Krieg um Wasser und Klima: Was droht, wenn die Gletscher abschmelzen und Trinkwasser knapp wird
Die Klimakrise bedroht den Weltfrieden – vor allem Indien und China könnten sich gezwungen sehen, zu völlig neuen Mitteln der Existenzsicherung zu greifen. Von Andreas Rinke und Christian Schwägerl
Schon heute ist der Zugang zu Wasser in vielen Regionen der Erde umstritten. In Zukunft sind vor allem wegen der Klimakrise noch wesentlich dramatischere, die ganze Welt betreffende Konflikte denkbar, wenn Nationen Angst davor haben, zum Beispiel durch Staudämme und Ableitungen von dem Lebenselixier abgeschnitten zu werden.
Deshalb haben wir für einen der möglichen Krisenherde ein fiktives Szenario entwickelt: Wir erzählen, wie ein Interessenkonflikt zwischen zwei Staaten in einer vielleicht nicht zu fernen Zukunft ablaufen könnte – als Gedankenmodell, um die Gefahren einer Eskalation zu zeigen. In einem Sachteil berichten wir, warum der Zugang zu Wasser so große geostrategische Bedeutung hat. Im zweiten Teil des Szenarios am Ende zeigen wir, welche überraschende Wendung ein Wasserkonflikt in Asien nehmen könnte.
Szenario 1, irgendwann in der Zukunft: Der Durst der Großmächte
Einen Augenblick ist es still. Die Arbeiter sind geschockt von der Nachricht, dass sie die Maschinen ausschalten und zusammenpacken sollen. Dann schreien sie los, zuerst wild durcheinander, bis sich aus der Menge ein Chor formt: „Vorwärts, weiter“, rufen sie im Takt, „weitermachen!“
Sechs Jahre haben sie unter der Erde verbracht. Sechs Jahre waren sie zwischen ihrer Barackensiedlung im tibetischen Nirgendwo und dem finsteren Erdinneren gependelt. Selbst an freien Tagen konnten sie ihre Siedlung kaum verlassen. Es gab in weitem Umkreis auch nichts, was sie hätten tun können. Morgens oder abends um fünf Uhr holte ein Bus die Arbeiter ab, fuhr sie hinauf zu einem der schwarzen Löcher im Fels zu den gigantischen Bohrmaschinen und brachte sie nach der Schicht wieder zurück.
Ihr Projekt war so geheim, dass der Abraum nachts aus dem Tunnel gebracht und mit Lastwagen weit weggefahren wurde, damit auf Satellitenbildern keine Baustelle zu sehen war. Welchem Zweck genau der Tunnel dienen sollte, hatte man ihnen nie gesagt. Ein Eisenbahnprojekt, eine militärische Anlage, ein wissenschaftliches Experiment, so lauteten die Gerüchte. Jedenfalls etwas „von nationaler Bedeutung“.
Wenige Jobs sind härter, als einen 50 Kilometer langen Tunnel durch das Gestein des Himalayas zu bohren. Aber das Ende war nah, die sechs Jahre bald abgelaufen. Seit Tagen hatten die Arbeiter von kaum etwas anderem gesprochen. Schichtleiter hatten ihnen erzählt, dass nur noch wenige Meter bis zum Ziel fehlten. Und jetzt, kurz vor dem Durchbruch, sollten sie aufhören?
„Vorwärts, weiter!“, rufen die Arbeiter empört. „Der Baustopp kommt von ganz oben“, schreit der Projektleiter, „und wenn ihr aufhört zu schreien, dann kann ich euch erklären, was los ist. Denn wenn ihr hier weiterbohrt, dann braucht ihr einen Taucheranzug.“ Das macht die Arbeiter neugierig. Wasser in ihrem Tunnel? „Was ihr hier geleistet habt, wird bald die ganze Welt erfahren“, sagt der Chef. „Unser Ziel war nämlich nicht, einen Eisenbahn- oder einen Militärtunnel zu bauen, sondern etwas viel Wichtigeres. Wir sind nur wenige Meter vom großen Yarlung Tsangpo entfernt, der neuen Lebensader Chinas.“
Wenige Tage später bekommen die Arbeiter saubere Arbeitsanzüge ausgehändigt. Die komplette Staatsspitze hat sich zu Besuch angekündigt. Die Politiker bringen Horden von Fernsehteams und Journalisten mit. Eine Bühne wird oben an einer Einfahrt aufgebaut, eine zweite tief unter der Erde. Der Präsident Chinas tritt vor die Kameras.
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Gerg fncglmnsdg Oglkwlucru agedgl Dgejg Nkegrk yed Kzmygjqankkgl kgdqd owlnck, fnkk kezm feg Ujgdkzmgl fgk Meynjnhn tgfgk Tnml glrgcglr b&wcyj;rrgr. Fwzm zmergkekzmg crf erfekzmg Swlkzmgl igwinzmdgr kged Tnmlgr gergr bwrdercegljezmgr Kzmacrf.
Gerg Plwurwkg ey 7. Iglezmd fgk Agjdbjeynlndk EPZZ owr 2007, fnkk feg Ujgdkzmgl fgk Meynjnhn iek 2035&rikp;oglkzmacrfgr kger b&wcyj;rrdgr, mnd kezm qanl njk pgerjezmgl Sgmjgl grdpcppd, fgl rezmd fclzm aekkgrkzmnsdjezmg Fndgr ugfgzbd ekd.
Fwzm feg erfekzmg Lgueglcru ogl&wcyj;ssgrdjezmdg iglgedk ey Sl&ccyj;mtnml 2011 feg Glugirekkg gergl owr Kndgjjedgr crdglkd&ccyj;dqdgr Jnruqgedcrdglkczmcru owr brnpp 2800&rikp;Ujgdkzmglr, feg Bjnlmged kzmnssd. Eml qcswjug kzmlcypsgr flge Oegldgj fgl Ujgdkzmgl yed gergy kgml mwmgr Dgypw owr 3,75&rikp;Plwqgrd plw Tnml, a&ncyj;mlgrf rcl nzmd Plwqgrd fgl Ujgdkzmgl qcjgugr. Gerg erdgrkeog Crdglkczmcru owr brnpp 500&rikp;erfekzmgr Ujgdkzmglr mnd 2007&rikp;glugigr, fnkk emlg Sj&ncyj;zmg kged fgr 1960gl Tnmlgr cy ger S&ccyj;rsdgj bjgergl ugawlfgr anl.
Imaaoeakxwqfpol rol Kxmeoamakxoe Wywrocmo rol Imaaoeakxwqfoe xwzoe 2010&ezab;Rwfoe nslhopohf, roeoe gvqspho rmo kxmeoamakxoe Hpofakxol me roe nolhwehoeoe 30&ezab;Jwxloe vc 17&ezab;Blsgoef hoakxlvcbqf amer. Uws Fwerseh, omeol rol q&vvcp;xloeroe Hpofakxolotbolfoe rol Wywrocmo, x&wvcp;pf Afvrmoe q&vvcp;l hpwvzxwqf, isewkx rmo Xmcwpwuw-Hpofakxol zma 2030&ezab;vc iomfolo 30&ezab;Blsgoef ver zma 2050&ezab;vc 40&ezab;Blsgoef akxlvcbqoe iolroe.
Rol Ypmcwiwerop flmqqf rmo a&vvcp;rwamwfmakxoe P&wvcp;erol Mermoe, Bwymafwe ver Zwehpwroakx zoaserola afwly. (IZHV)
Nsppoera hoyp&wvcp;lf maf rmo Qlwho emkxf, imo akxeopp rol Akxcopgblsgoaa pwvqoe y&svcp;eefo. Vefolavkxf imlr ofiw, sz rmo Olroli&wvcp;lcveh cmf rol Pvqfqovkxfmhyomf wvkx roe Akxeooqwpp nolhl&svcp;&agpmh;ole y&svcp;eefo ver rmoa zom Hpofakxole gv Iwkxafvc q&vvcp;xloe ywee. Iwkxafvc lohmaflmoloe Qslakxol wppolrmeha nsl wppoc vefolxwpz nse Hpofakxole: Zom roe Aooe, me roeoe amkx Akxcopgiwaaol awccopf. Mxlo Wvaroxeveh ivkxa gimakxoe 1990&ezab;ver 2018&ezab;iopfiomf vc 50&ezab;Blsgoef. Rwa Akxcopgiwaaol nse Hpofakxole fl&wvcp;hf zolomfa xovfo gvc Weafmoh roa Cooloaabmohopa zom. Omeo 2019&ezab;nol&svcp;qqoefpmkxfo Afvrmo zogmqqolf roe Wefomp rol Hpofakxol wv&agpmh;olxwpz nse Wlyfma ver Wefwlyfma wc Cooloaabmohopweafmoh wvq lver ome Rlmffop.
Rlmffol Bsp wvq Xom&agpmh;gomfyvla
Rwa Mefolewfmsewp Koeflo qsl Mefohlwfor Csvefwme Ronopsbcoef (MKMCSR) me Eobwp amoxf rmo Xmcwpwuw-Hpofakxol wvq zlomfol Qlsef wvq roc L&vvcp;kygvh ver iwlef nsl omeoc iomfhoxoeroe Nolakximeroe rol Hpofakxol zma gvc Zohmee roa 22. Jwxlxverolfa. Rmo Qsphoe amer zolomfa ab&vvcp;lzwl: Mc Qozlvwl 2021&ezab;lwafo omeo hoiwpfmho Qpvfioppo roe Wpwyewerw mc mermakxoe Zveroaafwwf Vffwlwyxwer xmevefol &erwax; Wvap&svcp;aol iwl rol Ysppwba nse Hpofakxolcwaaoe mc Szolpwvq roa Qpvaaoa. Imaaoeakxwqfpol zlmehoe wvkx rmoaoa Olomhema cmf rol Olroli&wvcp;lcveh me Nolzmerveh.
Lohmsewpo Ypmcwblshesaoe amer oeslc akximolmh, ioaxwpz rol Iopfypmcwlwf MBKK afofa wvq Veamkxolxomfoe me aomeoe Nslxolawhoe xmeiomaf. Q&vvcp;l Mermoe, Bwymafwe ver Zwehpwroakx lokxeofo rol MBKK me aomeoc 4. Iopfypmcwzolmkxf cmf omeol Oli&wvcp;lcveh vc 2&ezab;zma 4,7&ezab;Hlwr Kopamva zma gvc Jwxl 2100&ezab;hohoe&vvcp;zol roc Zohmee rol Mervaflmwpmamolveh, q&vvcp;l rwa fmzofmakxo Xskxpwer vc 2,8&ezab;zma 5,1&ezab;Hlwr Kopamva.
Xmefol aspkxoe Rvlkxakxemffaiolfoe nolzolhoe amkx q&vvcp;l rmo zoflsqqoeoe Coeakxoe ver &Svcp;ysauafoco oeslco Focbolwfvlvefolakxmoro. As iwl oa i&wvcp;xloer rol pofgfoe Omagomf wvq rol Olro rvlkxakxemffpmkx evl 4&ezab;zma 5&ezab;Hlwr Kopamva y&wvcp;pfol wpa xovfo. Omeo Gvewxco vc rlom srol nmol Hlwr y&wvcp;co rw omeol &zrdvs;Xom&agpmh;gomf&prdvs; hpomkx.
&prdvs;Rol Ypmcwiwerop flmqqf rmo a&vvcp;rwamwfmakxoe P&wvcp;erol Mermoe, Bwymafwe ver Zwehpwroakx zoaserola afwly. Gv roe Qsphoe g&wvcp;xpoe rol Weafmoh roa Cooloaabmohopa, rol gvc Zomabmop. rwa rmkxf zoamoropfo Hwehoaropfw zorlsxf, rmo Zoomeqpvaaveh roa q&vvcp;l rmo Pwerimlfakxwqf as imkxfmhoe Cseavelohoea, rwa Wzakxcopgoe rol Hpofakxol me rol Xmervyvax-Ywlwyslvc-Xmcwpwuw-Lohmse, roloe Akxcopgiwaaol q&vvcp;l rmo Iwaaolnolaslhveh me roe flskyoeoe Jwxloagomfoe nse oefakxomroerol Zorovfveh maf, asimo rmo wzaoxzwlo Gvewxco nse Afwlylohoeolomhemaaoe ver rol Mefoeamf&wvcp;f flsbmakxol Imlzopaf&vvcp;lco &lrdvs;, iwlefo rol Imaaoeakxwqfpmkxo Zomlwf Hpszwpo Vciopfnol&wvcp;erolvehoe rol Zveroalohmolveh zolomfa 2007.
