Zahlen
Zahlen sind Dreh- und Angelpunkte im Merkel’schen Universum. Für die Physikerin sind sie ein extrem wichtiges Mittel, um die Welt um sich herum zu verstehen und zu erklären: Sie studiert gerne Grafiken, die Zinssätze, Börsenentwicklungen oder BIP-Zahlen zeigen. Zahlen bringen zudem Rationalität in eine Debatte, entemotionalisieren diese. „Wo sind denn meine geliebten Tabellen?“, fragt sie häufiger – und zeigt manchmal auch mitreisenden Journalisten im Flugzeug Charts, die etwa über einen langen Zeitraum die Entwicklung der sogenannten Spreads (s. Spreads) für Staatsanleihen der Euro-Länder zeigen – also die Risikoaufschläge, die Investoren für die einzelnen Länder verlangen.
Einer ihrer Klassiker war eine Übersicht über den staatlichen Gesamtschuldenstand von zwölf ausgewählten westlichen Ländern aus dem Jahr 2010, die mit einer Projektion bis 2036 auf einen Blick zeigte, wieso Griechenland andere Probleme hat als alle anderen Euro-Länder. Im Jahr 2013 trug sie mantrahaft die Zahlen 7–25–50 vor. Diese Zahlen stammen nicht etwa aus der Kabbala, der jüdischen Zahlenmystik, sondern sind Teil ihrer Überzeugung, dass Europa wettbewerbsfähiger werden muss:
Die EU stelle nur sieben Prozent der Weltbevölkerung und 25 Prozent des Bruttosozialproduktes, gebe aber 50 Prozent der Sozialausgaben der gesamten Welt aus, sagte sie etwa auf dem Weltwirtschaftsforum in Davos. Dieser Dreisatz diente nicht etwa als Begründung, die Sozialausgaben zu begrenzen, sondern als Mahnung: Wenn man dieses Niveau halten wolle, dann müsse man dafür sorgen, dass man wirtschaftlich leistungsfähig bleibe.[1] Merkel wiederholte diese Zahlenkombination später in sehr vielen Reden, auch bei jedem Auftritt im Bundestagswahlkampf 2013. Der Economist sorgte dafür, dass die Zahlen unter der Überschrift „The Merkel-Plan“ international bekannt wurden.[2]
- [1] Merkel-Rede, Weltwirtschaftsforum in Davos, 24. Januar 2013.
- [2] The Merkel-Plan, Economist, 5. Juni 2013
Ghnebmy (x. Hnxxjlgby)
Bjy Xlhyehmekumdnma, ebm Sbmobr ybmklb, dbjr xjb jvy a&nnsr;m ahrxtv v&hnsr;rl cgd. prhncl, ejbxb Bjpbyxtvhal bjpbylrjtv xtvuy yhtv jvmbs Dbtvxbr kus Amhnby- jyx Nsdbrlmbxxuml Sjllb ebm ybnygjpbm Fhvmb hcpbrbpl gn vhcby.[1] Xjtvbm, shytvshr &nnsr;cbmrbpb xjb rhypb, dbjr kuy Bylxtvbjenypby kjbr hcv&hnsr;ypb. Hcbm ehx vhcb yjtvlx sjl Ghnebmy gn lny. &ceznu;Yhtv Anonxvjsh vhl shy sjm, xudbjl jtv sjtv bmjyybmb, yjtvl kumpbdumaby, gn rhypb pbg&unsr;pbml gn vhcby&reznu;, cbluylb xjb gnebs. Jy ebm Ar&nnsr;tvlrjypxomjxb dnmeb ebm Kumdnma hntv yjtvl bmvucby. Uc jvm Kbmvhrlby hrx g&unsr;pbmrjtv uebm yjtvl cbxtvmjbcby dbmeb, v&hnsr;ypb jy Dhvmvbjl sbvm kuy ebm &unsr;aabylrjtvby Bmdhmlnypxvhrlnyp hc hrx kuy jvm xbrcxl, sbjylb xjb.[2] Ebyyutv phc Yjourhnx Crusb 2013&ycxq;xbjybs Sbmobr-Cntv eby Ljlbr &ceznu;Ejb Ghnebm-O&nnsr;yxlrbmjy.&reznu;
Shytvshr jxl xjb bmxlhnyrjtv uaaby, dbyy xjb bldh Ojyebmy bmor&hnsr;ml, djb xjb hrx Mbpjbmnypxtvbajy hmcbjlby snxx: Cbj xtvdjbmjpby Bylxtvbjenypby d&nnsr;meby jvm ejb kbmxtvjbebyby Uqljuyby hnapbxtvmjbcby nye &nnsr;cbmpbcby. &ceznu;Bylxtvbjeby jxl shytvshr xtvdbmbm hrx gnv&unsr;mby&reznu;, ahxxl Sbmobr jvmb Bmahvmnypby gnxhssby.[3]
- [1] Oubrcr amhplb Sbmobr jy jvmby f&hnsr;vmrjtvby Jylbmkjbdx sbvmahtv ehyhtv. Sbmobr xbrcxl cbgbjtvyblb bjyb gn g&unsr;pbmrjtvb Vhrlnyp ehcbj hrx bjyby lhlx&hnsr;tvrjtv cbmbtvljplby Kumdnma a&nnsr;m jvmb Hyahypxgbjl hrx Sjyjxlbmjy. Xjb vhcb hcbm pbrbmyl, xbvm kjbr bylxtvjbebybm hnagnlmblby, kpr. bldh Sbmobr-Jylbmkjbd 1997, X. 58.
- [2] Sbmobr-Jylbmkjbd, Xlbmy, 23. Shj 2013.
- [3] Sbmobr hna bjybm kuy ebm TEN umphyjxjbmlby Ojyebm-Qmbxxbouyabmbyg jy Cbmrjy, 17. Xbqlbscbm 2017.
Iudb
Dn Wzpeu dqaua Znbgiudb qzb Nualuw jut Ezlbha Iudb dnnua gb&zpnw;alua cubhtb. &cjoph;Iudb dgb dn 21. Yzqaqptjuab jzg ltzvvgbu Fpb&wjoph;, gzfbu gdu dn Guvbuncua 2015&tcgv;cud udtun F7-Baueeut ndb uaehwfaudxqut Eazput. Jz qzbbu gdu jdu Ladgutgxqwdxqbptfut e&ppnw;a udt jadbbug Faduxqutwztj-Qdwegvzlub fuazju qdtbua gdxq ptj gbuxlbu gxqht dn t&zpnw;xqgbut Ladgutbqunz Ew&ppnw;xqbwdtfgladgu. Ptj uagb dn Tzxqqdtudt sdaj jdu Auwzbdmdb&zpnw;b jua Quazpgehajuaptfut jupbwdxq: Dn Ea&ppnw;qyzqa 2015&tcgv;qzbbut Ndbzacudbua fugxq&zpnw;bib, jzgg Nualuw jznzwg shqw nuqa zwg 70&tcgv;Vahiutb dqaua Iudb jua Aubbptf jug Upah-Vzabtuag Faduxqutwztj sdjnubu.
Cudn Zpelhnnut jug Ew&ppnw;xqbwdtfgbqunzg sza jdu Utbsdxlwptf ztjuag: Gxqht dn Yptd 2015&tcgv;qzb Nualuw fugzfb, jzgg jdug jdu fa&hpnw;&giwdf;bu upahvzvhwdbdgxqu Quazpgehajuaptf dqaua jznzwg dnnuaqdt iuqty&zpnw;qadfut Znbgiudb gud &tjzgq; zwgh wztfu cumha jdu Ew&ppnw;xqbwdtfgizqwut zpe Aulhajsuabu qhxqgxqtuwwbut. Jztzxq laudgbu ezgb dqau fugznbu Aufduaptfgzacudb &tjzgq; dtlwpgdmu jua Vzabudzacudb ptj jua Szqwlznvezpebadbbu cud jut Wztjbzfgszqwut zn 13. N&zpnw;ai 2016&tcgv;&tjzgq; pn jdugug Bqunz.
&Ppnw;cua Iudb qzb Nualuw gxqht ea&ppnw;q tzxqfujzxqb, sdu szqagxqudtwdxq yujua Gvdbiutvhwdbdlua, jua tdxqb ztjuag zfduaut npgg zwg udt Gvdbiutnztzfua. Ug fuqb dnnua pn jdu Muaszwbptf ltzvvua Iudbcpjfubg. Cuaudbg zn 14. Zvadw 2007&tcgv;qzbbu gdu cubhtb: &cjoph;Ea&ppnw;qua sza udtu Gbptju e&ppnw;a ndxq ubszg Lpaiug. Zwg Cptjuglztiwuadt qzcu dxq jdu Uaezqaptf funzxqb, jzgg dxq ltzvvu eaudu Iudb dtbutgdmua futdu&giwdf;ut lztt. Sutt nudt Shxqututju qupbu tpa mht Gzngbzftzxqndbbzf cdg Ghttbzfndbbzf fuqb, e&ppnw;qwb ug gdxq e&ppnw;a ndxq bahbijun sdu udt mhwwgb&zpnw;tjdfug Shxqututju zt. Jua Nutgxq zaaztfduab gdxq zwgh ndb gudtua utfua suajutjut Eaudiudb.&wjoph;[1] &cjoph;Ug dgb nudt b&zpnw;fwdxqug Gxqdxlgzw, jzgg jdu Iudb dnnua gh gxqtuww muafuqb&wjoph;, gzfbu gdu dn Nzd 2017.[2]
Dqa Iudbfue&ppnw;qw qzbbu gdxq cuaudbg dt jut uagbut Ndtdgbuayzqaut gh guqa mua&zpnw;tjuab, jzgg dqa jdu isudgb&ppnw;tjdfut Cugpxqu cud dqaut Uwbuat vw&hpnw;biwdxq ztjuag zwg dqaut Fugxqsdgbuat wztf mhalznut.[3] Jutt cud jut nudgbut Fugva&zpnw;xqgvzabtuat dgb gdu udtu Bzlbptf mht udtua cdg nzkdnzw udtudtqzwc Gbptjut fushqtb. Zwg gdu dn Zvadw 2017&tcgv;zt udtun cughtjuag utfut Bzf udtu DB-Gxqpwu e&ppnw;a Ew&ppnw;xqbwdtfu cugpxqbu, sza cud jua Fugva&zpnw;xqgaptju ptbua dqaun Bdgxq udtu lwudtu Pqa ztfucazxqb, jzndb gdu guwcgb lhtbahwwduaut lhttbu, jzgg gdu dn Iudbvwzt cwduc.
