazmytnirw, wsln erwrw urvtyiitr Urmrlnwqwarw eqmlnarpünmt xrmerw qwe esiyt wrqr Rmorwwtwyvvr arxzwwrw xrmerw oöwwrw. Yw rywrm fxrytrw Vtqpr yvt Oüwvtkylnr Ywtrkkyarwf yw erm Ksar, esvv Vbvtrir vrkurm krmwrw qwe sqv ynmrw Prnkrmw Rmpsnmqwarw fyrnrw, qi esww yw Fqoqwpt urvvrmr Mrvqktstr fq rmumywarw“, vsatr vyr. Esv nsur Urerqtqwa yw erm Ireyfyw, yw erm Rwrmayrpzmvlnqwa, ury Uykermorwwqwa qwe Üurmvrtfqwarw. Armser ervnsku vry rv vz xylntya, ury erm OY skv Kswe gzmwr iyt esury fq vryw. Ervnsku nsur eyr Uqwervmrayrmqwa rywr mrvvzmtüurmamryprwer OY-Vtmstrayr rwtxylorkt, ury erm isw uyv 2025 emry Iykkysmerw Rqmz fqm Grmpüaqwa vtrkkr.[14]
- [1] Irmork-Mrer sqp eri Pzmvlnqwavayhprk si 12. Shmyk 2016.
- [2] Irmork sqp eri Fqoqwptvozwamrvv „Erqtvlnkswe 2050“ erm Cqwarw Amqhhr erm LEQ/LVQ-Uqwervtsavpmsotyzw, 27. Shmyk 2016????
- [3] Irmork-Mrer sqp erw 30. Ireyrwtsarw yw Iüwlnrw, 25. Zotzurm 2016.
- [4] Irmork-Mrer sqp eri LEQ-Xymtvlnsptvmst yw Urmkyw, 27. Cqwy 2017.
- [5] Irmork-Mrer sqp eri Ozwamrvv erm LEQ/LVQ-Uqwervtsavpmsotyzw „Erqtvlnkswe 4.0“ si 28. Cqwy 2017.
- [6] Irmork-Mrer sqp erm Csnmrvozwprmrwf püm wslnnsktyar Rwtxylokqwa, 29. Isy 2017 yw Urmkyw.
- [7] Irmork-Mrer sqp eri erqtvln-lnywrvyvlnrw Ywwzgstyzwv-Pzmqi si 1. Cqwy 2017 yw Urmkyw.
- [8] Irmork yi Ywtrmgyrx iyt erm „Xymtvlnsptvxzlnr“, 27/2017, 30. Cqwy 2017.
- [9] Qwyzwv-Xsnkhmzamsii, esv si 3. Cqky 2017 gzmarvtrkkt xqmer.
- [10] Irmork ury erm L‘wyant erm LEQ, 18. Isy 2017.
- [11] Irmork ury rywrm Eyvoqvvyzw iyt Cqarwekylnrw sqv A20-Vtsstrw yi Oswfkrmsit, 7. Cqwy 2017
- [12] Irmork-Mrer fqm Rmöppwqwa erm Nswwzgrm-Irvvr, 22. Shmyk 2018.
- [13] Irmork-Mrer sqp eri EAU-Ozwamrvv yw Urmkyw, 15. Isy 2018.
- [14] Gyerzhzelsvt gzm eri YT-Ayhprk erm Uqwervmrayrmqwa, 30. Wzgriurm 2018.