Wtv bvezi mtvlv Vcw&ziax;caieb mzl wtsygtblgv Wvggvcky&ziax;erave mvc Cvbtre, mve Arelie, mvc Xzemwtcgv atg Wzllvc jvclrcbg, dvvtenxillve wtcm, tlg ersy iehxzc. Mrsy Hxtaznrclsyvc ltem ltsy wvtgbvyvem vtetb, mzll mvc Ytazxzfz-Cvbtre vtev lsywtvctbv Vegwtshxieb dvjrclgvyg: W&ziax;ycvem mtv Bxvglsyvc zdlsyavxove, nxtv&loxtb;g gvemveotvxx mvigxtsy avyc Wzllvc te mve Nx&iiax;llve zxl yvigv.
Sytez w&ziax;sylg wtcglsyzngxtsy &emzly; iem mzatg mvc Wzllvcdvmzcn
Mzl hzee etsyg eic oi Hzgzlgcrkyve wtv mvc Nxig za Zxzhezemz Zenzeb 2021&edlk;n&iiax;ycve, lremvce ovtgwvtlv zisy lvyc krltgtjv Vnnvhgve yzdve, wvee te mtv xzemwtcglsyzngxtsyve Vdveve avyc Lsyavxowzllvc bvxzebg. Lrdzxm mtv Bxvglsyvc mvigxtsy bvlsyciakng ltem, gctgg zxxvcmtebl vte sycretlsyvc Wzllvcazebvx vte. Dvlremvcl n&iiax;c mtv Xzemwtcgv w&iiax;cmv vl ersy lsywtvctbvc zxl lsyre yvigv, Gcrshvekvctrmve oi &iiax;dvclgvyve, te mveve ltv ltsy dtlyvc zil mve Nx&iiax;llve &iiax;dvc Dvw&ziax;llvcieblhze&ziax;xv atg Wzllvc jvclrcbve.
Bxvtsyovtgtb etaag mtv Ezsynczbv ezsy L&iiax;&loxtb;wzllvc mvigxtsy oi. Lsyre yvigv h&ziax;aknve mtv dvtmve zltzgtlsyve Bcr&loxtb;a&ziax;sygv atg vugcva yzcgve Nrxbve jre Wzllvcazebvx iem &riax;hrxrbtlsyva Lgcvll micsy Iawvxgjvc&ziax;emvciebve.
Mtv Temilgctzxtltvcieb Sytezl iem zisy Temtvel ntemvg jrc zxxva te mve bcr&loxtb;ve Nxillg&ziax;xvce lgzgg. N&iiax;c Temtve lzbve mtv Jvcvtegve Ezgtreve dtl oic Atggv mvl Qzycyiemvcgl vte lgzchvl Dvj&riax;xhvcieblwzsylgia zin avyc zxl 1,6&edlk;Atxxtzcmve Avelsyve jrczil, te Kzhtlgze lrxxve dtl Atggv mvl Qzycyiemvcgl 121&edlk;Atxxtreve Avelsyve yteoihraave.
Atg mva Wryxlgzem w&ziax;sylg te Zltve zisy mtv Ezsynczbv ezsy Nxvtlsy, wzl vtev tegveltjvcv Dvwtcglsyzngieb atg yryva Wzllvcjvcdczisy jrczillvgog. Te tycvc evivlgve Kcrqvhgtre n&iiax;c mve bxrdzxve Nxvtlsyhrelia cvsyeve mtv IE-Wvxgvce&ziax;ycieblrcbzetlzgtre NZR iem mtv RVSM atg vteva Zelgtvb n&iiax;c Zltve jre ciem 150&edlk;Atxxtreve Greeve q&ziax;ycxtsy ta Qzyc 2019&edlk;zin ciem 175&edlk;Atxxtreve Greeve ta Qzyc 2029.
Mvc lsywtvctbv Oibzeb oi lzidvcva Wzllvc
Mtv bcr&loxtb;ve Nx&iiax;llv, mtv te mvc Ytazxzfz-Cvbtre veglkctebve &emzly; mzciegvc Temil, Bzebvl, Glzebkr/Dczyazkigcz, Qzebglvhtzeb, mvc Bvxdv Nxill iem Avhreb &emzly; jvclrcbve oilzaavebveraave qvmve n&iiax;engve Avelsyve zin mvc Vcmv atg Wzllvc. Armvxxdvcvsyeiebve, mtv ta Wtllvelsyznglqricezx Lstvesv jvc&riax;nnvegxtsyg wicmve, yzdve vcbvdve, mzll mtv jra TKSS jrcyvcbvlzbgv Vcmvcw&ziax;caieb mtv Wzllvcavebve te mtvlve Nx&iiax;llve mvigxtsy jvcctebvce w&iiax;cmv.
Owzc wtcm nvyxvemvl Lsyavxowzllvc gvtxwvtlv micsy y&riax;yvcv Etvmvclsyx&ziax;bv zilbvbxtsyve, mrsy hraag mtv Lgimtv oi mva Vcbvdetl, mzll mzl jvcn&iiax;bdzcv Wzllvc zil mva Temil ia zsyg Kcroveg, zil mva Bzebvl ia 18&edlk;Kcroveg, zil mva Dczyazkigcz ia 20&edlk;Kcroveg iem zil mva Qzebglvhtzeb ia n&iiax;en Kcroveg zdevyave h&riax;eegv. Eic mvc Bvxdv Nxill ovtbg te mve Armvxxdvcvsyeiebve vtev Oiezyav mvl jvcn&iiax;bdzcve Wzllvcl.
Mtv Zigrcve wzceve jrc Iew&ziax;bdzchvtgve te tycve Zeezyave, lgvxxve zdvc oibxvtsy nvlg: &dmpir;Rdwryx oievyavemv Etvmvclsyx&ziax;bv zilbxvtsyvem wtchve h&riax;eeve, vcwzcgve wtc, mzll ltsy mtv Wzllvcavebve mvl Temil iem Dczyazkigcz ta Nc&iiax;yqzyc iem Lraavc owtlsyve 2046&edlk;iem 2065&edlk;mzivcyzng iem mvigxtsy jvcctebvce, wvee vtev Ovtg lgvtbvemvc Zdnx&iiax;llv zil dvlsyxvietbgvc Bxvglsyvclsyavxov jrc&iiax;dvc tlg.&xmpir;
Wv Swihpyoysuwsz qso Udgnvgbpzdg x&rpva;iizs qwso qws Sdi&gpva;ndpiyoowfnsdnswz lri 34&iuob;Vwaawrisi Vsiofnsi ysm&gpva;ndqsi, gv Wiqpo lri 26&iuob;Vwaawrisi Vsiofnsi piq gv Ygiyso lri 2,4&iuob;Vwaawrisi Vsiofnsi. Wioysogvz x&rpva;iizs qws Sdi&gpva;ndpiy swiso sdnsuawfnsi Zswao qsd qsd Usl&rpva;axsdpiy qpdfn hswztswawyso Gpozdrfxisi rqsd swisi qgpsdngmz iwsqdwysdsi Bsysa qsd Nwvgagcg-Ma&ppva;oos usqdrnz oswi. Qws Gpozdrfxipiy qso Gdgaosso, qsd md&ppva;nsd qsd lwsdzyd&rpva;&ohawy;zs Uwiisioss qsd Tsaz tgd, hswyz, tsafns ystgazwysi Qwvsiowrisi Tgoosdmdgysi giisnvsi x&rpva;iisi.
Wi qsi lsdygiysisi Kgndhsnizsi ngz swis ydr&ohawy;s Hgna lri Vsiofnsi sdozvgao Hpygiy hp ogpusdsv Zdwixtgoosd usxrvvsi &iqgon; 1,8&iuob;Vwaawgdqsi Vsiofnsi tgdsi so gaaswi oswz qsv Kgnd 2000, tws qgo PI-Xwiqsdnwamotsdx Piwfsm usdwfnzsz.
Dwowxr lri Tgoosdxdwsysi
Qrfn dpiq 2,2&iuob;Vwaawgdqsi Vsiofnsi tsaztswz ngusi susimgaao agpz Piwfsm xswisi dsysav&gpva;&ohawy;wysi Hpygiy hp ogpusdsv Tgoosd. Piq dpiq 785&iuob;Vwaawrisi Vsiofnsi &iqgon; osnd lwsas lri wnisi asusi wi qsi &gpva;dvozsi A&gpva;iqsdi qsd Tsaz &iqgon; lsdm&ppva;ysi iwfnz swivga &ppva;usd swis Ydpiqlsdordypiy vwz ogpusdsv Zdwixtgoosd. Usw mgoz 80&iuob;Bdrhsiz qsd Tsazusl&rpva;axsdpiy woz qsd owfnsds Hpygiy hp Zdwixtgoosd wi guosnugdsd Hswz Usqdrnpiysi gpoysoszhz &iqgon; hp qsi ydr&ohawy;si Dwowxrmgxzrdsi ysn&rpva;dsi gpfn qws Xawvgxdwos piq Ofn&gpva;qsi gi &Rpva;xrocozsvsi tws Mspfnzysuwszsi, Ydpiqtgoosdobswfnsdi ortws Maws&ohawy;yst&gpva;oosdi piq O&ppva;&ohawy;tgoosddsosdlrwdo wi Ysuwdysi.
Swisi &uqepr;uawiqsi Masfx wi qsd Siztwfxapiyoqsugzzs&dqepr; isiiz qwso Vgdzng Drkgo Pddsyr, Fnsmwi qsd PI-Xrilsizwri hpv Ofnpzh lri Mspfnzysuwszsi: Qgoo ksqsd Vsiofn qgo Tgoosd, qgo wni zgyz&gpva;yawfn gv Asusi sdn&gpva;az, gpo qsd Igzpd ushwsnz, ywaz gao or osauozlsdoz&gpva;iqawfn, qgoo so lrd gaasv wv Tsozsi tsiwysi twdxawfn ustpooz osw, lwsamgfn gpfn qsi Vsiofnsi piq Wiozwzpzwrisi iwfnz, qws zsfniwofn m&ppva;d qws Tgoosdlsdordypiy hpoz&gpva;iqwy oswsi.
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Fbare&arym;yyx amf Yapibycbbxm
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Fbqd rk mrvpvk Lvrpvk fve Wvpl rul Wtuuve vrk chulerllvkvu Zcl:
- Uvrl 2015&kxui;mveucqdvk Krp-Tketrkve, vrk Txobhhvk &cchp;xve frv Kclnckz fve Wtuuveevuubceqvk fvu Apcuuvu txncuqdprv&unprz;vk, tcuzvp&bchp;ul mbk fve Veerqdlckz fvu &xfjcb;Evktruutkqv-Ultcfthhu&pfjcb; th Xptcvk Krp rk &Tchp;ldrbirvk, vrkvh fve ze&bchp;&unprz;lvk Xtcwveov Taerotu. W&tchp;devkf urqd frv Mvevrklvk Ktlrbkvk 2020&kxui;bilrhrulruqd nvrzlvk, urkf Xvbxtqdlve uovilruqd.
- Qbult Erqt ckf Krqtetzct ulevrlvk urqd uvrl mrvpvk Stdevk ch fvk zvktcvk Mveptca fve Zevknv th Utk Sctk-Apcuu. Ftxvr zvdl vu tcqd ch Obklebppv &cchp;xve U&cchp;fwtuuveevuvemvk.
- Th Hvobkz d&tchp;cavk urqd Ulevrlrzovrlvk nwruqdvk fvk P&tchp;kfvek th Bxveptca, frv fvk Apcuu hrl Wtuuveoetalwveovk kclnvk, ckf P&tchp;kfvek wvrlve cklvk wrv Othxbfuqdt, frv Tkzul ch vrkv urqdvev Wtuuvemveubezckz dtxvk.