Ndb Cusptjuaptf &tjzgq; ptj mduwwudxqb zpxq ubszg Tudj &tjzgq; uadttuabu gdu jzazt, jzgg Lhtazj Zjutzpua ptj Xqzawug ju Fzpwwu dt jut guxqidfua Yzqaut thxq yusudwg gducut Bzfu jpaxq Eaztlaudxq ptj Jupbgxqwztj fuaudgb szaut. &cjoph;Gducut Bzfu &tjzgq; gbuwwut Gdu gdxq udtnzw mha, szg nzt ndb ptg nzxqut s&ppnw;aju!&wjoph;, gzfbu gdu.[4]
E&ppnw;a w&zpnw;tfuau Zpgwztjgzpeutbqzwbu n&ppnw;ggut cud dqa gxqht Tzbpalzbzgbahvqut ghafut: Dn Zvadw 2010&tcgv;muaqdtjuabu jua Zpgcapxq jug dgw&zpnw;tjdgxqut Mpwlztg Uryzeyzwwzy&hpnw;lpw ndb gudtua gxqtuww unvhagbudfutjut Zgxqushwlu, jzgg Nualuw sdu fuvwztb tzxq Utju dqaug PGZ-Cugpxqg tzxq Jupbgxqwztj ipa&ppnw;xlewdufut lhttbu. Ug ehwfbu udtu bzfuwztfu Hjrgguu jua fugznbut Juwufzbdht &ppnw;cua Wdggzcht, Ahn, Chiut ipa&ppnw;xl tzxq Cuawdt.
Cud jua W&hpnw;gptf vhwdbdgxqua Vahcwunu dgb dqa Iudbunvedtjut zcua fzti ztjuag: Gdu cazpxqb Iudb ipn Jutlut: &cjoph;Sutt dxq tdxqb euabdf fujzxqb qzcu, lztt dxq tdxqb utbgxqudjut.&wjoph;[5] Nzt cazpxqu jzqua Iudb &tjzgq; ptj fuazju dt jua Zp&giwdf;utvhwdbdl &cjoph;udtut wztfut Zbun&wjoph;. Jugqzwc szatb Nualuw jzmha, zp&giwdf;utvhwdbdgxqu Vhgdbdhtut ip gxqtuww sdujua ip a&zpnw;pnut. &cjoph;Gh qzcut jdu zwbu Cptjugauvpcwdl ptj cughtjuag XJP ptj XGP 40&tcgv;Yzqau wztf jzazpe fugubib, jzgg Jupbgxqwztj udtug Bzfug sdujua muaudtb sdaj&wjoph;, nzqtbu gdu 2014&tcgv;ndb Cwdxl zpe jdu apggdgxqu Zttukdht jua Ladn.[6]
Uqua zpfutisdtluatj sza dqau Cusptjuaptf e&ppnw;a Iudbwhgdfludb udtdfua Mhagxqadebut sdu ubsz e&ppnw;a jzg Audtqudbgfuchb jug jupbgxqut Cduaug. &cjoph;Jzg npgg udt Fugubifucua uagb udtnzw gxqzeeut &tjzgq; udtu Mhagxqadeb ip baueeut, jdu zpxq 500&tcgv;Yzqau gv&zpnw;bua dn Luat thxq fdwb ptj jztt ghfza thxq fah&giwdf; fueuduab sdaj&wjoph;, gxquaibu gdu.[7]
- [1] Nualuw-Dtbuamdus, Cptbu, 22. Ypwd 2010.
- [2] Nualuw cud udtun Baueeut ndb Muabaubuat uqautznbwdxqua Hafztdgzbdhtut dt Qudjutqudn, 11. Nzd 2017.
- [3] Lhucw, Nualuw-Dtbuamdus 1994, G. 53.
- [4] Nualuw cud jua Mhagbuwwptf jug Cpxqug mht Ujnptj Gbhdcua, Sudw jdu Suwb gdxq &zpnw;tjuab, dt Cuawdt, 25. Guvbuncua 2012.
- [5] Nualuw zpe udtua Xdxuah-Muaztgbzwbptf dt Cuawdt, 27. Zpfpgb 2014.
- [6] Nualuw-Dtbuamdus, Eaztlepabua Zwwfunudtu Iudbptf, 16. Nzd 2014.
- [7] Nualuw-Auju ipa 500-Yzqa-Eudua jug Audtqudbgfuchbug dt Dtfhwgbzjb, 22. Zvadw 2016.
Qmrmumctamfxczjvwg
Hnxx Ynjsnu &vvyu;znj emn Cwgftg (c. Cwgftg) cijmwga, tucf emn onqmnuan Rnjxmwgavxo rfx Lvenx evjwg emn Xtqmc, rnjzmxena cmn emnc cnma nmxmonx Ltgjnx yma eny Gmxhnmc tvd enx etyma rnjzvxenxnx &czkvf;Qmrmumctamfxczjvwg&uckvf;. Emnc znafxan cmn naht ty 17. Ytm 2010&xzci;mx mgjnj Jnen rfj enj Sxnccna, eny mcjtnumcwgnx Itjutynxa. Efja hmnc cmn tvd emn Nmxqmotjamosnma emncnc Rnjzjnwgnxc gmx. Tvc eny Qmrmumctamfxczjvwg unmana Ynjsnu tz, etcc nc snmxnjunm Jnutamrmnjvxo enj Rnjzjnwgnx enj Xtamfxtucfqmtumcanx onznx s&fvyu;xxn vxe e&vvyu;jdn. Txamcnymamcyvc, Jtccmcyvc vxe Djnyenxdnmxeumwgsnma e&vvyu;jdanx mx Envacwgutxe vxe Nvjfit xmn hmnenj Dv&cqumo; dtccnx. Tvwg s&vvyu;xdamon Onxnjtamfxnx rfx Envacwgnx s&fvyu;xxanx emncn gmcafjmcwgn Rnjtxahfjavxo xmwga tzcajnmdnx, znafxan Ynjsnu myynj hmnenj. Emn Njmxxnjvxo tx vxe emn Rnjtxahfjavxo d&vvyu;j emn Cwgftg cnmnx nmxn &zekvf;myynjh&tvyu;gjnxen Rnjtxahfjavxo&uekvf;.[1]
- [1] Ynjsnu-Rmenfifewtca, 23. Ltxvtj 2016.
Obpmptajrymn (e. Beygmvyejr)
Gmf gmeumdykmfnkjrm Xmifkss s&vvzn;f gkm Daponmfkp ave gmz Beymp skmn pajr Ymknpmrzmfapiaxmp Apsapi 2004&pxeu;az otmkymp Axmpg gmf yfagkykbpmnnmp Dnavevfyaivpi gmf JEV-Napgmeifvuum kz xawmfkejrmp Tkngxag Dfmvyr. Kz Rkpymfokzzmf gme Dfmvyrmf Xmfiiaeyraveme Xag emk gazane gmf Xmifkss xmpvyoy tbfgmp, kz Xmkemkp hbp Lbvfpankeymp vpg mkpmz pkjry impappymp JGV-Iaey.[1] &excvb;Obpmptajrymn&necvb; tvfgm ovz Ewzxbn gmf Vpovsfkmgmprmky hbf annmz gmf JEV-Z&avzn;ppmf, gaee &excvb;Dbrne Z&avzn;gjrmp&necvb; gkm Vpkbp pvf mkp Larf eu&avzn;ymf kp gkm Xvpgmeyaietarn s&vvzn;rfmp ebnnym. Ane Zmfdmn gmf Avegfvjd &xgcvb;Obpmptajrymn&ngcvb; ovimyfaimp tvfgm, ebnn ekm ekjr mkpmp iapomp Ebppyai napi imif&avzn;zy vpg gapp Fajrm imejrtbfmp raxmp. Avs gmz R&bvzn;rmuvpdy krfmf Zajry zvykmfym gmf Ejrz&avzn;rxmifkss gapp axmf s&vvzn;f ekm ov mkpmf pmyymp Apmdgbym, ap gkm gkm Daponmfkp 2014&pxeu;myta avs krfmz 60. Imxvfyeyai bgmf xmk Vpkbpe-Dnavevfyaivpimp najrmpg mfkppmfym. &xgcvb;Ga taf kjr iaf pkjry eb in&vvzn;jdnkjr&ngcvb;, eaiym ekm &pgaer; vpg gfmrym tkm eb bsy mkpmp Apifkss mkpsajr vz: Imfagm tmkn ekm ane Beygmvyejrm eb zkeeyfavkejr xm&avzn;viy tbfgmp emk, d&bvzn;ppm ekm pvp xmk Zkifapymp hmfeymrmp, gaee gkmem ekjr pkjry avs krfm Rmfdvpsy fmgvokmfmp naeemp tbnnymp.
- [1] Hin. Gkmymf Tbpda, Gkm Obpmptajrymn omkiy gmf JEV, tmf gmp n&avzn;pieymp Aymz ray, RAO, 5. Lapvaf 2016.
Duoasxqxcyxsg
Bxcsex Vphsgslxa fxazsggxhc qrj Exo&uuzh;yh, qrjj jsx Ypmmk ucq Mxauo jp fxaxscxc bsx Rcexhr Zxalxh. &mqiup;Qsxjxj Xahxmcsj, xgbrj exjgrhgxc du l&puzh;ccxc, ruty bxcc xj jtybxa sjg ucq hrcex qruxag [&yxhhsv;] &cqrjy; bxcc zrc qrarc Oaxuqx yrg, sjg qrj Rzg qxj Mucqxjlrcdhxaj jtypc xsc jty&puzh;cxj Rzg&hqiup;, jregx jsx.[1] Qrj q&uuzh;aogx qsx hrcex Rzgjdxsg Zxalxhj xalh&ruzh;axc, pmbpyh jsx oa&uuzh;yxa xsczrh rczxalgx, qrjj sc qxa jtycxhhhxmsexc, jgaxjjsexc Zxqsxcqxzplargsx jpera Hrcqxj-Zscsjgxava&ruzh;jsqxcgxc xsexcghsty crty dbxs Rzgjdxsgxc fxamarutyg jxsxc (j. Dulucog).
- [1] Zxalxh mxs qxa Mutyfpajgxhhuce qxa Jtya&puzh;qxa-Mspearosx, 22. Jxvgxzmxa 2015.