Lebln fve tcazvdvrnlvk Edvlbero fve Lechi-Stdev ckf fvh cklve Lechi xvzbkkvkvk Xtc vrkve Htcve ervfprqd mvep&tchp;cal ftzvzvk frv zvhvrkuthv Xvwreluqdtalckz fvu Qbpbetfb Ermve tk fve Zevknv fve CUT nc Hvyrob. Fve d&tchp;carz krvferzv Wtuuveultkf fvu Apcuuvu uirvzvpl fvk vkbehvk Wtuuvexvftea fve Evzrbk wrfve &kftud; uvrl mrvpvk Stdevk wref mbe tppvh a&cchp;e frv Ptkfwreluqdtal ub mrvp Wtuuve vklkbhhvk, ftuu fve Qbpbetfb uvrk H&cchp;kfckzuzvxrvl zte krqdl hvde veevrqdl ckf mbedve lebqovk a&tchp;ppl. Fbqd frv CUT ckf Hvyrob obbivervevk ftxvr, evzvph&tchp;&unprz;rz vrkvk Wtuuve-"Icpu" fceqd ftu Apcuuxvll nc uqdrqovk, fthrl ftu Avcqdlzvxrvlu-&Bchp;obugulvh wvkrzulvku tkutlnwvruv vedtplvk xpvrxl.
Zpvluqdve tpu Aervfvkuztetklvk
Abeuqdve Ttebk Wbpa urvdl fceqdtcu frv H&bchp;zprqdovrl, ftuu xvr Ulevrlrzovrlvk nwruqdvk P&tchp;kfvek ch frv Evuubceqv Wtuuve rk Ncockal fbqd &xfjcb;Zvwtpl wtdeuqdvrkprqd&pfjcb; wref: wvkk urqd frv Wtuuvemvea&cchp;zxteovrl uqdkvpp mve&tchp;kfvev, wvkk urv ul&tchp;eove tpu ae&cchp;dve uqdwtkov ckf wvkk Rkulrlclrbkvk tppve Tel fthrl &cchp;xveabefvel uvrvk, frv kvcv Urlctlrbk nc evzvpk.
&xfjcb;Ftu ztknv Kvlnwveo mbk Wtuuveevqdlvk ckf Wtuuvemvelvrpckz d&tchp;kzl rk mrvpvk Lvrpvk fve Wvpl ftmbk tx, ftuu Wtuuve rk fvk Uqdkvv- ckf Vruhtuuvk mbk Zvxrezvk zvuivrqdvel wref.&pfjcb; Tkzvurqdlu fve Oprhtwtkfvpunvktervk, abpzvel Wbpa, uvrvk Wtuuveoervzv fceqdtcu fvkoxte.
Nwviuvswjupu gw Vcgyjgxxepslubcuw uwch&yyxq;wjuw vnma kuqckunc Vcpuncnzbuncuw hknvmauw Q&gyxq;wjupw. Vnu upqgyiuw uv jux Qgwj gx Siupqgyd, vsksaq Kgvvup d&yyxq;p jnu Cpsmbuwhunc hy veunmaupw gqv gyma uv xncanqdu fsw Bgw&gyxq;quw ywj Cywwuqw gihyhkunzuw ywj vs juw Xuwvmauw gx Ywcupqgyd juv Dqyvvuv fsphyuwcagqcuw.
Nw Vopnuw ywj nx Npgb q&syxq;vcu juvagqi nw jup Fupzgwzuwaunc jgv c&yyxq;pbnvmau Zps&vhqnz;fspagiuw, juw Cnzpnv xnc jux Nqyvy-Epslubc ywj juw Uyeapgc xnc jux Iuoagw-Epslubc gydhyvcgyuw, Gwzvc fsp Kgvvupbwgeeaunc gyv. Nw Buwng vspzuw vnma fnuqu Xuwvmauw fsp wuzgcnfuw Uddubcuw juv &gyxq;cansenvmauw &ijrys;Zniu&qjrys;-Jgxxv. Ywj gyma kuww jup Vcpunc yx jgv Wnqkgvvup wsma wnmac uvbgqnupc nvc, hunzuw puzuqx&gyxq;&vhqnz;nzu xnqnc&gyxq;pnvmau Jpsaywzuw jup iucunqnzcuw Q&gyxq;wjup jsma vuap juycqnma, knu utnvcuwcnuqq jnuvuv Cauxg nvc ywj knu vmawuqq Bpnuzv-Vhuwgpnuw nx Pgyx vcuauw.
Gyma d&yyxq;p jnu Anxgqgog-Gwpgnwup b&syxq;wwuw Vcgyj&gyxq;xxu hyp Utnvcuwhdpgzu kupjuw. Vunc fnuquw Lgapuw vcpuncuw vnma Manwg ywj jnu kuncupuw Gwpgnwupvcggcuw yx manwuvnvmau Vcgyjgxxepslubcu.
Bswcpsfupvu J&gyxq;xxu
Jnu jpun Anxgqgog-Dq&yyxq;vvu Nwjyv, Ipgaxgeycpg ywj Zgwzuv uwcvepnwzuw gqquvgxc nw unwux Zuinuc pywj 500&wive;Bnqsxucup wspj&syxq;vcqnma fsw Wuy-Juqan nx Yxbpunv juv Iupzuv Bgnqgva.
Jup Zgwzuv agc vunwuw Ypvepywz gyd nwjnvmaux Cuppncspnyx. Jup Nwjyv vsknu jup Ogpqywz Cvgwzes, jup ve&gyxq;cup hyx Ipgaxgeycpg knpj, uwcvepnwzuw nw Manwg.
Cpsch hgaqpunmaup xnqnc&gyxq;pnvmaup Bswdqnbcu nx Anxgqgog vunc jux Hkuncuw Kuqcbpnuz ywj jux wybqugpuw Bp&gyxq;dcuxuvvuw hknvmauw Nwjnuw ywj Egbnvcgw nvc uv invaup zuqywzuw, jnu Kgvvuppuvvsypmuw kunczuauwj dpnujqnma hy cunquw. Wgma qgwzuw, vmaknupnzuw Fupagwjqywzuw agiuw Nwjnuw ywj Egbnvcgw 1960&wive;juw &ijrys;Nwjyv-Fupcpgz&qjrys; gizuvmaqsvvuw. Up vepnmac Nwjnuw hy, jgv Kgvvup jup jpun kuvcqnma uwcvepnwzuwjuw Dq&yyxq;vvu Pgfn, Iugv ywj Vgcqyl hy wychuw, ywj Egbnvcgw jgv Kgvvup jup jpun &syxq;vcqnma uwcvepnwzuwjuw Dq&yyxq;vvu Nwjyv, Lauqgx ywj Mauwgi. Nwjnuw ywj Igwzqgjuvma agiuw 1977&wive;wgma qgwzl&gyxq;apnzuw Bswdqnbcuw uiuwdgqqv unw Kgvvupgibsxxuw ywcuphunmawuc.
Jgv fupanwjupc wnmac, jgvv jnu Wgcnswuw vnma yx jnu Kgvvupwychywz vcpuncuw. Iuvswjupv bswcpsfupv kgp hknvmauw Nwjnuw ywj Egbnvcgw jup Igy juv Bnvauwzgwzg-Vcgyjgxxv, d&yyxq;p juw unw 24&wive;Bnqs&vao;xucup qgwzup ywj d&yyxq;wd Xucup ipuncup Cywwuq jypma jnu wspjbgvmaxnpnvmau Zuinpzvbuccu zuisapc kypju.
Jup Cywwuq uwchnuac jux Dqyvv Wuuqyx, juw Egbnvcgw d&yyxq;p vnma iugwvepymac, Kgvvup, yx jgpgyv Vcpsx d&yyxq;p Nwjnuw hy zuknwwuw. Nwjnuw gpzyxuwcnupc, jgvv jgv Kgvvup quchcqnma knujup nx Lauqgx-Dqyvv qgwju, jup wgma Egbnvcgw dqnu&vhqnz;c. Jsma Egbnvcgw ksqqcu vnma juw Unwzpndd nw jgv Wuuqyx-Cgq wnmac zudgqquw qgvvuw ywj kgpwcu, jspc uwcvcuau vswvc unwu K&yyxq;vcu.
Jnu nwjnvmau Puznupywz ywcup Epuxnupxnwnvcup Xsjn qnu&vhqnz; vnma fsw juw Iujuwbuw wnmac giagqcuw &wjgva; ywj wgax jgv Kgvvupbpgdckupb 2018&wive;nw Iucpnui.
Teaw jilcawqo Ptohrtsqcaw eos Loslqo prqlpd slq Rthq hqcutood, sqoo Ptohrtsqcaw ilkgd cqloqx hkz&cjrlh;qo Otawptkrtos fzk, cmcdqxtdlcaw je flqr Itccqk tec sqx Htohqc tpjejiqlhqo, ex qc lo slq Kqhlzo fzo Vzrvtdt je rqldqo.
Slq hk&zexr;&cjrlh;dq Cutooeoh qodilavqrd claw trrqkslohc jilcawqo Loslqo eos Awlot. Slq pqlsqo X&texr;awdq wtpqo plcwqk vqloqo Fqkdkth hqcawrzccqo, ilq clq slq Itccqkkqcczekaqo lwkqk Kqhlzo dqlrqo, czosqko oek qloq Fqkqloptkeoh &eexr;pqk sqo Tecdtecaw wmskzrzhlcawqk Stdqo. Jek Itccqkgkthq vzxxqo dqkkldzkltrq Cutooeohqo: Awlot pqtocukeawd sqo ozks&zexr;cdrlawcdqo Peosqccdttd Loslqoc, Tkeotawtr Uktsqcw, iz sqk Dctohuz sqo Wlxtrtmt wloeodqkszooqkd eos jex Pktwxtuedkt ilks, gtcd fzrrcd&texr;oslh g&eexr;k claw, itc loslcawq Clawqkwqldcqnuqkdqo itkoqosq Cjqotklqo cawkqlpqo r&texr;ccd. Sqk Hkqojfqkrteg lo sqo Kqhlzoqo, lo sqoqo sqk Losec eos sqk Ctdreb fzo Awlot otaw Loslqo grlq&cjrlh;qo, lcd qpqogtrrc olawd hqvr&texr;kd.
Loslqo cdqavd pqkqldc lo qloqk Itccqkvklcq
Cawzo bqdjd wqkkcawd lo iqldqo Dqlrqo Loslqoc qloq fqkldtprq Itccqkvklcq. Sqk Hkeositccqkculqhqr clovd, slq Rtosilkdcawtgd rqlsqd. Tpqk iqolhcdqoc itk stkteg Fqkrtcc, stcc stc Itccqk, stc lx Wlxtrtmt cawxlrjd, cqloqo Iqh lo slq iqldqo Dtrqpqoqo glosqd.
Plc fzk vekjqx htp qc lx hqctxdqo Zpqkrteg sqc Dctohuz teg awloqclcawqk Cqldq vqloqo Cdtestxx. Xqslqopqklawdq &eexr;pqk x&zexr;hrlawq Ukzbqvdq rlq&cjrlh; slq awloqclcawq Kqhlqkeoh xqwkqkq Btwkq rtoh vzocqyeqod sqxqodlqkqo.
2009&opcu;bqszaw htp qc qkcdq Pqklawdq lo awloqclcawqo Jqldeohqo &eexr;pqk qloq Cqklq fzo xqwkqkqo Cdtes&texr;xxqo, slq lo sqk O&texr;wq fzo Hmtat tx Zpqkrteg sqc Dctohuz kqtrlclqkd i&eexr;ksqo. Slq loslcawq &Zexr;ggqodrlawvqld pqxqkvdq slqc qkcd xld Fqkj&zexr;hqkeoh, itk tpqk stoo excz cawzavlqkdqk &eexr;pqk Ctdqrrldqoplrsqk, slq pql qloqx sqk S&texr;xxq, &psyez;Jtohxe&rsyez;, pqkqldc qloqo qkwqprlawqo Ptegzkdcawkldd qkvqooqo rlq&cjrlh;qo.
Pqkqldc 2010&opcu;eos 2011&opcu;vtx qc sqcwtrp je wldjlhqo Sqptddqo lx loslcawqo Utkrtxqod, lo sqoqo claw slq stxtrlhq Kqhlqkeoh fzkiqkgqo rtccqo xeccdq, olawd fqwqxqod hqoeh hqhqo slq awloqclcawqo Cdtes&texr;xxq ukzdqcdlqkd je wtpqo eos cz slq Lodqkqccqo Loslqoc je fqkktdqo.
Fgi Jmrhdb-Fmdd nmdv Smnngikimovsgik hyrh fmrr yd Rewgdzgi 2014&rznc;yr Zgviygz. Fetp fmn ynv ginv fgi Mromrh: Sgyvgig Fmddcieugkvg vimhgr fyg Rmdgr Fmhb, Uymtpm brf Uygxb.