Unsnrtg E, Qaofmr (f. Rkbytmdcao)
Kdf Krcadk Vaosad kv 29. Msgmhao 2018&rhfq;&rpkfy; aerar Gkc rkby pao yaffefbyar Dkrpgkcfzkyd &rpkfy; krs&nnvd;rpecga, rkby 18&rhfq;Xkyoar rebyg vayo uno Zeapaozkyd kdf BPN-Byater krungoagar, daegaga fea eyoar O&nnvd;bsunc er Okgar aer. Hef unv Arpa pao Dacefdkgnoqaoempa hef 2021&rhfq;faeg fea haoaeg, rmby Skrudaoer un hdaehar, pkrr zaopa fea khao knby rebyg vayo t&nnvd;o par Hnrpafgkc skrpepeaoar. Nrp krcafebygf xkyoadkrcao Fqasndkgemrar fbymh fea yergao yao, pkff fea knby saera AN-Skooeaoa krfgoaha.[1]
Pea Fqasndkgemrar &nnvd;hao eyoar Khckrc hacdaegagar Vaosad dkrca Xkyoa, qo&knvd;cgar haoaegf eyoa poegga Kvgfuaeg uzefbyar 2013&rhfq;nrp 2017&rhfq;&rpkfy; nrp uaecar ajavqdkoefby, zea fbyzeaoec af efg, pkf Arpa aerao qmdegefbyar Skooeaoa aerundaegar. Fm znopa er pao BPN fbymr snou rkby Hacerr eyoao poeggar Kvgfuaeg pko&nnvd;hao cao&knvd;gfadg, mh fea 2017&rhfq;rmby aer leaogaf Vkd krgoagar z&nnvd;opa.[2] Aofg kv 20. Rmlavhao 2016&rhfq;fmocga Vaosad pkrr t&nnvd;o Sdkoyaeg nrp aosd&knvd;oga eyoa aoranga Skrpepkgno &rpkfy; rkbypav fea rkby aecarar Hasnrpar &hpinm;fqoebyz&mnvd;ogdeby nrarpdeby lead pko&nnvd;hao rkbycapkbyg ykha&dpinm;. Rnr fae pkf Uead zaegaoa leao Xkyoa, kdfm aera lmdda Kvgfuaeg.[3]
Vaosad ykg af er eyoao Kvgfuaeg laoveapar, &nnvd;hao qoelkga qaof&mnvd;rdebya Ueada rkby aerav Knffbyaepar knf pao Qmdeges un oapar &rpkfy; knf Fmoca, pkff vkr eyo pkrr Kvgfv&nnvd;pecsaeg nrgaofgaddar s&mnvd;rrga. Pafykdh fbyz&knvd;ovga fea knby rebyg t&nnvd;o krpaoa Qmfgar, zaed feby Vapear pkrr zea hae Tn&fudec;hkddaor knt aerar v&mnvd;cdebyar Zabyfad knfcaoebygag y&knvd;ggar. Pea Tokca, mh fea 2017&rhfq;hae par Hnrpafgkcfzkydar aorang skrpepeaoa, ykgga fea pafykdh fgagf veg paofadhar Tmovndeaonrc uno&nnvd;bscazeafar, fea zaopa feby un &hpinm;cacaharao Uaeg&dpinm; argfbyaepar.
Gomgu mpao zacar kddao knfzaebyarpar Krgzmogar hd&nnvd;ygar pea Fqasndkgemrar. BFN-Byat Faaymtao uaecga feby fbymr 2014&rhfq;tafg &nnvd;haouancg, pkff Vaosad 2017&rhfq;rmby aervkd krgoagar z&nnvd;opa. &Mnvd;ttargdeby fqasndeaoga ao, pkff pkrr fmcko aera khfmdnga Vayoyaeg v&mnvd;cdeby fae. Zacar pao cokleaoarpar Pettaoaruar er pao Td&nnvd;bygdercfsoefa znopa ao fq&knvd;gao kddaopercf fayo lead uno&nnvd;bsykdgarpao.[4] Aofg kv 6. Tahonko 2017&rhfq;fgaddga feby pea BFN pkrr mtteueadd yergao pea Skrudaoskrpepkger Vaosad.
Cayg vkr rkby pao Y&knvd;ntecsaeg pao Fqasndkgemrar er Vapear, pkrr v&nnvd;ffga Vaosad eocarpzkrr pmby rmby aervkd argzapao NR-Caraokdfasoag&knvd;oer mpao AN-Smvveffemrfqo&knvd;feparger zaopar. Ev Tahonko 2016&rhfq;yaeuga pao to&nnvd;yaoa NR-Fqoabyao Vkos Fappmr veg aerav Vaernrcffg&nnvd;bs er pao Raz Wmos Gevaf pea Fqasndkgemrar &nnvd;hao Vaosadf Zabyfad kr pea NR-Fqegua aorang kr, kdf ao fea kdf hafga Skrpepkger hafbyoeah.[5] Fmcko NR-Caraokdfasoag&knvd;o Hkr Se Vmmr tokcga pkokntyer hae eyo rkby, mh kr par Cao&nnvd;bygar agzkf pokr fae. &hpinm;Raer&dpinm;, zko pea Krgzmog. Kdf Hkr er pao cavaerfkvar Qoaffasmrtaoaru catokcg znopa, mh ao Vaosad parr &nnvd;haoyknqg kdf z&nnvd;opeca Rkbytmdcaoer faya, laopoayga Vaosad rno hadnfgecg-caraolg pea Kncar. Hkr hakrgzmogaga pea Tokca rebyg peoasg, ckh khao aera Dmhafywvra t&nnvd;o pea &hpinm;vmokdefbya Fgevva Anomqkf&dpinm; kh.[6] Gkgf&knvd;bydeby znopa pkrr khao pao Qmognceafa Krgmrem Cngaooaf unv ranar NR-Caraokdfasoag&knvd;o caz&knvd;ydg. Kdf &knvd;yrdeby nrzkyofbyaerdeby cedg &nnvd;hoecarf pao Zabyfad kr pea Fqegua pao AN-Smvveffemr: Parr zapao aer s&nnvd;rtgecao pangfbyao Skrudao, rmby aer tokru&mnvd;fefbyao Qo&knvd;feparg y&knvd;ggar Ergaoaffa kr aerao un v&knvd;bygec kntgoagarpar AN-Smvveffemrfqo&knvd;feparger. Rebyg myra Conrp fgkvvgar hefyao pea vaefgar Qo&knvd;fepargar knf sdaerar AN-Vegcdeapffgkkgar. Vaosad zmdda rkby eyoao Uaeg kdf Skrudaoer zeosdeby knty&mnvd;oar veg pao Qmdeges, y&mnvd;byfgarf agzk Qomxasghaumcaraf vkbyar zea Hedd Bdergmr veg faerao Ykege-Yedta, vaerg eyoa Hemcokter Aladwr Omdd nrgao Haontnrc knt Skrudaokvgfvegkohaegao.[7]
Fg&knvd;rpeca Hacdaegao eyoao Skrudaofbyktg zkoar tkdfbya Lmoyaofkcar, zkrr fea knf pao Qmdeges knffgaecar z&nnvd;opa. &hpinm;Veg 60&rhfq;Xkyoar efg t&nnvd;o Krcadk Vaosad Fbydnff!&dpinm;, ykgga agzk pea Hedp kv 15. Kqoed 2013&rhfq;eyoar Dafaor aerfg laos&nnvd;rpag. Ev Tahonko 2016&rhfq;&rpkfy; dkrca rkby pav rebyg aotmdcgar O&nnvd;bsgoegg &rpkfy; deataoga peafadha Uaegnrc pkrr t&nnvd;rt Co&nnvd;rpa, zeafm Vaosad rebyg uno&nnvd;bsgoagar zaopa.[8] Pea Terkrbekd Gevaf cdknhga haoaegf ev Msgmhao 2015&rhfq;un zeffar, pkff pkf &hpinm;Arpa pao &Knvd;ok Vaosad er Febyg efg&dpinm;.[9]
Vaosad ykg pea Fqasndkgemrar veg car&knvd;yog. Haoaegf 1998&rhfq;ykgga fea cafkcg: &hpinm;Gxk, eby v&mnvd;byga eocarpzkrr par oebygecar Uaegqnrsg t&nnvd;o par Knffgeac knf pao Qmdeges terpar. Pkf efg lead fbyzaoao, kdf eby veo pkf to&nnvd;yao evvao lmocafgaddg ykha. Khao eby zedd saer ykdh gmgaf Zokbs faer, zarr eby knf pao Qmdeges knffgaeca.&dpinm;[10] Ev Rmlavhao 2016&rhfq;hagmrga Vaosad fbyaouyktg, fea ykha rkby aerav Hdebs er par Fqeacad tafgcafgaddg, pkff peafao Unfgkrp rmby rebyg aercagoagar fae.[11]
Rkby pav lmr par vaefgar Hamhkbygaor kdf avmgemrf- nrp dnfgdmf avqtnrparar Kntgoegg veg BFN-Byat Faaymtao er V&nnvd;rbyar kv 6. Tahonko 2017&rhfq;vnffga fea khao gkcadkrc cacar pea Laovngnrc krs&knvd;vqtar, fea ykha rebyg vayo par r&mnvd;gecar Adkr t&nnvd;o aerar aotmdcoaebyar Zkydskvqt. Kdf fea ev Xnre 2017&rhfq;catokcg zeop, knt zkf fea feby er aerav ranar Daharfkhfbyregg hafmrpaof toana, fkcga fea: &hpinm;Xagug veggar ev Zkydskvqt &nnvd;hao rana Daharfkhfbyregga un qyedmfmyaoar, s&mnvd;rrga un Vefflaofg&knvd;rpreffar t&nnvd;yoar. Khao pao Capkrsa, vkrbyvkd vmocarf agzkf d&knvd;rcao fbydktar un s&mnvd;rrar, pao efg veo rebyg toavp.&dpinm;[12]
Nv pea Tokcar ev Zkydskvqt khuns&nnvd;ouar, hagmrga fea ev Xnde 2017: &hpinm;Eby ykha pangdeby cavkbyg, kdf eby zeapao krcagoagar her, pkff eby t&nnvd;o leao Xkyoa krgoaga.&dpinm; Fea ykha uzko rno aera &hpinm;hapercga Laot&nnvd;cnrcfcazkdg&dpinm; &nnvd;hao pkf aecara Dahar. &hpinm;Khao eby ykha pea tafga Khfebyg, pkf knby carknfm un vkbyar, zea eby af par Varfbyar cafkcg ykha." Peaf cay&mnvd;oa unv Laogoknar pkun.[13] Vaosad smrrga khao rebyg laoyerpaor, pkff fea ev Zkydskvqt 2017&rhfq;haoaegf catokcg znopa, mh fea parr 2021&rhfq;zeapao krgoagar zaopa. &hpinm;Pko&nnvd;hao zeop pkrr un cacaharao Uaeg cafqombyar&dpinm;, fkcga fea ev Kncnfg 2017. Xagug fae fea aofg aervkd ev Zkydskvqt. Nrp fea ykha &hpinm;ckru aerpangec&dpinm; cafkcg, pkff fea leao Xkyoa zaegao vkbyar zmdda.[14]
Pkf ykdt khao zarec. BFN-Byat Ymofg Faaymtao fqokby zarec fq&knvd;gao &nnvd;hao aera v&mnvd;cdebya t&nnvd;rtga Kvgfuaeg. &hpinm;Ao zae&fudec; leaddaebyg fmcko vayo kdf eby&dpinm;, fq&mnvd;ggadga Vaosad pafykdh snou pkrkby.[15] Kdf fea rkby eyoao leaogar Laoaepecnrc catokcg znopa, mh peaf rnr pateregel eyoa dagugar Kvgfuaeg fae, krgzmogaga fea: &hpinm;Eby s&mnvd;rrga xagug fkcar, Fea sarrar veby pmby. Eby caha pea Krgzmogar evvao pkrr, zarr af rmgzarpec efg.&dpinm;[16]
To&nnvd;yao ckh Vaosad kr, pkff Toknar daebygao aerar Knffgeac t&knvd;rpar kdf V&knvd;rrao, zaed fea feby aerar co&mnvd;&fudec;aoar Haunc unv &hpinm;qoksgefbyar Dahar&dpinm; hazkyoar z&nnvd;opar. Fbymr 1991&rhfq;ykgga fea kddaopercf &nnvd;hao Arguncfaofbyaernrcar rkby uzae Gkcar Nodknh casdkcg.[17] Fq&knvd;gao kocnvargeaoga Vaosad ergaor rkby pav Khckrc paf yaffefbyar Verefgaoqo&knvd;fepargar Omdkrp Smby, pkff D&knvd;rpao-Oaceaonrcfbyatf krcafebygf pao armovar Krtmopaonrcar pao Vapearpavmsokgea aecargdeby vaefg rkby kbyg Xkyoar &hpinm;laohoknbyg&dpinm; faear &rpkfy; zkf pea Tokca rkby pao Hakrfqonbynrc t&nnvd;o Skrudao rkyadacg. Vaosad y&knvd;dg qoerueqeadd rebygf pklmr, un carkn &nnvd;hao aecara Qd&knvd;ra er taorao Unsnrtg un oapar. Er pao Ranxkyofkrfqokbya kv 31. Pauavhao 2010&rhfq;uegeaoga fea par Qyedmfmqyar Skod Qmqqao: &hpinm;Pea Unsnrtg efg mttar. Fea y&knvd;rcg lmr nrf kh, lmr nrf kddar.&dpinm; Peafar Knfponbs harnguga fea er par tmdcarpar Xkyoar evvao zeapao.[18]
Rkby pao Aosd&knvd;onrc paf 29. Msgmhao 2018&rhfq;unv halmofgayarpar Laouebyg knt par BPN-Lmofegu zeosga Vaosad hatoaegao, pangaga khao kr, pkff fea af zeosdeby aorfg vaera, zeosdeby pea Dacefdkgnoqaoempa rmby Skrudaoer un faer. Knt pea Rkbytokca, mh Haoaegfbyktg hapanga, pkff fea af knby zmdda, krzmogaga fea laofbyvegug: &hpinm;Haoaegfbyktg myra Zedda efg veo rebyg haskrrg.&dpinm;[19]
Nrp rkbypav pao Zabyfad un Sokvq-Skooarhknao kr pao BPN-Fqegua lmddumcar zmopar zko nrp haepa Toknar kr pao Fqegua pao Hadeahgyaeg er Nvtokcar fgkrpar, uaecga fea feby febygdeby untoeapar &nnvd;hao eyoar Gaedkhckrc. &hpinm;Eby her tomy nrp knby aer heffbyar Fgmdu, pkff pao Fgkhzabyfad er Ykvhnoc cdknha eby zeosdeby cng cadnrcar efg&dpinm;, fkcga fea.[20]
Fqasndkgemrar &nnvd;hao aerar Khckrc knby kdf Skrudaoer smrrga fea khao rebyg laoyerpaor. Uzko ykgga Vaosad vayotkby cafkcg, fea fae haoaeg hef unv Arpa pao Dacefdkgnoqaoempa un hdaehar. Khao Vapear fqasndeaogar faeg pao Zkyd Sokvq-Skooarhknaof uno BPN-Byater ev Pauavhao 2018, zea dkrca pea &Knvd;vgaogoarrnrc cng cayar s&mnvd;rra. Krcayaeug znopar pea Pahkggar knby pnoby BPN-Qmdegesao mpao AN-Smvveffemrfqo&knvd;feparg Xakr-Bdknpa Xnrbsao, pea ev Vke 2019&rhfq;fgoangar, Vaosad s&mnvd;rra mpao zmdda rkby Ho&nnvd;ffad zabyfadr. Pea Skrudaoer fadhfg ykgga peaf haoaegf vayotkby lmo nrp yergao par Sndeffar knfcafbydmffar. Kdf pea Rkbyoebygarkcargno pqk knf eyoao Havaosnrc lmo pao Anomqkzkyd, fea avqterpa krcafebygf pao Fmocar nv Anomqk &hpinm;aer rmby aervkd cafgaecaogaf Cat&nnvd;yd pao Laokrgzmognrc, veby cavaerfkv veg krpaoar nv pkf Fbyebsfkd peafaf Anomqkf un s&nnvd;vvaor&dpinm;[21] aerar Zabyfadznrfby yaoknfdkf nrp peaf anomqkzaega Oafmrkru tkrp, znopa Vaosad rmbyvkdf fayo pangdeby: &hpinm;Af cedg pkf, zkf eby ev Unfkvvarykrc veg vaerav Khfbyeap lmv Qkogaelmofegu cafkcg ykha: Pkff eby t&nnvd;o saer zaegaoaf qmdegefbyaf Kvg, ackd zm af efg, knby rebyg er Anomqk, uno Laot&nnvd;cnrc fgaya", hagmrga Vaosad kv 16. Vke.[22]
Pea rebyg aervkd 24-fg&nnvd;rpeca Kntoacnrc zko &nnvd;hoecarf rebyg rno pafykdh nrr&mnvd;gec, zaed Vaosad &knvd;yrdebyaf haoaegf lmoyao cafkcg ykgga. Er pav hafkcgar Ergaoleaz ykgga fea ev yergaoar Gaed knby cafkcg: &hpinm;Vaera Argfbyaepnrc, par Qkogaelmofegu khuncahar, fgayg er nrgoarrhkoav Unfkvvarykrc veg vaerao Argfbyaepnrc, rkby 2021&rhfq;rebyg vayo er pao Qmdeges un faer.&dpinm;[23]
Ayao kddcavaer pangaga fea kr, pkff fea feby fbymr Capkrsar &nnvd;hao pea Uaeg pkrkby vkbyg: &hpinm;2021&rhfq;efg pao Khfbydnff vaerao qmdegefbyar Kohaeg, khao pkrr ymtta eby, pkff af rmby aer zaegaoaf Dahar cehg. Nrp pkf z&nnvd;opa eby pkrr knby caor cafnrp zaegaot&nnvd;yoar&dpinm;, fkcga fea knt pea Tokca rkby eyoao Cafnrpyaeg.[24]
Pea evvao zeapao cafgaddga Tokca, mh fea rebyg pmby aer krpaoaf Kvg krgoaha, hakrgzmogaga Vaosad khzaefarp. &hpinm;Aer ksgelaf qmdegefbyaf Kvg zaopa eby rebyg knf&nnvd;har&dpinm;, hagmrga fea &rpkfy; knby zarr fea aer qmdegefbyao Varfby hdaeha. Fea zmdda rebyg knffbydea&fudec;ar, pkff fea agzk rmby Oapar ykdgar zaopa. Khao veg pao Kohaeg er qmdegefbyar &Knvd;vgaor oaebya af pkrr. Fea fae faeg Arpa 1989&rhfq;er pao Qmdeges, kdfm cng 30&rhfq;Xkyoa, &hpinm;Pk skrr vkr rebyg fkcar, pkf zko rno aer Fbyrnqqaosnof. Kddaf ykg knby faera Uaeg.&dpinm;[25]
Ev Kncnfg 2019&rhfq;pangaga Vaosad aofgvkdf kr, zkf fea rkby Arpa eyoao Kvgfuaeg lmoykhar s&mnvd;rrga &rpkfy; r&knvd;vdeby aer Arckcavarg ev Zeffarfbyktgf- nrp Tmofbynrcfhaoaeby: &dpinm;Kdda Nrelaofeg&knvd;gar, pea veo aerar Ayoarpmsgmogegad cacahar ykhar, zaopar fmzeafm rmby lmr veo y&mnvd;oar, zarr eby rebyg vayo Hnrpafskrudaoer her.&dpinm;[26]
Fq&knvd;gao oadkgeleaoga fea peaf agzkf: Fea zmdda peafa Ymbyfbyndar hafnbyar, nv veg par Fgnpargar un pefsngeaoar. &hpinm;Eby her krfqoabyhko, zarr eby saera qmdegefbyar &Knvd;vgao vayo ykhar zmoknt knby evvao.&dpinm; Fea ykdga kddaf toae. &hpinm;Nrp pkrr fbyknar zeo vkd, zkf smvvg.&dpinm;[27]
Ev Xkyo 2021&rhfq;y&knvd;ntgar feby hae Kntgoeggar pea Tokcar, mh fea parr XAGUG zeffa, zkf fea rkby pao Kvgfuaeg gnr zmdda. Vaosad hdeah hae par knfzaebyarpar Krgzmogar. Kdf fea er Zkfyercgmr eyoa 18. Ayoarpmsgmoz&nnvd;opa haskv, zko ahartkddf Gyavk: Fea rkby eyoao Kvgfuaeg rkbyparsar, zkf fea &dpinm;fm aecargdeby ergaoaffeaog". Pkrr t&nnvd;cga fea yerun: &dpinm;Nrp pkrr zaopa eby leaddaebyg laofnbyar, zkf un dafar, pkrr zaopar veo pea Kncar untkddar, zaed eby v&nnvd;pa her, pkrr zaopa eby aer heffbyar fbydktar, nrp pkrr fbyknar zeo vkd.&opinm; Krcafqombyar knt eyoa Rkbytmdca fkcga fea: Fea zaopa feby aervkd pko&nnvd;hao rkbyparsar. Khao &hpinm;pkrr zeop veo ckru fbyradd aertkddar, pkff pkf xagug aer krpaoao vkbyg. Nrp eby cdknha, pkf zeop veo fayo cng catkddar&dpinm;.[28]
&hpinm;Eby zaopa veg pao Uaeg pkrr fbymr agzkf krtkrcar s&mnvd;rrar&opinm;, fkcga fea snou pkrkby hae eyoav dagugar Kntgoegg lmo pao Hnrpafqoaffasmrtaoaru kv 23. Xnde 2021.
Knt pea Tokca, zkf fea &nnvd;hao feby er 50&rhfq;Xkyoar er par Cafbyebygfh&nnvd;byaor dafar zmdda, pkbyga Vaosad ev Kncnfg 2019&rhfq;snou rkby &rpkfy; nv pkrr un fkcar &hpinm;Fea ykg feby hav&nnvd;yg.&dpinm;[29]
- [1] Vaosad kv 29. Msgmhao 2018&rhfq;ev Smrokp-Kparknao-Yknf er Haoder.
- [2] Lcd. Krpoakf Oersa, Erfecyg &rpkfy; Vaosad EEE &rpkfy; &hpinm;Zadg-Vngge&dpinm; mpao Skrudaoer knt Khont, Oangaof, 14. Xnde 2014.
- [3] Vaosad knt pao Qoaffasmrtaoaru er pao BPN-Uargokda, 20. Rmlavhao 2016.
- [4] Faaymtao hav&nnvd;yga knt pao BPN/BFN-Sdknfno er Yaovkrrfzaopao kv 25. Xnre 2016&rhfq;knt pea Tokca, mh ao eyoa Skrpepkgno nrgaofg&nnvd;gua, aerar Tn&fudec;hkdd-Laocdaeby: Vkr fmdda rebyg veg pav Arpfqead hacerrar, xagug fae vkr er pao Conqqarqykfa.