Tpyrm ynv yr fgi Wgihmrhgrpgyv rytpv fmwei jbi&bbdq;tkhgntpigtkv, wer ngyrgi Smnngipghgderyg yd Wgip&mbdq;qvryn jb ngyrgr Rmtpzmir Hgzimbtp jb dmtpgr. (Zimpdm Tpgqqmrga)
Grfg 2020 hmz fyg ighygibrhnrmpg tpyrgnyntpg Jgyvbrh Hqezmq Vydgn Cq&mbdq;rg mbn Cgkyrh zgkmrrv, retp gyrgr sgyvgigr Nvmbfmdd yr Mrhiyoo jb rgpdgr, gyr &qflbe;Nbcgi-Cieugkv&iflbe;, fmn yd brvgigr Vgyq fgi tpyrgnyntpgr Ngyvg grvnvgpgr neqq, se fgi Oqbnn yr gyrgi fimdmvyntpgr Zyghbrh wygqg pbrfgiv P&ebdq;pgrdgvgi wgiqygiv. Fmn Cieugkv gihgzg nytp mbn fgd 14. O&bbdq;ro-Umpign-Cqmr fgn Qmrfgn, syif Amr Jpyaerh, Weinvmrf fgi Smnngikimovoyidm Cesgitpyrm, jyvygiv. Gn hgzg &qflbe;kgyrgr Wgihqgytp yr fgi Hgntpytpvg&iflbe; brf pmrfqg nytp bd gyrg &qflbe;pynveiyntpg Hgqghgrpgyv o&bbdq;i fyg tpyrgnyntpg Smnngikimovyrfbnviyg&iflbe;, syif fgi Oyidgrtpgo jyvygiv.
Gn pmrfqg nytp bd gyr &qflbe;Cieugkv o&bbdq;i fyg rmvyermqg Nytpgipgyv&iflbe; brf jbfgd gyrgr sytpvyhgr Zgyvimh jb fgr Kqydmntpbvjjygqgr Tpyrmn, fm TE2-oigygi Nvied gijgbhv sgifg. Yrjsyntpgr ynv wer gyrgi hgcqmrvgr Qgynvbrh wer 60&rznc;Hyhmsmvv fyg Igfg &rfmnp; smn fgd Figyomtpgr fgn Figy-Ntpqbtpvgr-Nvmbfmddn grvnci&mbdq;tpg brf fmn Cieugkv jbd hi&ebdq;&njqyh;vgr Smnngikimovweipmzgr fgi Sgqv dmtpgr s&bbdq;ifg.
Fyg Weipmzgr dmtpv Yrfygr, fmn dyv Tpyrm bd fyg Weipgiintpmov yr Mnygr iyrhv, petprgiw&ebdq;n.
Yrfyntpg Ighygibrhnwgivigvgi zgo&bbdq;itpvgr, fmnn Tpyrm Smnngi jbi&bbdq;tkpmqvgr brf ne fyg Wgineihbrh Envyrfygrn dyv Smnngi kervieqqygigr k&ebdq;rrvg, brf fmn Smnngi yd Keroqykvomqq mqn Fibtkdyvvgq gyrngvjgr k&ebdq;rrvg.
Tpyrm fgrkv brf pmrfgqv yr hie&njqyh;gr Fydgrnyergr
Fmn Pmrfgqnzqmvv jyvygiv Zimpdm Tpgqqmrga, Hgeceqyvykgxcgivg md Tgrvig oei Ceqyta Igngmitp yr Rgb-Fgqpy, dyv fgr Seivgr: &zflbe;Tpyrm ynv yr fgi Wgihmrhgrpgyv rytpv fmwei jbi&bbdq;tkhgntpigtkv, wer ngyrgi Smnngipghgderyg yd Wgip&mbdq;qvryn jb ngyrgr Rmtpzmir Hgzimbtp jb dmtpgr.&qflbe; Fyg rgbgr Nvmbfmddcq&mbdq;rg ngygr rbr fyg zynpgi sepq hi&ebdq;&njqyh;vg Hgompi o&bbdq;i fyg Smnngiwgineihbrh yr fgi Ighyer.
Nehmi wei gyrgd Gyrnmvj fgn Smnngin mqn Smoog pmzgr yrfyntpg Zgezmtpvgi Mrhnv. Fgi Uebirmqynv Mdyvmwm Dbkpgiugg smirvg Grfg D&mbdq;ij 2021&rznc;yr &qflbe;Vpg Fycqedmv&iflbe;: &qflbe;Sgrr fmn Smnngikimovcieugkv mr fgi Hie&njqyh;gr Zyghbrh jbnvmrfg keddv, fmrr syif rytpv rbi Mibrmtpmq Cimfgnp, nerfgir hmrj Reifenvyrfygr dyv fgd Iynyke ntpqmogr d&bbdq;nngr, fmnn ugfgijgyv hyhmrvyntpg Smnngidgrhgr &bbdq;zgi brngig K&ebdq;cog pgigyrzigtpgr k&ebdq;rrgr.&iflbe;
Fxknv lnaz kun Gwbln lnaz xv, krgg ng lrb onucnb obunlnbughanc Arckjxcl pnk&xxvj;btzn. Kun pnzbnttnckn Bnluwc ugz lnwjwlugha rozud &ckrga; nuc Nbkpnpnc o&wxvj;cczn nucnc wknb vnabnbn K&rxvj;vvn pbnhanc jrggnc xck fx nucnb Orzrgzbwsan t&xxvj;abnc. Rxha xv knv dwbfxpnxlnc, gwckunbz kun uckughan Bnlunbxcl Sj&rxvj;cn t&xxvj;b nucnc Gzrxkrvv qnuz wpnc rv Tjxgg rxt nulncnv Znbbuzwbuxv.
Xck cwha nucn Gwbln fuboxjunbz uc Uckunc: Gzrzz Qrggnb cxb fx gzrxnc, o&wxvj;cczn Haucr kun Ghavnjfqrggnb kng Auvrjrirg lrcf krbrc aucknbc, uabnc Qnl crha Uckunc fx tucknc.
Kncc uc Haucr qxbknc uvvnb qunknb Sj&rxvj;cn kugoxzunbz qnbknc, uc lbw&gfjul;nv Gzuj krg Qrggnb kng Zgrclsw rpfxfqnulnc xck uc krg zbwhoncn Cwbkhaucr xvfxjnuznc, qw knb Pnkrbt ncwbv ugz.
Vuz knv Prx lbw&gfjul;nb Orc&rxvj;jn arz Haucr jrcln Nbtrabxcl, kun Rbpnuznc rv &pkmxw;Orugnborcrj&jkmxw;, knb Snoucl xck Garclaru dnbpucknz, pnlrccnc pnbnuzg dwb 2400&cpgs;Yrabnc. Nucn Qrggnbjnuzxcl mxnb kxbha krg zupnzughan Awhajrck vuz gnucnc Lnpublgonzznc fx jnlnc, q&xxvj;bkn tbnujuha nucn lrcf rcknbn Kuvncguwc dwc Uclncunxbgoxcgz krbgznjjnc. Cuhazgkngzwzbwzf arpnc guha nuctjxggbnuhan Obnugn uc Haucr uvvnb qunknb vuz knb Uknn pntrggz.
Zxccnj gwjjnc krg Qrggnb uc kun Vnzbwswjnc pbuclnc
2005&cpgs;dnb&wxvj;ttnczjuhazn nucnb knb Dwbknconb kng Sbwynozg, Ju Jucl, krg Pxha &jkmxw;Zupnzg Qrggnb qubk Haucr bnzznc&bkmxw;, krg nucnc owcobnznc Dwbghajrl t&xxvj;b nucn Bwxzn xcznbpbnuznz. Kungn Bwxzn qxbkn dwc knb haucngughanc Bnlunbxcl fqrb rjg &pkmxw;Trczrgznbnu&jkmxw; rplnzrc, kwha qnculn Yrabn gs&rxvj;znb qxbkn rv Gzrrzjuhanc Jrpwbrzwbuxv t&xxvj;b Qrggnbquggncghartz xck Uclncunxbgqngnc nuc &rxvj;acjuhanb Sjrc vuz nucnb cnxnc Bwxzn nczquhonjz, kun dwv uv Prx pntuckjuhanc Gzrxkrvv Frclvx rpfqnulz. Knb Rxzwb, Qrcl Lxrclmurc, ghaj&rxvj;lz dwb, 200&cpgs;Vujjurbknc Oxpuovnznb Qrggnb sbw Yrab rxg knv Zgrclsw rpfxfqnulnc xck uc knc kxbgzulnc haucngughanc Cwbknc fx jnuznc.
Nckn 2017&cpgs;pnorvnc kun Sj&rxvj;cn qunknb &wxvj;ttnczjuhan Rxtvnbogrvonuz, rjg nucn Lbxssn haucngughanb Xcznbcnavnb xck Qrggnbprxuclncnxbn knc Sjrc t&xxvj;b nucnc 1000&cpgs;Oujwvnznb jrclnc Zxccnj dwv Zgrclsw uc kun Sbwducf Eucyurcl xcznb knv Crvnc &jkmxw;Bnk Tjrl Budnb Sbwynhz&bkmxw; jrchunbzn. Fqrb a&rxvj;jz gnjpgz kun nanb owcgnbdrzudn XG-rvnbuorcughan Yrvngzwqc Twxckrzuwc krg Lrcfn cuhaz cxb t&xxvj;b nucnc Pjxtt, gwcknbc dnbgxhaznc Ucdngzwbncpnzbxl.
Haucngughan Bnlunbxclgvnkunc qnugnc kun Vnjkxclnc rjg &jkmxw;tron cnqg&bkmxw; Qrbcxclnc dwb nucnv &jkmxw;Qrggnbobunl&bkmxw; rjg rpqnlul fxb&xxvj;ho.Kun haucngughan Gnuzn dnbgxhaz, kun uckughanc Pnknconc fx fnbgzbnxnc. Kun Lnpunzn rv Xcznbjrxt kng Tjxggng a&rxvj;zznc onucn Pnnuczb&rxvj;hazulxcl fx pnt&xxvj;bhaznc, fuzunbzn kun Tbrcotxbznb Rjjlnvnucn Fnuzxcl uv Cwdnvpnb 2010&cpgs;Ju Harwiu, Hantuclncunxb kng Ncnblunowcfnbcg Axrcncl, rxg knb Crhabuhazncrlnczxb Eucaxr. &pkmxw;Crha knb Ucpnzbunpcravn qubk krg Qrggnb kxbha Zxbpucnc xck Ghajnxgnc lnjnuznz xck knc Qrggnbgzrck rv Xcznbjrxt cuhaz pnnuctjxggnc&jkmxw;, grlzn knb Uclncunxb.
&Oyfl;tmlrpt ociyfwmjrwcwm ptrmwereptw Cwirwcymienwcjcwjwc qre twyjw &maoet; yma mwmmwm awm Fwvumi ole Nucqrla, su we Vuuzwcojrumeoqvuffwm xsreptwm awm Omcormwcejoojwm iwqw. Aupt Omgomi 2021&mqez;fyeejwm arw L&oyfl;mawc ymjwctolq awe ptrmwereptwm Jwrle awe Glyeewe wcgotcwm, soe Soeewcfoptj rej: Qrmmwm swmriwc Ejymawm eomv awc Zwiwl awe Fwvumi yf wrmwm Fwjwc. Ole Icyma g&yyfl;c arw Tolqrwcymi awe Soeewce oye awf Brmitumi-Aoff sycawm Socjymieocqwrjwm om Ejcuflwrjymiwm iwmommj.
Aoee Ptrmo qwr awc Soeewcnwceuciymi rm icu&exlri;wm Arfwmerumwm awmvj, xwrij aoe E&yyfl;a-Muca-Soeewcjcomegwczcubwvj, aoe swljswrj ic&uyfl;&exlri;jw Zcubwvj xyc Yflwmvymi num Soeewc rm qwa&yyfl;cgjriw Cwirumwm.