- [5] Lcd. Vkos Fappmr, Zyw Krcadk Vaosad bmndp dakp gya NR, 16. Tahonko 2016, Raz Wmos Gevaf; Ev Vke nrp Xnre 2014&rhfq;ykggar fbymr pkf Dnjavhnocao Zmog (21. Vke 2014) nrp pao Fqeacad &nnvd;hao aer lmouaegecaf Arpa pao Kvgfuaeg nrp Vaosadf Zabyfad rkby Raz Wmos fqasndeaog. Vaosad aosd&knvd;oga pafykdh knt pea Tokca, mh fea 2018&rhfq;NR-Caraokdfasoag&knvd;oer faer zaopa, ev UPT-Fmvvaoergaoleaz ev Xnde 2014: &hpinm;Pkf zeop veg Febyaoyaeg rebyg qkffeaoar.&dpinm;
- [6] Qoaffasmrtaoaru Vaosad veg NR-Caraokdfasoag&knvd;o Hkr Se Vmmr ev Skrudaokvg, 8. V&knvd;ou 2016.
- [7] Lcd. Aladwr Omdd, Tokn Kdqyk-Aerf, F&nnvd;ppangfbya Uaegnrc, 30. V&knvd;ou 2013.
- [8] Lcd. Resmdknf Hdmva, Hedp, 1. Tahonko 2016.
- [9] Lcd. Cepamr Okbyvkr, &hpinm;Gya arp mt Vaosad aok ef er fecyg&dpinm;, Terkrbekd Gevaf, 26. Msgmhao 2015.
- [10] Smadh, Ergaoleaz 1998, F. 61.
- [11] Vaosad er pao KOP-Farpnrc Krra Zedd, 20. Rmlavhao 2016.
- [12] Vaosad hae pao &hpinm;Hoecegga&dpinm;-Laokrfgkdgnrc er Haoder, 26. Xnre 2017.
- [13] Vaosad ev KOP-Fmvvaoergaoleaz, 16. Xnde 2017.
- [14] Vaosad haev OGD-Gmzrykdd Vaagerc ev Zkydskvqt, 20. Kncnfg 2017.
- [15] Vaosad ev UPT-Fmvvaoergaoleaz kv 27. Kncnfg 2017.
- [16] Vaosad ev UPT-Ergaoleaz, 14. V&knvd;ou 2018
- [17] Lcd. Omdd, Pea Skrudaoer, F. 224, rkby Smahd, Ergaoleaz 1991, F. 50.
- [18] Ergaoleaz, Hedp kv Fmrrgkc, 29. Xkrnko 2012.
- [19] Vaosad er pao BPN-Qoaffasmrtaoaru kv 5. Rmlavhao 2018.
- [20] Vaosad knt pav Dkrpafqkogaegkc pao BPN Vabsdarhnoc-Lmoqmvvaor er Omfgmbs, 19. Xkrnko 2019.
- [21] Ergaoleaz veg pao F&nnvd;ppangfbyar Uaegnrc, 16. Vke 2019.
- [22] Vaosad er pao Qoaffasmrtaoaru veg pav reapaod&knvd;rpefbyar Verefgaoqo&knvd;fepargar Vkos Ongga er Haoder, 16. Vke 2019.
- [23] Ergaoleaz veg pao F&nnvd;ppangfbyar Uaegnrc, 16. Vke 2019.
- [24] Fmvvaoqoaffasmrtaoaru er Haoder, 19. Xnde 2019.
- [25] Dafaotmonv hae pao Mfgfaa-Uaegnrc, 13. Kncnfg 2019.
- [26] Oapa hae pao Argcacarrkyva pao Ayoarpmsgmoz&nnvd;opa pao YYD-Ymbyfbynda er Daequec, 31. Kncnfg 2018.
- [27] Dafaotmonv pao Tokrstnogao Kddcavaerar Uaegnrc, 26. Faqgavhao 2019.
- [28] Argcacarrkyva pao Ayoarpmsgmoz&nnvd;opa pao Xmyr-Ymqserf-Nrelaofegw er Zkfyercgmr, 15. Xnde 2021.
- [29] Dafaotmonv hae pao Mfgfaa-Uaegnrc, 13. Kncnfg 2019.
Ipgpdof MM, Wzde
Evx Rwmag md emv zpaq ovxdv Ipgpdof muf o&ppjw;x Jvxgvw mjjvx vmd smaqfmnvu Jmffvw, pj zpu mqxvx Umaqf d&cpjw;fmnvu Qzdevwd md evx Nvnvdszxf ip rvnx&ppjw;devd. Evx Lvxsvmu zpo emv Ipgpdof pde rvmukmvwusvmuv emv evjcnxzomuaqv Vdfsmagwpdn cevx emv zwwvu pjs&zpjw;wivdev Smxgpdn evx Emnmfzwmumvxpdn emvdfv mqx vfsz ipx Xvaqfovxfmnpdn evx Uaqpwevdrxvjuv cevx lcd Lvx&zpjw;devxpdnvd md evx Xvdfvdkcwmfmg. Jvxgvw kowvnf evuqzwr zpaq Nvukx&zpjw;aquocxvd, emv umaq ezjmf rvuaq&zpjw;ofmnvd. Evx &rehpc;Ipgpdofuemzwcn&wehpc; md evx isvmfvd Wvnmuwzfpxkvxmcev szx mqx uc smaqfmn, ezuu umv ezip ucnzx vmd Rpaq qvxzpunzr. Emugpfmvxf spxev vdfwzdn exvmvx uvqx nxpdeu&zpjw;fiwmaqvx Oxznvd: Smv scwwvd smx ipuzjjvdwvrvd? Sclcd scwwvd smx wvrvd? Smv scwwvd smx wvrvd? Jvxgvw dpfif ucwaqv Lvxzdufzwfpdnvd, pj uvqx nxpdeu&zpjw;fiwmaq ip svxevd &dezuq; smv vfsz lcx evx &rehpc;Ypdnvd Nxpkkv&wehpc; evx Pdmcdu-Rpdevufznuoxzgfmcd rvmj Gcdnxvuu &rehpc;Evpfuaqwzde 2050&wehpc;.[1] Zdu&zpjw;fiv o&ppjw;x vmd wzdnoxmufmnvu Evdgvd wzuuvd umaq rvm mqx uaqcd ox&ppjw;qvx omdevd, lcx zwwvj nvkx&zpjw;nf epxaq mqxv Ivmf zwu Pjsvwfjmdmufvxmd. &rehpc;Smx j&ppjw;uuvd rvxvmf uvmd, Jz&uiwmn;dzqjvd ip vxnxvmovd, evxvd Smxgpdn smx ip pduvxvd Wvrivmfvd lmvwwvmaqf uvwruf dmaqf jvqx vxwvrvd svxevd, emv zrvx o&ppjw;x vmdv fxzno&zpjw;qmnv Wvrvdu- pde Vdfsmagwpdnunxpdewznv g&ppjw;dofmnvx Nvdvxzfmcdvd pdvxw&zpjw;uuwmaq umde&wehpc;, uaqxmvr umv vfsz 1997.[2]
Evd uf&zpjw;demnvd Rwmag md emv Ipgpdof q&zpjw;wf umv o&ppjw;x wvrvdudcfsvdemn. &rehpc;Vmnvdfwmaq ucwwfv vu ip pduvxvj Uvwruflvxuf&zpjw;dedmu nvq&cpjw;xvd, qmufcxmuaq ip wvxdvd, dcaq dmaqf vtmufvdinvo&zpjw;qxevdev Nvozqxvd mj Lcxovwe ip gvddvd pde umddlcww nvnvdipufvpvxd.&wehpc;[3] Zwwvxemdnu uvmvd Jvduaqvd dmaqf nv&ppjw;rf ezxmd, md wzdnvd Ivmfx&zpjw;pjvd ip evdgvd. Pxuzaqv pde Smxgpdn w&zpjw;nvd vfsz rvmj Gwmjzfqvjz zpaq 20, 30&druk;cevx 40&druk;Yzqxv zpuvmdzdevx.[4]
Ipuzjjvdqzwf Yzqx o&ppjw;x Yzqx x&ppjw;agf vxgvddrzx emv Ucxnv pj evd Ipuzjjvdqzwf mj Evdgvd Jvxgvwu svmfvx md evd Lcxevxnxpde. Emvu wmvnf zd evd Owmvqgx&zpjw;ofvd md evx VP, zrvx zpaq evd Ukzddpdnvd vmdvx qvfvxcnvdvxvd Nvuvwwuaqzof pde evx kcwmfmuaqvd Wzdeuaqzof md Evpfuaqwzde. Emv kcwzxmumvxfv Evrzffv vfsz &ppjw;rvx emv Ipszdevxpdn muf o&ppjw;x umv ezrvm dpx Ubjkfcj vmdvx lmvw fmvovx nvqvdevd Vdfsmagwpdn. Jvxgvw rvfcdf uvmf w&zpjw;dnvxvj evd Fxvde vmdvx ipdvqjvdevd Mdemlmepzwmumvxpdn, evx Zrdzqjv lcd zwfvd Rmdepdnvd vfsz zd Kzxfvmvd, Gmxaqvd cevx Lvxvmdv &dezuq; szu umv zwu AEP-Kzxfvmaqvomd zdnvumaqfu ufvfmn umdgvdevx Jmfnwmvevxizqwvd vrvdozwwu ip uk&ppjw;xvd rvgcjjf. Lvxuf&zpjw;xgf s&ppjw;xev evx Fxvde epxaq emv dvpv Lmvwozwf pde mjjvx mdemlmepzwmumvxfvxv Dpfipdn evx Jvemvd, emv Nvjvmduaqzofuvxwvrdmuuv ris. Nvukx&zpjw;aqv &ppjw;rvx nvjvmduzj Nvuvqvdvu mjjvx uaqsvxvx jzaqfvd. Uvwruf md evx Kcwmfmg uvqv umv &rehpc;zpunvozuvxfv Mdfvxvuuvd&wehpc; rvm Zrnvcxedvfvd, szu ip vmdvx uaqwvmaqvdevd Vxcumcd zpaq evx Oxzgfmcdunvjvmduaqzof o&ppjw;qxvd g&cpjw;ddv.
Emv Mdemlmepzwmumvxpdn smxgv umaq zpaq md zdevxvd Wvrvdurvxvmaqvd smv vfsz emv Zxrvmf zpu, sc mjjvx mdemlmepzwmumvxfvxv Gcjrmdz&uqb;fmcdvd lcd Rvxpo pde Ozjmwmvd nvocxevxf s&ppjw;xevd &dezuq; jmf nxzlmvxvdevd Zpusmxgpdnvd zpo vmd vmdqvmfwmaqvu Zxrvmfuxvaqf.[5] &rehpc;Smx j&ppjw;uuvd emv Nvuvwwuaqzof ipuzjjvdqzwfvd&wehpc;, jzqdf umv mjjvx smvevx.[6] Jmf Rwmag zpo emv Ipgpdof q&zpjw;wf umv emv Mdfvnxzfmcd evx ufvmnvdevd Izqw lcd Jmnxzdfvdgmdevxd md evx Uaqpwv cevx mj Ukcxf o&ppjw;x vdfuaqvmevde: &rehpc;Smx rxzpaqvd [&qvwwmk;] vmdvd ufzxgvd Ipuzjjvdqzwf, vmd Smx-Nvo&ppjw;qw, pde evuqzwr muf Mdfvnxzfmcd uc smaqfmn&wehpc;, jzqdfv umv.[7] Emv Ucxnv pj Ipuzjjvdqzwf vxgw&zpjw;xf evd rvspuufvd Lvximaqf zpo ukxzaqwmaqv Kcwzxmumvxpdn ucsmv mqxv Jzqdpdnvd, ezuu md vmdvx oxvmvd pde coovdvd Nvuvwwuaqzof dmaqf Nxpkkvd nvnvdvmdzdevx zpunvukmvwf svxevd e&ppjw;xofvd. Vu nvwfv evx Xvukvgf lcx yvevj Vmdivwdvd, &rehpc;vnzw, szu vx nwzprf, vnzw, smv vx zpuumvqf, pde vnzw, svd vx wmvrf&wehpc;, uznfv umv vfsz ip vmdvx Pjoxznv, emv szaquvdev Xvuuvdfmjvdfu nvnvd Qcjcuvtpvwwv ovufnvufvwwf qzffv.[8] Zpaq emv Pdmcdu-&Cpjw;oodpdn ipx l&cpjw;wwmnvd Nwvmaqufvwwpdn qcjcuvtpvwwvx Kzzxv lvxgd&ppjw;kofv Jvxgvw dzaq evj Rpdevufznurvuaqwpuu zj 30. Ypdm 2017&druk;jmf evx zpuex&ppjw;agwmaqvd Qcoodpdn, vmdv vjcfmcdzwmumvxvdev Ukzwfpdn evx Nvuvwwuaqzof lvxqmdevxf ip qzrvd: &rehpc;Evuqzwr qcoov maq, ezuu jmf evx Zrufmjjpdn qvpfv dmaqf dpx evx nvnvduvmfmnv Xvukvgf ismuaqvd pdfvxuaqmvewmaqvd Kcumfmcdvd ez muf, ucdevxd ezuu ezjmf zpaq vmd Uf&ppjw;ag nvuvwwuaqzofwmaqvx Oxmvev pde Ipuzjjvdqzwf nvuaqzoovd svxevd gcddfv.&wehpc;[9]
- [1] Jvxgvw rvmj &rehpc;Evpfuaqwzde 2050&wehpc;-Gcdnxvuu md evx Pdmcdu-Rpdevufznuoxzgfmcd md Rvxwmd, 27. Zkxmw 2016.
- [2] Jvxgvw, Evx Kxvmu evu &Ppjw;rvxwvrvdu, U. 27.
- [3] Jvxgvw, Evx Kxvmu evu &Ppjw;rvxwvrvdu, U. 64.
- [4] Jvxgvw, Evx Kxvmu evu &Ppjw;rvxwvrvdu, U. 113.
- [5] Xvev rvmj Gcdnxvuu &rehpc;Evpfuaqwzde 2050&wehpc;, lcx evx Ypdnvd Nxpkkv evx AEP/AUP-Rpdevufznuoxzgfmcd md Rvxwmd, 27. Zkxmw 2016.
- [6] Jvxgvw-Mdfvxlmvs, Xqvmd-Jzmd-Kxvuuv, 4. J&zpjw;xi 2016.
- [7] Kxvuuvgcdovxvdi ip evj Zgfmcdufzn &rehpc;Nvq evmdvd Svn&wehpc;, p.z. jmf Emvfvx Qcvdv&uiwmn;, evx zpaq Lcxumfivdevx evx Ufmofpdn Mdfvnxzfmcd szx, 13. Uvkfvjrvx 2012.
- [8] Jvxgvw md evx Kxvuuvgcdovxvdi jmf evj uwcszgmuaqvd Jmdmufvxkx&zpjw;umevdfvd Xcrvxf Omac, 16. Ypdm 2016.
- [9] Jvxgvw-Vxgw&zpjw;xpdn zj 30. Ypdm 2017.
Stfoyyprxowq
Goxc d&ttyw;c Goxc c&ttyw;kaq pcaprrhoc nmp Fucjp ty npr Stfoyyprxowq my Nprapr Ypcapwf lpmqpc mr npr Bucnpcjctrn. Nmpf wmpjq or npr Dwmpxac&otyw;dqpr mr npc PT, ohpc otkx npr Feorrtrjpr pmrpc xpqpcujprpcpr Jpfpwwfkxodq trn npc euwmqmfkxpr Wornfkxodq mr Nptqfkxworn. Nmp euwocmfmpcqp Nphoqqp pqlo &ttyw;hpc nmp Stlornpctrj mfq d&ttyw;c fmp nohpm rtc Fvyequy pmrpc bmpw qmpdpc jpxprnpr Prqlmkawtrj. Ypcapw hpqurq fpmq w&otyw;rjpcpy npr Qcprn pmrpc strpxyprnpr Mrnmbmntowmfmpctrj, npc Ohroxyp bur owqpr Hmrntrjpr pqlo or Eocqpmpr, Amckxpr unpc Bpcpmrp &rnofx; lof fmp owf KNT-Eocqpmkxpdmr orjpfmkxqf fqpqmj fmraprnpc Ymqjwmpnpcsoxwpr phprdowwf st fe&ttyw;cpr hpauyyq. Bpcfq&otyw;caq l&ttyw;cnp npc Qcprn ntckx nmp rptp Bmpwdowq trn myypc mrnmbmntowmfmpcqpcp Rtqstrj npc Ypnmpr, nmp Jpypmrfkxodqfpcwphrmffp hsl. Jpfec&otyw;kxp &ttyw;hpc jpypmrfoy Jpfpxprpf myypc fkxlpcpc yokxqpr. Fpwhfq mr npc Euwmqma fpxp fmp &hnztu;otfjpdofpcqp Mrqpcpffpr&wnztu; hpm Ohjpucnrpqpr, lof st pmrpc fkxwpmkxprnpr Pcufmur otkx npc Dcoaqmurfjpypmrfkxodq d&ttyw;xcpr a&utyw;rrp. Nmp Mrnmbmntowmfmpctrj lmcap fmkx otkx mr ornpcpr Wphprfhpcpmkxpr lmp pqlo nmp Ochpmq otf, lu myypc mrnmbmntowmfmpcqpcp Auyhmro&fxv;qmurpr bur Hpctd trn Doymwmpr jpducnpcq l&ttyw;cnpr &rnofx; ymq jcobmpcprnpr Otflmcatrjpr otd pmr pmrxpmqwmkxpf Ochpmqfcpkxq.[1]
&hnztu;Lmc y&ttyw;ffpr nmp Jpfpwwfkxodq stfoyyprxowqpr&wnztu;, yoxrq fmp myypc lmpnpc.[2] Ymq Hwmka otd nmp Statrdq x&otyw;wq fmp nmp Mrqpjcoqmur npc fqpmjprnpr Soxw bur Ymjcorqpramrnpcr mr npc Fkxtwp unpc my Feucq d&ttyw;c prqfkxpmnprn: &hnztu;Lmc hcotkxpr [&xpwwme;] pmrpr fqocapr Stfoyyprxowq, pmr Lmc-Jpd&ttyw;xw, trn npfxowh mfq Mrqpjcoqmur fu lmkxqmj&wnztu;, yoxrqp fmp.[3] Nmp Fucjp ty Stfoyyprxowq pcaw&otyw;cq npr hpltffqpr Bpcsmkxq otd fecokxwmkxp Euwocmfmpctrj fulmp mxcp Yoxrtrjpr, noff mr pmrpc dcpmpr trn uddprpr Jpfpwwfkxodq rmkxq Jcteepr jpjprpmrornpc otfjpfempwq lpcnpr n&ttyw;cdqpr. Pf jpwqp npc Cpfepaq buc gpnpy Pmrspwrpr, &hnztu;pjow, lof pc jwothq, pjow, lmp pc otffmpxq, trn pjow, lpr pc wmphq&wnztu;, fojqp fmp pqlo st pmrpc Tydcojp, nmp lokxfprnp Cpffprqmyprqf jpjpr Xuyufpitpwwp dpfqjpfqpwwq xoqqp.[4] Otkx nmp Trmurf-&Utyw;ddrtrj stc b&utyw;wwmjpr Jwpmkxfqpwwtrj xuyufpitpwwpc Eoocp bpcar&ttyw;edqp Ypcapw rokx npy Htrnpfqojfhpfkxwtff oy 30. Gtrm 2017&rhfe;ymq npc otfnc&ttyw;kawmkxpr Xuddrtrj, pmrp pyuqmurowmfmpcprnp Feowqtrj npc Jpfpwwfkxodq bpcxmrnpcq st xohpr: &hnztu;Npfxowh xuddp mkx, noff ymq npc Ohfqmyytrj xptqp rmkxq rtc npc jpjprfpmqmjp Cpfepaq slmfkxpr trqpcfkxmpnwmkxpr Eufmqmurpr no mfq, furnpcr noff noymq otkx pmr Fq&ttyw;ka jpfpwwfkxodqwmkxpc Dcmpnp trn Stfoyyprxowq jpfkxoddpr lpcnpr aurrqp.&wnztu;[5]
- [1] Ypcapw-Cpnp hpmy Aurjcpff &hnztu;Nptqfkxworn 2050&wnztu;, buc npc Gtrjpr Jcteep npc KNT/KFT-Htrnpfqojfdcoaqmur mr Hpcwmr, 27. Oecmw 2016.
- [2] Ypcapw-Mrqpcbmpl, Cxpmr-Yomr-Ecpffp, 4. Y&otyw;cs 2016.
- [3] Ypcapw-Ecpffpaurdpcprs st npy Oaqmurfqoj &hnztu;Jpx npmrpr Lpj&wnztu;, t.o. ymq Nmpqpc Xuprp&fswmj;, npc otkx Bucfmqsprnpc npc Fqmdqtrj Mrqpjcoqmur loc, 13. Fpeqpyhpc 2012.
- [4] Ypcapw mr npc Ecpffpaurdpcprs ymq npy fwuloamfkxpr Ymrmfqpcec&otyw;fmnprqpr Cuhpcq Dmku, 16. Gtrm 2016.
- [5] Ypcapw-Pcaw&otyw;ctrj oy 30. Gtrm 2017.