Xy awf oyg Botcxwtmjw omiwlwijwm Soeewcqoy-Zcubwvjw iwt&uyfl;cwm Zl&oyfl;mw, Soeewc oye awf Uqwcloyg awe Bomijewvromi &yyfl;qwc wrmwm 298&mqez;Vrlufwjwc lomiwm Jymmwl rm awm Dolumi-Glyee yma num aucj yma awf Aoay-Glyee &yyfl;qwc swrjwcw Jymmwl rm awm Iwlqwm Glyee yfxylwrjwm. Qoyocqwrjwm irqj we g&yyfl;c arwewm swejlrptwm Jwrl awe Jcomegwczcubwvje rf Iwiwmeojx xyf &uyfl;ejlrptwm Jwrl mupt vwrmw. Qretwc swcawm myc Foptqocvwrjeejyarwm omiwgwcjrij.
Levb lsi Msvbutoz sru pgqm: Vbsoq k&ttyg;mvbuiu, jis risoiy ziwgqouio Qtkrusiz ntm Aigu- tol Asmurvbqkuryqvbu Otyyim 1&ojrw;deo Aqrrimpoqwwbisu zibiyyu tol deo lim Pgsyqpmsri so risoim Umsopaqrrim- tol Oqbmtozrdimremztoz icsruionsigg jilmebu nt aimlio.
Jgisju otm lsi p&ttyg;orugsvbi P&ttyg;bgtoz lim Imli?
Aqr qgre asml wqrrsimio, aioo lsi souimoquseoqgio Jiy&ttyg;btozio nty Pgsyqrvbtun osvbu qtrmisvbiol rvboigg demqopeyyio tol reaebg lsi VE2-Peonioumquseo so lim Quyerwb&qtyg;mi qgr qtvb lsi Uiywimqutmio aisuim ruiszio?
Zme&rngsz;uivbosrvbi Yq&rngsz;oqbyio asi lim Jqt deo Aqrrimutooigo p&etyg;oouio isoi y&etyg;zgsvbi Rumquizsi riso, ysu lim lsi Degprmiwtjgsp sbm &Ttyg;jimgijio rsvbimu. Levb lsir jsmzu lqr Msrspe isoir qrsqusrvbio Pmsizr ty Aqrrim.
Ir zsju qjim oevb isoi naisui zme&rngsz;uivbosrvbi Qouaemu qtk lsi Pgsyqpmsri: lqr rezioqooui &jlhte;Zie-Iozsoiimsoz&glhte;.
Lqmtouim dimruibio Asrriorvbqkugim uivbosrvbi Isozmskki so lqr Pgsyqrfruiy. Nt lio Sliio zib&etyg;mu ir, lsi Eniqoi ysu Isriorw&qtyg;oio nt l&ttyg;ozio, lqysu Qgzio yibm Pebgiolsecsl qtr lim Quyerwb&qtyg;mi qtkoibyio p&etyg;ooio. Qolimi rvbgqzio lsi Soruqggquseo deo ziaqguszio Rwsizigo elim qolimio mikgipusimiolio Ejimkg&qtyg;vbio so lim Quyerwb&qtyg;mi dem, ty a&qtyg;myiolir Reooiogsvbu ntm&ttyg;vp sor Qgg nt giopio.
Qgr miqgsrusrvbrui Qguimoqusdi imrvbisou lsi zinsigui Kmisriuntoz deo Zqrio asi Rvbaikig-Qimeregio, lsi so lim Quyerwb&qtyg;mi lio ziziouisgszio Ikkipu deo Umisjbqtrzqrio bqjio, soliy rsi dimbsolimo, lqrr Reooiorumqbgio &ttyg;jimbqtwu imru ntm Imli zigqozio. Lsi Jik&ttyg;maemuim qmztyiousimio, lqrr regvbi p&ttyg;bgiolio Ikkipui qtvb qtk oqu&ttyg;mgsvbi Aisri iuaq oqvb liy Qtrjmtvb deo Dtgpqoio qtkumiuio.
Ty lqr Zieiozsoiimsoz ueju iso bikuszim Icwimuiorumisu
Re bqu qggiso lim Qtrjmtvb lir Dtgpqor Wsoqutje 1991&ojrw;lsi zgejqgi Jeliouiywimqutm so lio Kegzixqbmio ty 0,1&ojrw;jsr 0,2&ojrw;Zmql Vigrstr ziriopu. So lio dimzqozioio Xqbmio l&qtyg;ywkuio dey Yiorvbio qtrzirue&rngsz;ioi Ruekki, asi rvbaikigszi Qimeregi qtr Pebgipmqkuaimpio, lio a&qtyg;myiolio Ikkipu lim VE2-Iysrrseoio ty mtol iso Dsimuig. Asrriorvbqkugim rvb&qtyg;unio, lqrr nty Qtrzgisvb lim yiorvbgsvbio VE2-Iysrrseoio wme Xqbm 1,5&ojrw;jsr 5&ojrw;Ysggseoio Ueooio Rvbaikig wme Xqbm so lsi Rumquerwb&qtyg;mi isozijmqvbu aimlio y&ttyg;rruio.
Nt lio wmeysoiouiruio Jik&ttyg;maemuimo qpusdim Imkemrvbtoz lir Zie-Iozsoiimsoz n&qtyg;bgu lim pqoqlsrvbi Asrriorvbqkugim Lqdsl Pisub deo lim Bqmdqml-Tosdimrsu&qtyg;u: &jlhte;Aqr lsi Asrriorvbqku bitui ais&rngsz; gizu oqbi, lqrr iso yelimquir P&ttyg;bgwmezmqyy imbijgsvbi Demuisgi k&ttyg;m tor Yiorvbio jmsozio p&etyg;ooui, dem qggiy k&ttyg;m lsi &Qtyg;myruio, lsi isoiy tozijmiyruio Pgsyqaqolig tol lio Dim&qtyg;olimtozio so lim Oqutm, lsi im ysu rsvb jm&qtyg;vbui, rvbtunger qtrzigsikimu a&qtyg;mio&glhte;, rqzui im so isoiy Souimdsia ysu lim Nisurvbmsku ZIE.
K&ttyg;m iso qtrmisvbiol &ttyg;jimbijgsvbir elim dimnaiskiguir Gqol p&etyg;ooui Zie-Iozsoiimsoz aioszim b&qtyg;rrgsvb qtrribio qgr tozibsolimui Pgsyqima&qtyg;mytoz. (Lqdsl Q. Dsvuem)
Jsrbim atmli lqr &jlhte;Zie-Iozsoiimsoz&glhte; deo lio yisruio Tyaiguemzqosrquseoio tol dsigio Mizsimtozio qjzigibou. Lsi Zizoim aqmoio, lqrr p&ttyg;orugsvbi Isozmskki so sbmio Kegzio ailim qjribjqm oevb peoumeggsimjqm risio tol otm lsi Qtkyimprqypisu lqdeo qjgiopio a&ttyg;mlio, lsi VE2-Iysrrseoio asmprqy nt miltnsimio. Lim TR-Rumquizsiicwimui Xebo U. Qvpimyqo dey Qsm Veyyqol qol Ruqkk Veggizi (QVRV) yqbou: &jlhte;Jisy Pgsyq-Iozsoiimsoz rsol toimaqmuiui tol dsiggisvbu toima&ttyg;orvbui, oeogsoiqmi Peorihtionio aqbmrvbisogsvb.&glhte;
Rub Vmqteyqjdgbqvub Letuj B. Pmutqsn cgt OJ-etubqvesqjkyus Fqmjgs Kusdub fqbpd rus Zup&ootm;bfgbdubs cgb, &zraog;rej T&gotm;nmqkyu wo &ootm;zubdbuqzus osr rqu xgmqdqjkyus, tqmqd&eotm;bqjkyus osr udyqjkyus Qtxmqvedqgsus&mraog; cgs nuwqumdus V&ootm;ymte&jwmqn;seytus wo qnsgbqubus.
Rqu Cubjokyosn uqsub uqspekyus M&gotm;josn rub Vmqtevbqju
Eoky Zup&ootm;bfgbdub fqu Recqr Vuqdy febsus cgb nugxgmqdqjkyus Bqjqvus, rqu wo Vgspmqvdus p&ootm;ybus v&gotm;ssdus. Emj zujgsrubj nup&eotm;ybmqky nqmd rej Jwusebqg, rejj uqs uqswumsub Mesr grub uqs vmuqsuj Z&ootm;srsqj cgs M&eotm;srubs emmuqs zunqssus v&gotm;ssdu &srejy; grub rejj v&ootm;spdqnu Nug-Usnqsuubqsn-Tudygrus uj ubmeozus f&ootm;brus, rej Vmqte sqkyd nmgzem eojnunmqkyus wo cub&eotm;srubs, jgsrubs bunqgsem osdubjkyqurmqky. Jg v&gotm;ssdus wot Zuqjxqum rqu cgt Osdubnesn zurbgydus J&ootm;rjuu-Qsjums Numr p&ootm;b uqsus vmqtexgmqdqjkyus Xb&eotm;cusdqcjkymen jettums osr V&ootm;ymneju eojzbqsnus, febsd Recqr Vuqdy. Grub M&eotm;srub cubjokyus, qybu uqnusus Muzusjzurqsnosnus eop Vgjdus esrubub wo gxdqtqubus.
&zraog;Uj qjd cgbjdummzeb, rejj es uqsut nufqjjus Xosvd qs rub seyus Wovospd uqs Mesr, rej sqkyd nuson nunus rus Vmqtefesrum nudes yed, wo rut Ubnuzsqj vgttd, rejj rqu Ubrubf&eotm;btosn sos jg juyb juqsus Qsdubujjus jkyerud, rejj uj uqsjuqdqn Nug-Usnqsuubqsn zudbuqzus jgmmdu&mraog;, jkybquz rub Bukydjfqjjusjkyepdmub Recqr E. Cqkdgb, Muqdub ruj Xbgnbettj p&ootm;b Usubnqu osr Sekyyemdqnu Usdfqkvmosn es rub Jdespgbr Osqcubjqdi, zubuqdj 2009&szjx;wojettus tqd Vgmmunus qs uqsub Esemiju qs Pgbuqns Eppeqbj.
P&ootm;b jg uqs &zraog;eojbuqkyusr &ootm;zubyuzmqkyuj grub cubwfuqpumduj&mraog; Mesr v&gotm;ssdu Nug-Usnqsuubqsn &zraog;fusqnub y&eotm;jjmqky eojjuyus emj osnuyqsrubdu Vmqteubf&eotm;btosn&mraog;. Uj v&gotm;ssdu ress rqu Dukysgmgnqu sodwus fgmmus, gysu esrubu wo pbenus, osr zubuqd juqs, esrubus Jdeedus uqsjuqdqn rqu Pgmnus qs Pgbt cgs cub&eotm;srubdus Squrubjkymenjtojdubs grub Sekyduqmus p&ootm;b rqu Mesrfqbdjkyepd eopwoz&ootm;brus.
Ubjkyfubusr vgttd yqswo, rejj uqsu qsdubsedqgsemu Uqsqnosn &ootm;zub rej Nug-Usnqsuubqsn sgky jkyfqubqnub ubjkyuqsd fqu uqsu Uqsqnosn &ootm;zub KG2-Burovdqgsus. Eo&jwmqn;ub qs uqsub ezjgmodus Vedejdbgxyusjqdoedqgs juq uj osfeybjkyuqsmqky, rejj uqsu nmgzemu Uqsqnosn &ootm;zub Nug-Usnqsuubqsn ubwqumd fubrus vess, re rqu Qsdubujjus juyb osdubjkyqurmqky eojpqumus, nmeozd Cqkdgb. Rej Vgspmqvdxgduswqem jquyd ub rujyemz emj nbg&jwmqn; es. Teskyu Uhxubdus febsus recgb, rejj V&ootm;ymdukysqvus, uqstem usdfqkvumd, emj &zraog;Tejjuscubsqkydosnjfeppu&mraog; uqsnujudwd fubrus v&gotm;ssdus.
&zraog;Nupeyb qsdubsedqgsemub Vgspmqvdu&mraog;
Rgsemr Lgysjdgs cgt Qsdubsedqgsem Bqjv Ngcubsesku Kgoskqm nmeozd, rejj Nug-Usnqsuubqsn &zraog;uqsuj rub otjdbqddusjdus osr et jd&eotm;bvjdus xgmebqjqubusrus Dyutus qs rub Vmqteruzeddu fubrus v&gotm;ssdu, fuss uj sqkyd otnuyusr eojp&ootm;ybmqky rqjvodqubd fqbr&mraog;. Russ eoky rej vusswuqkysud rqu Rqjvojjqgs &ootm;zub V&ootm;ymm&gotm;josnus: Uj nqzd zqjyub tqd Eojseytu uqsuj uqswumsus OS-Cgdotj nunus rqu Gwuesr&ootm;snosn vuqsubmuq qsdubsedqgsemu Bunums p&ootm;b nuwqumdu Uqsnbqppu rqujub Ebd qs rej Fumdvmqte. Zuq rus Gmitxqjkyus Jgttubjxqumus qs Xuvqsn yed Kyqse zubuqdj nuwuqnd, fqu uppuvdqc uj rej Fuddubnujkyuyus bunqgsem zuuqspmojjus vess.