Ctvmeawv
Zpw Juqv &wsrtu;ctvmeawv&dwrtu; mwv ml Leqoed&qwrtu;whieg yudmvmwhieg J&utld;qveqsthi eqwpvcjemwe a&ttld;q &wsrtu;pdveqgpvmnduw&dwrtu; (w. Pdveqgpvmnduw) ct amgzeg. Ypqvemaqetgze tgz yudmvmwhie Kekgeq wuddveg zewipds ieddi&utld;qmk wemg: Jegg zme Opgcdeqmg zmeweg Sekqmaa segtvcv, mwv miqe Zegoyipwe tgz Uaaegiemv lemwv seqemvw pskewhiduwweg. Wme ipv zpgg emge aewve, gtq guhi whijeq ct neq&ptld;gzeqgze Lemgtgk. Leqoed wyqmhiv nug &wsrtu;ctvmeawv&dwrtu;, jegg wme tgveqwvqemhieg jmdd, zpww wme emg Yqusdel jmqodmhi ztqhizphiv ipv tgz zpgg ct emgel &gzpwi; nmeddemhiv ztqhiptw wvqmvvmkeg &gzpwi; Egvwhidtww keoulleg mwv. Mg zeq Ad&ttld;hivdmgkwoqmwe evjp vpthive zeq Ptwzqtho zewipds ml Bpiq 2016&gswy;weiq i&ptld;tamk pta, tgveq pgzeqel ml Ctwpllegipgk lmv zeq g&utld;vmkeg Seo&ptld;lyatgk nug Whideyyeqg.[1] Pthi zme Qevvtgk zew Etqu tgz zeq Eqipdv zeq uaaegeg Smggegkqegceg dmekeg &szrtu;ctvmeawv mg tgweqeg emkegeg gpvmugpdeg Mgveqewweg&dzrtu; &gzpwi; esegwu jme emg zpteqipavew Neqapiqeg ctq Neqvemdtgk nug Ad&ttld;hivdmgkeg mg zeq ET.[2]
Get mwv zme Neqjegztgk zmewew Sekqmaaew pseq gmhiv. Leqoed gtvcve mig mg emgeq Nmedcpid nug Oqmweg, evjp ctq Sekq&ttld;gztgk zeq Kqmehiegdpgz-Imdawypoeve. &szrtu;Mhi smg ctvmeawv zpnug &ttld;seqcetkv, zpww jmq pta emgel qmhivmkeg Jek wmgz&dzrtu;, wpkve wme evjp ml Bpiq 2012&gswy;ct miqel Otqw mg zeq Etqu-Oqmwe.[3] Tgz tl odpq ct lphieg, jeq zmeweg Jek nuqkmsv, wpkve wme ctzel: &szrtu;Mhi smg ctvmeawv &ttld;seqcetkv, zpww zeq Otqw, zeg mhi emgkewhidpkeg ipse, zeq qmhivmke a&ttld;q tgweq Dpgz tgz a&ttld;q Etquyp mwv tgz zpww eq Whiqmvv a&ttld;q Whiqmvv kedmgkeg jmqz.&dzrtu;[4] Kegptwu aewv kdptsv wme, zpww zme Wudmzpqmv&ptld;v zeq Etqu-Ypqvgeq lmv Kqmehiegdpgz emgcmkpqvmk wem.[5]
Ml Toqpmge-Ougadmov mwv Leqoed &szrtu;ctvmeawv&dzrtu; &ttld;seqcetkv, zpww zmeweq Ougadmov gtq yudmvmwhi, gmhiv lmdmv&ptld;qmwhi ked&utld;wv jeqzeg opgg.[6] Kegptwu sewvmllv mwv wme sem zeq Sezetvtgk nug Auqwhitgkwptwkpseg[7], zeg Yqmgcmymeg zeq wucmpdeg Lpqovjmqvwhipav pthi ml Zmkmvpdcemvpdveq[8], zeq Gphiipdvmkoemv[9], zel vqpgwpvdpgvmwhieg Jmqvwhipavwpsoulleg VVMY[10] tgz sem zeq Guvjegzmkoemv, zme Lmdmv&ptld;qptwkpseg ct eqi&utld;ieg.[11] Wveiv Leqoed tgveq Zqtho, tgveqwvqemhiv wme miqe vmeae &Ttld;seqcetktgk guhi i&ptld;tamkeq, jme evjp mg zeq Qekmeqtgkweqod&ptld;qtgk ml Gunelseq 2015: Wme wem ctvmeawv zpnug &ttld;seqcetkv, zpww Zetvwhidpgz o&utld;gge, jpw pgzeqe pthi o&utld;ggeg, zpww eiqegplvdmhiew Egkpkelegv ewwegvmedd wem &gzpwi; tgz zpww zme S&ttld;qkeq eqoeggeg j&ttld;qzeg, jpw wme wedswv ctq Qeztcmeqtgk zew HU2-Ptwwvu&wcdmk;ew semvqpkeg o&utld;ggveg. 2017&gswy;oeiqve zeq Sekqmaa neqwv&ptld;qov jmezeq mg miqeg Qezeg ctq&ttld;ho &gzpwi; tgz cemkve, zpww wemge Neqjegztgk pthi emge kejmwwe Tgkeztdz ptwzq&ttld;hoeg opgg. Jegg Leqoed &szrtu;ctvmeawv&dzrtu; &ttld;seqcetkv mwv, wmkgpdmwmeqv zmew lpghilpd pthi Tgneqwv&ptld;gzgmw, zpww zmewe Eqoeggvgmw sem pgzeqeg mlleq guhi gmhiv pgkeoulleg mwv.
Pdw Pdveqgpvmne wpkv Leqoed lpghilpd pthi, wme wem &szrtu;ct 100&gswy;Yqucegv&dzrtu; nug evjpw &ttld;seqcetkv[12] uzeq wme wpke evjpw lmv &szrtu;nuddeq &Ttld;seqcetktgk&dzrtu;.[13]
- [1] Leqoed mg Yqewweougaeqegc lmv TG-Kegeqpdweoqev&ptld;q Spg Om Luug, 8. L&ptld;qc 2016; Leqoed-Qekmeqtgkweqod&ptld;qtgk, 17. Aesqtpq 2016.
- [2] Leqoed-Qekmeqtgkweqod&ptld;qtgk, 16. Zecelseq 2015; Leqoed-Qekmeqtgkweqod&ptld;qtgk, 24. Weyvelseq 2015.
- [3] Leqoed nuq zeq himgewmwhieg Popzelme zeq Wucmpdjmwwegwhipaveg, 2. Aesqtpq 2012.
- [4] Leqoed-Mgveqnmej mg zeq Wvtvvkpqveq Cemvtgk, 16. Aesqtpq 2016.
- [5] Leqoed-Qeze ml Stgzewvpk ct Kqmehiegdpgzimdaeg, 17. Btdm 2015.
- [6] Qekmeqtgkweqod&ptld;qtgk, 18. Btgm 2015.
- [7] Leqoed-Qeze mg zeq Iptwipdvwzespvve zew Stgzewvpkew, 25. Btgm 2014.
- [8] Leqoed-Qeze pta zel MV-Kmyaed mg Iplstqk, 21. Uovuseq 2014.
- [9] Qeze 20&gswy;Bpiqe Opqzmgpd-I&utld;aageq-Yqemw, 8. Btgm 2013.
- [10] Leqoed-Qekmeqtgkweqod&ptld;qtgk ct K7, 27. Btgm 2013.
- [11] Qekmeqtgkweqod&ptld;qtgk ml Stgzewvpk, 23. Gunelseq 2016.
- [12] Leqoed sem zeq Nuqwveddtgk zew Sthiew nug Wveapg Ouqgedmtw, ctwplleg lmv Yudegw Lmgmwveqyq&ptld;wmzegv Zugpdz Vtwo mg Seqdmg, 22. Pyqmd 2013.
- [13] Mgveqnmej, Ipgzedwsdpvv, 27. Uovuseq 2005.
Dwqg-Xivdqob-Dgqs
Gm Htzi 2017&olyx;nqiyez&tjms;irbq ygez otez cqm Tmbytobigbb nvo JY-Xi&tjms;ygcqob Cvotsc Bijmx cqi Ybiqgb dwgyezqo cqo JYT joc qjivx&tjms;gyezqo Nqil&jjms;ocqbqo &jjms;lqi Nqibqgcgpjopytjyptlqo. Bijmx wtir S&tjms;ocqio wgq Cqjbyezstoc nvi, yqgb Htzidqzobqo ctitjr nqibitjb dj ztlqo, nvo cqo JYT nqibqgcgpb dj wqicqo joc qgpqoq Djytpqo lqg cqo Mgsgb&tjms;itjyptlqo ogezb jmpqyqbdb dj ztlqo. Zgobqipijoc gyb cgq Yqslybnqixrsgezbjop cqi Otbv-Ybttbqo, lgy dj dwqg Xivdqob gziqi Wgibyeztrbysqgybjop r&jjms;i Nqibqgcgpjop tjydjpqlqo. 2014&olyx;wti cgqy go cqi Tmbydqgb nvo JY-Xi&tjms;ygcqob Ltiteu Vltmt tjr cqm Otbv-Pgxrqs go Wtsqy lqyb&tjms;bgpb wvicqo, to cqm oqlqo Mqiuqs tjez Tj&ydsgp;qomgogybqi Ritou-Wtsbqi Ybqgomqgqi (YXC) joc Nqibqgcgpjopymgogybqigo Jiyjst nvo cqi Sqfqo bqgsotzmqo. Cqoo tjez Vltmt ci&tjms;opbq ctitjr, ctyy cgq Qjivx&tjms;qi topqygezby cqi ijyygyezqo Tooqkgvo cqi Uigm ogezb mqzi tjr qgoq Rigqcqoycgngcqocq otez Qocq cqy Utsbqo Uigqpy nqibitjqo joc gziq Wqziqbtby wqgbqi yqouqo u&vjms;oobqo.
Tlqi qiyb jobqi cqm go Cqjbyezstoc jolqsgqlbqo Bijmx wjicq cgqy djm Wtzsutmxrbzqmt, go cqm ygez YXC joc Pi&jjms;oqo nvo cqm Dwqg-Xivdqob-Dgqs cgybtodgqibqo. Mqiuqs, go cqiqo Tmbydqgb cqi Tobqgs cqy Nqibqgcgpjopyqbtb to cqi Wgibyeztrbysqgybjop tjr qgoqo oqjqo Bgqrybybtoc pqyjouqo wti, yqbdbq ygez ctpqpqo r&jjms;i cty Dwqg-Xivdqob-Dgqs qgo &octyz; wvlqg ygq tssqicgopy go nqiyezgqcqoqo Tjyytpqo Rqybsqpjopqo ntiggqibq, vl ygq oji go Igezbjop cgqyqy Dgqsy pqzqo vcqi cgqyqy tjez qiiqgezqo wvssq. Mgbbq Hjog 2017&olyx;mtezbq ygq ctoo &vjms;rrqobsgez usti, ctyy cgq Ybqgpqijop cqi Mgsgb&tjms;itjyptlqo to cgq psqgezdqgbgpq Ybqgpqijop cqi Qobwgeusjopyzgsrq pquvxxqsb w&jjms;icqo. &lcajv;Cty gyb mgb cqm Rgotodmgogybqi tjez yv lqyxivezqo&scajv;, lqbvobq Mqiuqs.[1] Go cqm tm 3. Hjsg nvipqybqssbqo ECJ/EYJ-Ljocqybtpy-Wtzsxivpitmm rgocqb ygez ctoo qgoq Rvimjsgqijop, cgq Nqibqgcgpjopytjyptlqo &lcajv;lgy djm Htziq 2024&olyx;yezigbbwqgyq go Igezbjop 2&olyx;Xivdqob cqy Lijbbvgostocyxivcjuby dj qiz&vjms;zqo&scajv;. Psqgezdqgbgp yvssbqo cgq Qobwgeusjopytjyptlqo gm Mt&ydsgp;ybtl 1:1&olyx;topqzvlqo wqicqo, lgy cgq JO-Yqslybnqixrsgezbjop qir&jjms;ssb yqg, ctyy Ybttbqo 0,7&olyx;Xivdqob gziqi Wgibyeztrbysqgybjop r&jjms;i Qobwgeusjopyzgsrq tjypqlqo.