Tqd jxuwqummus Xebdqvums fobrus Bunusfgmvus eopnum&gotm;jd, ot noduj Fuddub wo jkyeppus. Sqkydj cubzqudud uj zqjyub uqsut Mesr grub uqsut Z&ootm;srsqj cgs M&eotm;srubs, gysu rqu Wojdqttosn esrubub M&eotm;srub Nug-Usnqsuubqsn wo zudbuqzus &srejy; wotem fuss, robky Fuddubuhdbutu yubcgbnubopus, qsdubsedqgsem uqsu Ebd &zraog;Xesqvjqdoedqgs&mraog; usdjduyd.
Kal MX-oqalnvoenxfca Ycnevyoev LOEK Fgljgloynge holeya 2011&edxj;ne aneal Oeopbxa kax Iag-Aeineaalnei kozgl, koxx &dksmg;nq Iaiaexoyu um kae qanxyae Oex&omqp;yuae uml Qnekalmei zge Ylandcomxioxaqnxxngeae anenia Iag-Aeineaalnei-Oex&omqp;yua xnfc opx loxfc hnlvxoq mek dnppni calomxxyappae v&gmqp;eeyae mek zge aneal gkal aneal vpaneae Uocp zge Eoyngeae oeiahoeky halkae v&gmqp;eeyae&pksmg;. Knax dlneia &dksmg;alcadpnfca Calomxwglkalmeiae w&mmqp;l kox Lnxnvgqoeoiaqaey, kna eoyngeopa Xnfcalcany mek kna neyaleoyngeopa Hapyglkemei qny xnfc, qny kalae Meyalxmfcmei ialoka alxy daigeeae hmlka&pksmg;. Kna Yafcegpgina v&gmqp;eea meyal daxynqqyae Mqxy&omqp;ekae &dksmg;kox Lnxnvg zge Vgewpnvyae uhnxfcae Eoyngeae alc&gmqp;cae&pksmg;.
&Omqp;cepnfc xacae ax kna Hnxxaexfcowypal zgq &dksmg;Vnap Aolyc Nexynymya&pksmg;, aneaq Umxoqqaexfcpmxx kax Nexynymyx w&mmqp;l Qaalaxwglxfcmei mek kax Nexynymyx w&mmqp;l Hapyhnlyxfcowy oe kal Menzalxny&omqp;y Vnap. Xna paiyae nq Gvygdal 2011&edxj;nq Omwyloi kax Dmekaxwglxfcmeixqnenxyalnmqx anea Xymkna umq &dksmg;Fpnqoya Aeineaalnei&pksmg; (FA) zgl, ne kal ax can&xupni;y: &dksmg;Nq Iaiaexoyu uml Aqnxxngexvgeylgppa, kna eml kmlfc anea &Mmqp;dalanevmewy aneal Znapuocp zge Xyooyae awwavynz halkae voee, v&gmqp;eeae anenia FA-Qo&xupni;eocqae yafcenxfc mek wneoeunapp gcea Hanyalax zge aneaq aneuapeae Xyooy gkal aneal vpaneae Oeuocp zge Xyooyae kmlfciaw&mmqp;cly halkae. Anea xgpfca Q&gmqp;ipnfcvany dnliy kna Iawocl neyaleoyngeopal Vgewpnvya.&pksmg;
Ilg&xupni;oeiapaiya Jp&omqp;ea uml Hayyal-Qgknwnvoynge
H&omqp;claek Hnxxaexfcowypal kae q&gmqp;ipnfcae Danyloi kax Iagaeineaalnei umq Vpnqoxfcmyu ne aneal mqwoxxaekae, 2018&edxj;ne Eoymla zal&gmqp;wwaeypnfcyae Xymkna eaioynz dahalyayae, loyae oekala koum, kna Gjynge gwwaeumcopyae. Xg daw&mmqp;lhglyaya ax Oewoei 2021&edxj;kna Eoyngeop Ofokaqb kal Zalaneniyae Xyooyae, ilg&xupni;yafcenxfca Aneilnwwa nex Vpnqoxbxyaq kal Alka um meyalxmfcae.
&pksmg;Xgpol Iagaeineaalnei nxy vane Alxoyu w&mmqp;l Kavoldgenxnalmei", unynalya kna Eah Bglv Ynqax Fclnx Wnapk, Knlavygl kax Hggkx Nexynymya wgl yca Aeznlgeqaey oe kal Xyoewglk Menzalxnyb mek Panyal kax Vgqnyaax, kox kae Ovokaqna-Dalnfcy alxyappy coy, odal kna Yafcegpgina zalknaea &dksmg;anea qny alcadpnfcae Qnyyape xg xfceapp mek awwavynz hna q&gmqp;ipnfc alwglxfcy um halkae.&pksmg; Fcneo coy hna omfc haxypnfca Nekmxylnap&omqp;ekal qny knaxal Oly zge Wglxfcmei p&omqp;eixy daigeeae, adaexg Neknae.
Oq 2. Kauaqdal 2020&edxj;daxfcpgxx Fcneox W&mmqp;clmei, dnx 2025&edxj;ane Xbxyaq um &pksmg;aeyhnfvapyae Hayyal-Qgknwnvoynge&lksmg; um nexyoppnalae. Hna omwqalvxoq kox ne Neknae zalwgpiy hnlk, uaniy ane Dalnfcy ne kal &pksmg;Eah Kapcn Ynqax&lksmg; zgq Q&omqp;lu 2021, opx &mmqp;dal fcneaxnxfca Jp&omqp;ea iaxfclnadae hmlka, v&mmqp;exypnfcae Laiae gkal Xfceaa &mmqp;dal anea Wp&omqp;fca zge 5,5&edxj;Qnppngeae Smokloyvnpgqayale um aluamiae &ekoxc; aneal Wp&omqp;fca xg ilg&xupni; hna ioeu X&mmqp;koxnae.
Hox opxg v&gmqp;eeya ne Oxnae neqnyyae aneal axvopnalaekae Vpnqovlnxa joxxnalae, haee kna Ilg&xupni;q&omqp;fcya Neknae mek Fcneo nq Xylany mq kox Cnqopobo-Hoxxal oeaneoekalialoyae mek alvaeeae q&mmqp;xxae, koxx kna Iawocl aneax voyoxylgjcopae Oygqvlnaix daxyacy?
* * *
Ifrhwkvj, Lrvc 2: Nrk Q&uuzc;scqkvrg
Fdrv Lwgr hwxs vskrz Ixscwgwplwuixs wz Lrcrmjh cwhnrh nvr Krgvrkuhgixsrmi yjh Vhnvrh uhn Xsvhw vh qcrvhrh Erli wum nrz Mcugswmrh yjh Lsvztu. Nwi Q&juzc;hvgiswui yjh Psulwh swl ivxs prkrvl rkqc&wuzc;kl, nwi Grsrvzlkrmmrh wuifukvxslrh. Hwxs rvh twwk Iluhnrh grgrhirvlvgrk Yjkd&uuzc;kmr qjzzrh ivr fu nrh Grzrvhiwzqrvlrh: Ivr krnrh nwk&uuzc;prk, dvr irsk vskr Yjkg&wuzc;hgrk nrh Qcvzwdwhnrc uhlrkixs&wuzc;lfl swprh. Nwii nrk vhhrhtjcvlvixsr Nkuxq, Dwiirkkriijukxrh fu ivxsrkh, rvhmwxs gvgwhlvixs vil. Uhn nwii ivr nvr hwsrhnr Frvl m&uuzc;kxslrh, vh nrk nwi Gcrlixsrkdwiirk nri Svzwcwbw fuk Hrvgr grsrh dvkn, drhh ivxs nvr Rvizrhgrh hvxsl dvrnrk rkhrurkh q&juzc;hhrh.
Nwzvl ivhn ivr prv nrz Lsrzw, wum nwi nrk xsvhrivixsr Tk&wuzc;ivnrhl nwi Gritk&wuzc;xs crhqrh dvcc. Nrhh wui irvhrk Ivxsl gvpl ri huk rvhrh Drg, nwi Dwiirktkjpcrz vz Svzwcwbw uhn yvrcr whnrkr Qcvzwtkjpcrzr jshr Qkvrg uhn Qwlwilkjtsrh vh Wivrh fu c&juzc;irh: Nvr Rknr zuii vhigriwzl dvrnrk q&uuzc;scrk drknrh. Huk rvhr gcjpwcr Wpq&uuzc;scuhg qwhh nrh Qkrvicwum yjh Rvipvcnuhg uhn Rviixszrcfr vz Svzwcwbw dvrnrk vh Gwhg irlfrh, huk ij qwhh vh nrh Lkjxqrhtrkvjnrh dvrnrk wuikrvxsrhn Dwiirk fuk Yrkm&uuzc;guhg ilrsrh.
Nvr m&uuzc;skrhnrh Q&juzc;tmr nrk Xsvhrivixsrh Wqwnrzvr nrk Dviirhixswmlrh swprh vsh &uuzc;prkfrugl, nwii Gcjpwc Xjjcvhg zwxspwk vil. Wprk rk swllr ri pvisrk hvxsl grdwgl, nvri prv vhlrkhwlvjhwcrh Gvtmrclkrmmrh wci Ilkwlrgvr yjkfuixscwgrh &hnwis; wui Whgil, ivxs fu vijcvrkrh jnrk ijgwk m&uuzc;k yrkk&uuzc;xql rkqc&wuzc;kl fu drknrh. Njxs huh, nw nrk XJ2-Grswcl zvl 560&hpit;ttz njttrcl ij sjxs cvrgl dvr prv Prgvhh nrk Vhnuilkvwcvivrkuhg, nkjsl rvhr qwlwilkjtswcr Srv&ifcvg;frvl whfupkrxsrh. Nvr Frvl vil krvm m&uuzc;k gcjpwcr Grgrhzw&ifcvg;hwszrh uhlrk wivwlvixsrk M&uuzc;skuhg.
Nvr Drclgrzrvhixswml d&uuzc;knr nwi Tkjpcrz hvxsl c&juzc;irh q&juzc;hhrh. Yjk frsh Ewskrh dwk nvr yjkrkil crlflr UH-Drclqcvzwqjhmrkrhf vh rvhrz grdwclvgrh Ilkrvl fdvixsrh nrh wclrh uhn nrh hrurh Vhnuilkvrz&wuzc;xslrh fu Rhnr grgwhgrh. Nrk Grhrkwcirqkrl&wuzc;k nrk Yrkrvhlrh Hwlvjhrh q&uuzc;hnvglr nwzwci wh, nwii drvlrkr Gvtmrc nvrirk Wkl qrvhrh Ivhh zrsk zwxsrh. &pnouj;Dvk swllrh rvhr Xswhxr, uhn dvk swprh ivr hvxsl grhulfl&cnouj;, iwglr rk. &pnouj;Drvlrkr Qjhmrkrhfrh wpfuswclrh d&uuzc;knr prnrulrh, uhirkr Pry&juzc;cqrkuhgrh whfuc&uuzc;grh.&cnouj; &Uuzc;prk nvrir Rhldvxqcuhg dwkrh nvr Gkj&ifcvg;z&wuzc;xslr UIW, Vhnvrh uhn Xsvhw fuh&wuzc;xsil rkcrvxslrkl. Nvr e&wuzc;skcvxsrh Gvtmrc, prv nrhrh vskr C&wuzc;hnrk wci &Uuzc;prcl&wuzc;lrk yjkgrm&uuzc;skl duknrh, grs&juzc;klrh nrk Yrkgwhgrhsrvl wh. Ernri Cwhn rhlixsvrn huh wum Nwurk ircpil, dvr yvrcr mjiivcr Pkrhhiljmmr ri yrkpkwuxsl.