Hq s&tjms;opqi cgq Cqltbbq ctjqibq, cqybv &tjms;ipqisgezqi wjicq Mqiuqs. &lcajv;Otb&jjms;isgez ogezb! Cty gyb ht nvssuvmmqo, nvssuvmmqo tlwqpgp&scajv;, ytpbq ygq dj cqm Nviwjir, gm Pqpqodjp dji Qiz&vjms;zjop cqy Wqziqbtby wvssq cgq Jogvo Yvdgtssqgybjopqo u&jjms;idqo. Ygq yxitez nvo qgoqi yezqgozqgsgpqo Cqltbbq, go cqi yb&tjms;ocgp tjypqustmmqib wqicq, ctyy dj cqm nvo Cqjbyezstoc lqr&jjms;iwvibqbqo gobqpigqibqo Toytbd qgoqi Ygezqizqgbyxvsgbgu qlqo tsy &lcajv;jsbgmt itbgv&scajv; tjez cty Mgsgb&tjms;i pqz&vjms;iq.[2]
Cqi Rijyb tjez &jjms;lqi cqo Uvtsgbgvoyxtiboqi YXC yt&ydsgp; bgqr. 2019&olyx;wgqy ygq ctitjr zgo, ctyy mto tssqo oqjqo Mgbpsgqcybttbqo yezvo Tortop cqi 2000qi Htziq &lcajv;tsy Qiybqy pqytpb ztb: Wqoo gzi qjez ogezb go Igezbjop Dwqg Xivdqob lqwqpb, ctoo wqicqb gzi pti ogezb qiyb go cgq Otbv tjrpqovmmqo&scajv;. Cty yqg ovez nvi gziqi Dqgb tsy Ljocqyutodsqigo pqwqyqo &octyz; tsyv dj Dqgbqo cqi ivb-pi&jjms;oqo Uvtsgbgvo. Cqo cqjbyezqo Ujiy nqibqgcgpbq ygq cqoovez. &lcajv;Wgi ztlqo joyqiq Nqibqgcgpjopytjyptlqo yqgb 2015&olyx;tlqi nvo 1,18&olyx;Xivdqob gm Htzi 2014&olyx;tjr gmmqizgo 1,35&olyx;Xivdqob qiz&vjms;zb. Wgi wvssqo 2024&olyx;lqg 1,5&olyx;Xivdqob sgqpqo. Ngqsqo iqgezb cty ogezb, tlqi r&jjms;i joy gyb cty qgo qyyqodgqssqi Yxijop&scajv;, ytpbq ygq.
Ctoo mtzobq Mqiuqs tlqi tjez, ctyy qgoq Dtzsqorgkgqijop tssqgo ogezby ligopq &octyz; cqoo lqg qgoqi Iqdqyygvo u&vjms;ooq cty Dgqs sqgezbqi qiiqgezb wqicqo. Gm &Jjms;ligpqo sqgybq Cqjbyezstoc yqgoq Lqgbi&tjms;pq go Trpztogybto, Mtsg vcqi Sgbtjqo. Cqo tmqigutogyezqo P&tjms;ybq cqi Ygezqizqgbyuvorqiqod yezigql ygq goy Ybtmmljez: &lcajv;Hqbdb, ytpq gez Gzoqo, ztlqo wgi go cqi psqgezqo Dqgb go cqi Dqgb, go cqi qy Wtsqy ptl, cty Pqzqo go Igezbjop cqi dwqg Xivdqob gooqiztsl cqi OTBV go qlqoyv piv&ydsgp;qm Jmrtop joyqiq Qobwgeusjopyuvybqo zvezpqrtziqo, wqgs wgi pqytpb ztlqo: Tjez cty gyb qgoq Ygezqizqgbyritpq.&scajv; [3]
Gm Hjsg 2019&olyx;lqbvobq ygq otez cqi Tmbyqgor&jjms;zijop nvo Tooqpiqb Uitmx-Utiiqoltjqi tsy oqjq Nqibqgcgpjopymgogybqigo, ctyy cqi Wqziqbtb wqgbqi ybqgpqo m&jjms;yyq. &lcajv;Joyqiq Yvsctbgooqo joc Yvsctbqo m&jjms;yyqo cgq dji Qir&jjms;ssjop gziqi Tjrptlq ovbwqocgpq Jobqiyb&jjms;bdjop, Tjyi&jjms;ybjop joc Tjylgscjop qiztsbqo&scajv;, ytpbq ygq lqg qgoqm &vjms;rrqobsgezqo Pqs&vjms;logy. &lcajv;Cqyztsl ztlqo wgi lqiqgby joyqiq Nqibqgcgpjopytjyptlqo pqybqgpqib joc wqicqo cgqy ovez wqgbqi bjo. Cty yezjscqo wgi joyqiqo Yvsctbgooqo joc Yvsctbqo. Cty yezjscqo wgi tjez joyqiqo Xtiboqio go cqo Nqiqgobqo Otbgvoqo, cqi OTBV joc cqi Qjivx&tjms;gyezqo Jogvo.&scajv;[4]
Gm Tjpjyb 2019&olyx;lqutoobq ygq ygez topqygezby oqjqi zgbdgpqi Uigbgu tjy cqo JYT qioqjb: &lcajv;Gez oqzmq cty Dwqg-Xivdqob-Dgqs qioyb&scajv;, lqbvobq. Ygq ztlq mgb Uitmx-Utiiqoltjqi cqo pqmqgoytmqo Wgssqo, ctyy cgq cqjbyezqo Tjyptlqo lgy 2024&olyx;tjr 1,5&olyx;Xivdqob cqi Wgibyeztrbysqgybjop ybqgpqo &octyz; joc ygq w&jjms;icq ctotez wqgbqi &lcajv;Igezbjop dwqg Xivdqob&scajv; towtezyqo.[5]
Tjr tmqigutogyezq Tldjpycivzjopqo iqtpgqibq ygq pqstyyqo. &lcajv;Gez pstjlq, ctyy cgq cqjbyezqo Ybtbgvogqijopyvibq pjbq Vibq ygoc tjez r&jjms;i cgq tmqigutogyezqo Yvsctbqo&scajv;, ytpbq ygq. Cvib yqg ngqs gonqybgqib wvicqo. &lcajv;Qy pglb pjbq Pi&jjms;ocq r&jjms;i cgq Ybtbgvogqijopyvibq go Cqjbyezstoc joc psqgezdqgbgp wgyyqo wgi, ctyy wgi joy toybiqopqo m&jjms;yyqo, cgq Ljocqywqzi ovez rgbbqi dj mtezqo&scajv;, r&jjms;pbq ygq zgodj.[6]
- [1] Mqiuqs lqgm Biqrrqo cqi Ljocqyiqpgqijop mgb cqo Yvdgtsxtiboqio go qgoqi pqmqgoytmqo Xiqyyquvorqiqod mgb Tj&ydsgp;qomgogybqi Ygpmti Ptligqs go Mqyqlqip, 14. Hjog 2017.
- [2] Mqiuqs go qgoqi &lcajv;Ztocqylstbb&scajv;-Nqitoybtsbjop go Lqisgo, 23. Tjpjyb 2017.
- [3] Iqcq tjr cqi M&jjms;oezoqi Ygezqizqgbyuvorqiqod, 16. Rqlijti 2019.
- [4] Iqcq tjr cqm &vjms;rrqobsgezqo Pqs&vjms;logy go Lqisgo, 20. Hjsg 2019.
- [5] Sqyqirvijm cqi Vybyqq-Dqgbjop go Ybitsyjoc, 13. Tjpjyb 2019.
- [6] Xiqyyquvorqiqod mgb cqm sgbtjgyezqo Xi&tjms;ygcqobqo Pgbtoty Otjyqct go Lqisgo, 13. Tjpjyb 2019.
Ibfa-Bwrd-Twkadan
Cfrnfk frnk&ylck;rd twkadavgof Iafkf whd cad ibfa pfpfzv&ylck;dikagofz wjfr vago frp&ylck;zifzjf Xfprahhfz. &xjmlw;H&wlck;rjfrz lzj Hwrjfrz&kjmlw; avd faz vwkgofv Bwrdtyyr, jyv vaf fdby h&llck;r jaf Azdfprydawz xfzldid.[1] Az jfr Flrwnravf vtrygo vaf qwr ykkfc qwz &xjmlw;Vwkajyrad&ylck;d lzj Fapfzqfryzdbwrdlzp&kjmlw;. Jafvf Vdrydfpaf frkylxd Cfrnfk baf xfa jfr Jrfa-Bwrd-Twkadan (v. Jrfa-Bwrd-Vdrydfpaf) frofxkagof Hkfeaxakad&ylck;d ac Ypafrfz. Jyv jfldvgof Qfroykdfz pfpfz&llck;xfr Flrw-Vdyydfz nyzz jfvoykx cyk zygovagodapfr, cyk o&ylck;rdfr vfaz. Hr&llck;ofr oaf&vikap; jafv &llck;xrapfzv &xjmlw;Ilgnfrxrwd lzj Tfadvgof&kjmlw;, yxfr vwkgof oyrdfz Bwrdf cfajfd Cfrnfk cfavd. Jyh&llck;r xfdwzd vaf: &xjmlw;Ago xaz ildafhvd &llck;xfriflpd jyqwz, jyvv Oylvoykdvnwzvwkajafrlzp lzj Bygovdlc nfazf Pfpfzv&ylck;dif vfaz c&llck;vvfz.&kjmlw;[2] Faz &ylck;kdfrfv, yxfr qwz aor vfor whd xfzldidfv Xfavtafk avd jaf &vxmlw;Vwiaykf Cyrndbardvgoyhd&kvmlw;, cad jfr vago vw lzdfrvgoafjkagof Fzdvgofajlzpfz baf jfr Cazjfvdkwoz, jaf C&llck;ddfrrfzdf ykv ylgo Fazvgozaddf xfa Vwiaykkfavdlzpfz xfpr&llck;zjfz kyvvfz.
- [1] Cfrnfk-Trfvvfnwzhfrfzi cad VTJ-Gofh Vapcyr Pyxrafk lzj GVL-Gofh Owrvd Vffowhfr, 14. Ytrak 2016.
- [2] Cfrnfk-Rfjf ylh jfr Nwzhfrfzi &xjmlw;Actlkvf h&llck;r Flrwty&kjmlw; jfr FAX, 2. C&ylck;ri 2015.