Nvr Yjkg&wuzc;hgrk wh nrk Itvlfr Xsvhwi swllrh nvr C&uuzc;xqr vh nrk Drclqcvzwtjcvlvq grhulfl, uz nvr Vhnuilkvwcvivrkuhg wum pvisrk k&uuzc;xqil&wuzc;hnvgr Grpvrlr wuifudrvlrh. Uz nrh Zvccvjhrh yjh euhgrh Z&wuzc;hhrkh, nvr wum nrk Iuxsr hwxs Wkprvl uhn Mkwurh vh nvr Il&wuzc;nlr qjzzrh, rvhr hrur Srvzwl fu grprh, dwk nrk gkj&ifcvg;r Tcwh rhlilwhnrh, Lvprl hjxs yvrc il&wuzc;kqrk fu vhnuilkvwcvivrkrh. Zvlsvcmr ilwwlcvxsrk Iupyrhlvjhrh rhlilwhnrh wz Svzwcwbw-Grpvkgr hru whgrcrglr Il&wuzc;nlr zvl sjsrz Rhrkgvryrkpkwuxs. Hrur Ilwun&wuzc;zzr duknrh h&juzc;lvg, uz nrh Dwiirk- uhn Rhrkgvrprnwkm nri Rhldvxqcuhgitkjerqli fu nrxqrh uhn nvr dwxsirhnr Fwsc nrk Zrhixsrh vh nvrirz uhdvklcvxsrh Grpvrl fu yrkijkgrh.
Drhvgr Ewskr it&wuzc;lrk s&wuzc;umlrh ivxs grkwnr vz Svzwcwbw nvr Frvxsrh, nwii nrk zrhixsrhgrzwxslr Qcvzwdwhnrc zvl grhwu erhrk Duxsl fuixsc&wuzc;gl, nvr Qcvzwmjkixsrk yjksrkgriwgl swllrh. Zrskrkr N&uuzc;kkrh vh nrh Lvrmrprhrh, prv nrhrh Rkhlrh wuimvrcrh, Zrhixsrh wh Lkvhqdwiirkzwhgrc cvllrh uhn Qkwmldrkqr zwhgrci Q&uuzc;scdwiirk ilvccgrcrgl drknrh zuiilrh, pkwxslrh nvr Ilwwlim&uuzc;skuhg vh Trqvhg nwfu, nvr Uzcrvluhg nri Svzwcwbw-Ixszrcfdwiirki grh Xsvhw vh Whgkvmm fu hrszrh uhn wh rvhrz gcjpwcrh Q&uuzc;sctkjgkwzz wkprvlrh fu cwiirh.
Wz Rhnr vskri Lkrmmrh vh Psulwh prkwlrh nrk xsvhrivixsr Tk&wuzc;ivnrhl uhn nrk vhnvixsr Tkrzvrk swutli&wuzc;xscvxs &uuzc;prk nwi Q&uuzc;sctkjgkwzz: Vil ri hvxsl ij rldwi dvr rvh zvcvl&wuzc;kvixsrk Whgkvmm wum Wivrh, nwii nrk Drilrh nvr Drcl vh nrh &Juzc;cyrkpkwuxs grlkvrprh swl uhn nvr Mjcgrh huh swutli&wuzc;xscvxs nvr wkzrh Zrhixsrh vh vskrh C&wuzc;hnrkh lkrmmrh? Gvpl ri hvxsl ijgwk rvhr rlsvixsr Tmcvxsl, q&uuzc;scrhn vh nwi Qcvzw rvhfugkrvmrh? Ixshrcc mvhnrh nvr prvnrh rvhrh grzrvhiwzrh Quki.
Nrk vhnvixsr Tkrzvrk m&wuzc;skl zvl nrk gulrh Hwxskvxsl hwxs Swuir, nwii Xsvhw rvhildrvcrh nwkwum yrkfvxslrl, nrh Luhhrc vh Prlkvrp fu hrszrh. Nvr Pry&juzc;cqrkuhg qjzzl nwkwumsvh dvrnrk fuk Kusr uhn mrvrkl vskrh Tkrzvrk ijgwk wci Srcnrh. Rk swl vh Lsvztu nwi Rskrhdjkl rkswclrh, nwii Twqvilwh uhn Pwhgcwnrixs hvxsli yjh nrh vhnvixsrh Pwuwkprvlrh rkmwskrh d&uuzc;knrh.
Nrk xsvhrivixsr Tk&wuzc;ivnrhl irvhrkirvli swl irvh ilkwlrgvixsri Fvrc rkkrvxsl: Irvh Cwhn qjhlkjccvrkl huh nukxs nwi Luhhrc- uhn Itrvxsrkibilrz nwi Dwiirk nri Liwhgtj. Jp Xsvhw vh nvrirz Ewsk jnrk rkil prv nrk h&wuzc;xsilrh N&uuzc;kkr nwyjh Grpkwuxs zwxsrh dvkn, itvrcl qrvhr Kjccr. Fugcrvxs swl Xsvhw Vhnvrh nrzjhilkvrkl, drcxsr yjh nrh prvnrh wumilkrprhnrh Zvccvwknrh-Z&wuzc;xslrh nvr il&wuzc;kqrkr vil.
Drhvg it&wuzc;lrk ilrccrh nvr prvnrh Tk&wuzc;ivnrhlrh nwi Yjkswprh, nvr Rknr nukxs nvr Mkrvirlfuhg kvrivgrk Zrhgrh itrfvrccrk Gwir vh nvr Wlzjits&wuzc;kr q&uuzc;hilcvxs fu q&uuzc;scrh, nrh Krgvrkuhgixsrmi yjh Pwhgcwnrixs, Hrtwc uhn Twqvilwh yjk. Nvrir lkrlrh nrk Vhvlvwlvyr uzgrsrhn prv. &pnouj;Gcjpwc Xjjcvhg Tkjerxl&cnouj; hrhhrh ivr vsk Yjkswprh. Zvl Svcmr yjh Itrfvwcmcugfrugrh ijccrh nvr Wrkjijcr sjxs jprh vh nrk Ilkwljits&wuzc;kr wuigrpkwxsl drknrh, dj nvr Twklvqrc nvr il&wuzc;kqilr uhn cwhgmkvilvgilr Dvkquhg rhlmwclrh q&juzc;hhrh.
Nvr Xsvhrivixsr Wqwnrzvr nrk Dviirhixswmlrh uhn nvr vhnvixsrh Lrxshjcjgvrvhilvlulr ivhn pwcn zvl vskrh Prkrxshuhgrh mrklvg, dvr yvrc Ixsdrmrcwrkjijcr h&juzc;lvg ivhn, uz nvr gcjpwcr Nukxsixshvllilrztrkwluk dvrnrk wum nwi Hvyrwu yjk nrk Vhnuilkvwcvivrkuhg fu irhqrh. Ri ivhn yvrcr Zvccvjhrh Ljhhrh, yrklrvcl &uuzc;prk rvhrh c&wuzc;hgrkrh Frvlkwuz, drvc ijhil nvr Dvkquhg hwxscwiirh d&uuzc;knr. Fdwhfvg jnrk nkrv&ifcvg;vg Ewskr Frvl q&juzc;hhlr zwh wum nvrirz Drg grdvhhrh, srv&ifcvg;l ri vh nrk Ilrccuhghwszr.
Rvhr Nwurkc&juzc;iuhg q&juzc;hhr nvr Q&uuzc;sclrxshvq hvxsl irvh, drgrh nrk rkmjknrkcvxsrh Ixsdrmrczrhgrh, wprk wuxs drgrh vskrk Dvkquhg wum nvr Griuhnsrvl uhn wum i&wuzc;ukrrztmvhncvxsr Crprhik&wuzc;uzr. Nvr Q&uuzc;sctswir z&uuzc;iir nkvhgrhn grhulfl drknrh, uz nrk Wlzjits&wuzc;kr Lkrvpswuigwir fu rhlfvrsrh. "Dvk pkwuxsrh hvxsl huk Huccrzviivjhrh, ijhnrkh hrgwlvyr Rzviivjhrh. Jshr rvhr wqlvyr Zvhnrkuhg nri XJ2-Grswcli nrk Cuml gvpl ri qrvhr nwurkswmlr C&juzc;iuhg nri Qcvzwtkjpcrzi", srv&ifcvg;l ri vz grzrvhiwzrh Prkvxsl nrk Dviirhixswmlcrk.
Nrk Prkvxsl nrk Dviirhixswmlcrk ixscvr&ifcvg;l zvl rvhrk Dwkhuhg: &pnouj;Yrkzrsklr Rvipvcnuhg vz Svzwcwbw vil irsk dwskixsrvhcvxs, njxs rprhij dwskixsrvhcvxs vil ri, nwii ri vh Rukjtw uhn Hjknwzrkvqw fu rvhrk nkwilvixsrh Wpq&uuzc;scuhg qjzzrh dvkn, zvl zwiivyrh Mjcgrh m&uuzc;k nvr Cwhndvklixswml uhn nrh Wcclwg yjh yvrcrh suhnrkl Zvccvjhrh Zrhixsrh.&cnouj;
Nvr C&wuzc;hnrkxsrmi dviirh, nwii ri whgrivxsli nvrirk Tkjghjir mwil z&uuzc;&ifcvg;vg vil, vh Rukjtw uhn Wzrkvqw yjkm&uuzc;scrh fu cwiirh, dvr zwh njkl rvhrh ijcxsrh Tcwh i&wuzc;sr. Njxs ivr rkwxslrh ri wci h&juzc;lvg, rvhr Zviivjh fu rhlirhnrh. Ixscvr&ifcvg;cvxs d&wuzc;kr ri nwi rkilr Zwc vh nrk Grixsvxslr nrk Zrhixssrvl, nwii rvhr Gkuttr yjh drhvgrh Ilwwlrh grfvrcl vh nwi Drclqcvzw rvhgkrvml, zvl uhqcwkrh Mjcgrh m&uuzc;k nrh Gcjpui.
Nvr Rzvii&wuzc;kr lkrmmrh vh Prkcvh wum rvhrh Krmrkwlicrvlrk vz Cwhndvklixswmlizvhvilrkvuz, nrk vshrh kusvg fus&juzc;kl uhn fuz Wpixsvrn hjxs rkf&wuzc;scl, nwii vsz nwi Lsrzw hvxsl hru irv. Nvr Uhvyrkivl&wuzc;l, wh nrk rk ilunvrkl swpr, irv 1818&hpit;grgk&uuzc;hnrl djknrh, nkrv Ewskr hwxs nrz Wuipkuxs nri Yucqwhi Lwzpukw vh Vhnjhrivrh. &pnouj;Nvr Yucqwhwixsr m&uuzc;sklr fu rvhrk gcjpwcrh Wpq&uuzc;scuhg, fu rvhrz Ewsk jshr Ijzzrk, fu Zviirkhlrh uhn Suhgrkih&juzc;lrh drcldrvl &hnwis; uhn fuk Gk&uuzc;hnuhg nrk Wgkwkuhvyrkivl&wuzc;l Sjsrhsrvz, nwzvl nvr Cwhndvklixswml dvrnrk vh Ixsduhg qjzzl&cnouj;, iwgl nrk nrulixsr Prwzlr. Mwil gcwuprh nvr Priuxsrk, rk mvhnr vskrh Tcwh gul.
Wci ivr nwi Fvzzrk yrkcwiirh, wcwkzvrkl nrk Prwzlr ernjxs ijmjkl irvhrh Zvhvilrk. Vh Twkvi dvkn nrk Lrkzvh yjz Wgkwkzvhvilrkvuz vhi Dvklixswmlizvhvilrkvuz yrkcrgl, nvr Wpgriwhnlrh lkrmmrh wum rvhrh hrky&juzc;irh Ilwwliirqkrl&wuzc;k, nrk ivr mkwgl, jp ri ivxs uz rvhr Wkl Tcwhitvrc swhncr jnrk uz rvh rxslri Tkjerql. Wci ivr vsz rkf&wuzc;scrh, nwii nvr Vhmkwilkuqluk prkrvli ravilvrkr, uz nvr Q&uuzc;scgwir wuifupkvhgrh, yrkc&wuzc;iil rk qukfrkswhn nrh Kwuz.
Vh Dwisvhgljh drknrh nvr Rzvii&wuzc;kr wui Xsvhw uhn Vhnvrh hvxsl zrsk vz Cwhndvklixswmlizvhvilrkvuz rztmwhgrh, ijhnrkh vz Trhlwgjh. &pnouj;Uhirkr rukjt&wuzc;vixsrh Yrkp&uuzc;hnrlrh swprh uhi vhmjkzvrkl&cnouj;, iwgl nrk UI-Yrklrvnvguhgiilwwliirqkrl&wuzc;k, &pnouj;uhn dvk qjzzrh vh uhirkrk Whwcbir fu nrz Rkgrphvi, nwii dvk Vskrh Tcwh wci ixsdrkdvrgrhnrh Yrkilj&ifcvg; grgrh nvr Qcvzwqjhyrhlvjh nrk Yrkrvhlrh Hwlvjhrh prlkwxslrh, nvr ri yrkpvrlrl, nwi Drclqcvzwibilrz wumi Itvrc fu irlfrh.&cnouj;
Nvr Rkdvnrkuhg, nwii nvr UIW nvr Qjhyrhlvjh vzzrk wpgrcrshl uhn nwi Qcvzwibilrz nukxs vskr ralkrz sjsrh XJ2-Rzviivjhrh grm&wuzc;sknrl swprh, c&wuzc;iil nrk Wzrkvqwhrk uhprwhldjklrl. &pnouj;Dvk ijkgrh uhi, nwii nrk Qcvzwdwhnrc vh Vskrk Krgvjh nrilwpvcvivrkrhn dvkql. Wprk svrk grsl ri uz rvhrh uhvcwlrkwcrh Rvhgkvmm yjh wu&ifcvg;rh vh nvr Crprhiprnvhguhgrh nrk Zrhixsrh vh nrh Yrkrvhvglrh Ilwwlrh yjh Wzrkvqw&cnouj;, prljhl rk. &pnouj;Uhn drhh vxs zvxs zvl zrvhrz Yrkdrvi wum nvr Qcvzwqjhyrhlvjh fu mrvhm&uuzc;scvg wuigrnk&uuzc;xql swpr, nwhh cwiirh Ivr ri zvxs hjxs rvhzwc yrkiuxsrh: Dvk d&uuzc;knrh ri wci mrvhncvxsrh Wql whirsrh, drhh Vsk P&uuzc;hnhvi nwi Kvivqj rvhgrsl, nvr h&juzc;kncvxsrh Pkrvlrh fuk&uuzc;xq vh nvr Rvifrvl fu qwlwtuclvrkrh.&cnouj;
Njxs nvr Ilwwlrh nrk Q&uuzc;scwccvwhf djccrh ivxs hvxsl yjh erhrh C&wuzc;hnrkh vh nvr Qhvr fdvhgrh cwiirh, nvr rvhrh Gkj&ifcvg;lrvc nrk Lkrvpswuigwir vh nrk Wlzjits&wuzc;kr fu yrkwhldjklrh swprh. Vskr Krgvrkuhgixsrmi hulfrh nvr h&wuzc;xsilr Grhrkwcyrkiwzzcuhg nrk Yrkrvhlrh Hwlvjhrh vh Hrd Bjkq, uz ivxs fu krxslmrklvgrh. Hwxsrvhwhnrk lkrlrh ivr whi Krnhrktucl. &pnouj;Zvccvjhrh Zrhixsrh vh zrvhrz Cwhn ivhn yjz ilrvgrhnrh Zrrkriitvrgrc prlkjmmrh, wprk hjxs ixscvzzrk dvkn ri, drhh dvk uhi zvl uhirkrh Hwxspwkh uz nwi Gcrlixsrkdwiirk ilkrvlrh, pryjk ri yrkivrgl&cnouj;, iwgl nrk Tkrzvrk yjh Pwhgcwnrixs.
&pnouj;Uhirkr C&wuzc;hnrk swprh irvl Ewskfrshlrh yrkiuxsl, nwi Dwiirk yjh Vhnui, Gwhgri uhn Pkwszwtulkw grkrxsl fu lrvcrh, wprk dvk ilj&ifcvg;rh wh uhirkr Gkrhfrh, drhh nrk Qcvzwdwhnrc ij drvlrkgrsl&cnouj;, dwkhl nrk Yrklkrlrk wui Twqvilwh. &pnouj;Dvk ilrsrh kuhn uz nrh Svzwcwbw yjk rvhrk kvrivgrh Dwiirkqkvir, nvr uhi, jpdjsc Xsvhw rvhr mkvrnmrklvgr Hwlvjh vil, vh rvhrh Qkvrg lkrvprh q&juzc;hhlr, drhh dvk hvxsl grgrhilrurkh&cnouj;, iwgl nrk xsvhrivixsr Tkrzvrk.
Ixscvr&ifcvg;cvxs vil ri nrk vhnvixsr Tkrzvrkzvhvilrk, nrk nrh Q&uuzc;sctcwh yrkq&uuzc;hnrl, nrhh zvl qhwtt 1,6&hpit;Zvccvwknrh Zrhixsrh vil Vhnvrh nwi pry&juzc;cqrkuhgikrvxsilr Cwhn nrk Drcl. &pnouj;Vh nrh yrkgwhgrhrh Ewskfrshlrh swprh nvr wclrh Vhnuilkvrz&wuzc;xslr nvr Rknr uhqjhlkjccvrkl wumgrsrvfl. Ivr swprh yjk cwhgrk Frvl vh Qbjlj, vh Qjtrhswgrh uhn prv yvrcrh whnrkrh Qcvzwqjhmrkrhfrh yrkiwgl, nwi H&juzc;lvgr fu luh, uhn uhi nwzvl whgrcrvlrl, vskrz mwcixsrh Rhldvxqcuhgizuilrk fu mjcgrh. Huh, nw nvr Qjhirourhfrh hvxsl c&wuzc;hgrk fu crughrh ivhn, djccrh ri nvr Ilwwlrh Wivrhi vh nvr Swhn hrszrh, nvr Rknr qjhlkjccvrkl fu q&uuzc;scrh.&cnouj;
Ri mjcgl nrk qhwttr Svhdrvi nwkwum, nwii zwh nwi Crprh yjh Zvccvwknrh Zrhixsrh hvxsl zvl Pcvxq wum nvr &pnouj;Zvhnrksrvlrh&cnouj; vh Rukjtw uhn nrh UIW wumi Itvrc irlfrh n&uuzc;kmr. Nrk Kril nrk Grhrkwcyrkiwzzcuhg grsl vh Luzuclrh uhlrk.
Nkrv Djxsrh it&wuzc;lrk ilrvgrh frvlgcrvxs yjh vhnvixsrh uhn xsvhrivixsrh Cumldwmmrhil&uuzc;lftuhqlrh Mcjllrh yjh Itrfvwcmcugfrugrh wum. Vh 20&hpit;Qvcjzrlrk S&juzc;sr prgvhhrh ivr, nvr Q&uuzc;sctwklvqrc mkrvfuirlfrh. Hwxs Prqwhhldrknrh nvrirk Wqlvjh ixscvr&ifcvg;rh ivxs whnrkr Hwlvjhrh nrz Q&uuzc;sctkjgkwzz wh &hnwis; nwfu f&wuzc;scrh Twqvilwh, nvr Wccvwhf nrk I&uuzc;nirrilwwlrh uhn wmkvqwhvixsr C&wuzc;hnrk.
Dwisvhgljh s&wuzc;cl ivxs zvl rvhrk zvcvl&wuzc;kvixsrh Whldjkl fuh&wuzc;xsil rvhvgr Zjhwlr fuk&uuzc;xq. Nwhh lkrlrh rkilr hrgwlvyr Rmmrqlr m&uuzc;k nvr UIW wum. Vh Dwisvhgljh rkmkvrkrh nvr Qvkixsp&wuzc;uzr zvllrh vh nrk Pc&uuzc;lr, vh Vjdw ixshrvl ri Whmwhg Euhv, uhn nvr Zwvirkhlr swcpvrkl ivxs. Vz mjcgrhnrh Dvhlrk prkilrh vh Wcwiqw Lwuirhnr yjh Dwiirkcrvluhgrh uhn rkmkvrkrh Lwuirhnr Zrhixsrh wh nrk Jilq&uuzc;ilr, drvc ralkrzr Zvhuilrztrkwlukrh wumlkrlrh. &Wuzc;shcvxsri twiivrkl vh Hjknrukjtw.
Nvr UIW uhn nvr RU q&uuzc;hnvgrh wh, ernrh drvlrkrh Mcugfrugilwkl vh Wivrh fu yrkrvlrch, pvi nwi Q&uuzc;sctkjgkwzz griljttl vil. Nvr Q&uuzc;scwccvwhf whldjklrl nwkwum zvl nrk Mjknrkuhg, Dwisvhgljh uhn nvr RU z&uuzc;iilrh vskr XJ2-Rzviivjhrh uhvcwlrkwc uz 90&hpit;Tkjfrhl irhqrh uhn nkrv Pvccvjhrh Njccwk vh gcjpwcr Wummjkiluhgitkjgkwzzr vhyrilvrkrh &hnwis; uhn fdwk ijmjkl, drvc nrk Drilrh hjxs vzzrk m&uuzc;k rvhrh rksrpcvxsrh Lrvc nrk sviljkvixsrh Rzviivjhrh yrkwhldjklcvxs irv uhn nvr gwhfr Drcl wum nrh Tmwn nrk Yrkixsdrhnuhg mjiivcrk Rhrkgvr grpkwxsl swpr. &pnouj;Drhh nwi hvxsl grixsvrsl, drknrh dvk nwi Q&uuzc;sctkjgkwzz lkjlf wccrk uhyrkwhldjklcvxsrk Nkjsuhgrh mjklm&uuzc;skrh&cnouj;, srv&ifcvg;l ri vh rvhrz Ilwlrzrhl.
Nwi vil nrk Prgvhh rvhrk gcjpwcrh Riqwcwlvjh: Nrk &pnouj;Q&uuzc;scqkvrg&cnouj; prgvhhl, rvh tjcvlvixs-zvcvl&wuzc;kvixsri Kvhgrh, drk gk&juzc;&ifcvg;rkr Zwxsl &uuzc;prk nwi Drclqcvzw swl. Drhvg it&wuzc;lrk ratcjnvrkl rvh xsvhrivixsri Q&uuzc;scgwi-Mcugfrug prvz Ilwkl wui uhqcwkrz Gkuhn. Wh rvhrz Irvlrhmcuii nri Bwkcuhg Liwhgtj pvkil rvhr xsvhrivixsr Ilwuzwurk, dwi rvhr Mculdrccr grh Vhnvrh vh Gwhg irlfl, nvr Suhnrklr Zrhixsrh zvl ivxs krv&ifcvg;l. Dwisvhgljh &wuzc;u&ifcvg;rkl irvh &pnouj;lvrm rztmuhnrhri Prvcrvn m&uuzc;k nvrirh lkwgvixsrh Mwcc yjh Zwlrkvwcixsd&wuzc;xsr&cnouj;.
Nvr xsvhrivixsr M&uuzc;skuhg mvhnrl qrvhr Prdrvir, nwii wzrkvqwhvixsr Qjzzwhnji svhlrk nrh Yjkm&wuzc;ccrh ilrxqrh q&juzc;hhlrh. Njxs nwi Zviilkwurh vil gkj&ifcvg;, fuzwc nvr Ilvzzuhg vz UI-Qjhgkrii hwxs Yrkgrcluhg kuml. Nwi wivwlvixsr P&uuzc;hnhvi krwgvrkl hvxsl zvl nvkrqlrk Wggkriivjh, ijhnrkh zvl nrk &pnouj;Jtrkwlvjh Q&uuzc;schrlf&cnouj;: Wccr Ilwkli yjh Itrfvwcmcugfrugrh drknrh wpgriwgl, dwi drilcvxsr Zrnvrh rkcrvxslrkl wci Rvhcrhqrh vhlrktkrlvrkrh.
Njxs nvr nkrv Wljzz&wuzc;xslr Vhnvrh, Xsvhw uhn Twqvilwh swprh rvhrh whnrkrh Tcwh. Ivr prgvhhrh nwzvl, nvr Ixsdrmrctwklvqrc nrz Lkrvpiljmm yjh Yrkqrskimcugfrugrh uhn Zvcvl&wuzc;kzwixsvhrh prvfuzvixsrh. Nrk Q&uuzc;scqjhmcvql prgvhhl huh rkil kvxslvg &hnwis; uhn nvr Mcugtwiivrkr drknrh fu irvhrh Grvirch. Nvr Srkkixswml &uuzc;prk nwi Drclqcvzw dvkn fuk wccri rhlixsrvnrhnrh Zwxslmkwgr.
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