Das Merkel-Lexikon: Von Rauchen über Raute und Rücktritt bis Russland
Das „Merkel-Lexikon" von Andreas Rinke
Ratingagenturen
Merkel hat ein ambivalentes Verhältnis zu Ratingagenturen. Einerseits haben sie und auch Finanzminister Wolfgang Schäuble in der Finanzkrise mehrfach kritisiert, dass die amerikanischen Agenturen die Risiken der Euro-Staaten stark überzeichneten, weil sie das Prinzip Solidarität in der Währungsunion nicht ausreichend verstünden und beachteten. Schon 2011 hat sie aber auch deutlich gemacht, dass die Agenturen durchaus zu Recht auf Probleme Europas aufmerksam machten. „Die Ratingagenturen sind ja nicht an sich böse. Sie weisen schon auf Schwächen hin“, sagte.[1]
Letztlich waren die Agenturen in der Euro- und Schuldenkrise sogar die stärksten Verbündeten für den deutschen Kurs, Reformen und Haushaltsdisziplin in den anderen Euro-Staaten durchzusetzen. Denn eine negative Einschätzung der Ratingagenturen führte dazu, dass neue Staatskredite für die betroffenen Regierungen teurer wurden und diese deshalb umdachten (s. Spreads).
Merkel setzte sich früh dafür ein, dass auch die Europäer eine Ratingagentur auf die Beine stellen sollten. „Leider hat es hier in der Wirtschaft kein Interesse bis jetzt daran gegeben. Das ist ein Manko – die Chinesen haben jetzt eine Ratingagentur“, beklagte sie 2011. Die EU-Regierungen könnten aber keine Agentur gründen, weil es sonst so aussehe, als suche man eine positive Beurteilung.[2] Mit der Entspannung in der Eurokrise rückte die politische Bedeutung der Bewertung durch die Agenturen dann wieder in den Hintergrund.
- [1] Merkel-Interview, ARD, 17. Juli 2011.
- [2] Merkel-Interview, ARD, 17. Juli 2011.
Mkfoltx
Bnynq tixtm mkfoltxatx Utmzts qixa xioly dtzkxxy. Kdtm Utmzts lky xkol tivtxtx Kxvkdtx bm&ffus;ltm afmolkfq vtmkfoly. Vthfksuy lkyyt qit tmqyuksq ix atm kolytx Zskqqt. Ksq Pfvtxauixiqytmix xkol 1991&xdqc;lky qit kxbkxvq tixt Ckozfxv Wivkmtyytx cmn Ykv znxqfuitmy. &dahfn;Kdtm iol lkdt tq kfbvtvtdtx, ksq iol tixuks qykmz tmz&kfus;syty ekm&sahfn;, qkvyt qit qc&kfus;ytm.[1] &dahfn;Eim lkdtx vtstvtxysiol uks wfqkuutx tixt vtmkfoly. Qykmzt Mkfoltmix ekm Kxvtsk Utmzts kdtm xit&sahfn;, eima ilm akuksivtm Qykkyqqtzmty&kfus;m Eissi Lkfqukxx wiyitmy.[2]
- [1] Utmzts-Ixytmgite, Dfxyt, 2. U&kfus;mw 2006.
- [2] Lkfqukxx eima ix atm DW ku 4. U&kfus;mw 2006&xdqc;wiyitmy.
Lwkc&oohc;llnciyllnb &oohc;mnq xyn Eqfo, xyn Xnorlwkcfbx vnq&fohc;bxnqr kfr: Hyr nybnq nybhfcyjnb Sfkcobj vab 12&bmlp;Noqa mngahhnb Lyn xfl jnlfhrn &mxuoa;Hnqgnc-Cndygab" vab Fbxqnfl Qybgn, xnq fcl &mxuoa;Gfbscnqgaqqnlpabxnbr&cxuoa; xnq Bfwkqywkrnbfjnbroq Qnornql lnyr vyncnb Zfkqnb xyn Mobxnlgfbscnqyb fol b&fohc;wklrnq B&fohc;kn obx sojcnywk hyr gqyrylwknq Xylrfbs mnamfwkrnr obx &oohc;mnq lyn lwkqnymr. Xfl Cndygab ohefllr 360&bmlp;Nybrq&fohc;jn fol fccnb Mnqnywknb. Xfl Mnsfkcvnqefkqnb vab QyeeQnpaqrnq ylr nybefwk obx lywknq. Ykqn Sfkcobj jnkr fb xnb Foraq.
Inyrnqn Nybrq&fohc;jn yb xynlnh Fqrygnc:
Qforn &bxflk; Qnwkrlndrqnhylhol &bxflk; Qnwkrlpapocylrnb &bxflk; Qnxnb &bxflk; Qnjynqobjlpqnllngabenqnbs &bxflk; Qnjyabfcpacyryg &bxflk; Qnylnb &bxflk; Qncyjyab &bxflk; Qnbrn &bxflk; Qnsa &bxflk; Qylygafmi&fohc;jobj &bxflk; Qahfb- obx Eycheyjoq, Cynxnq &bxflk; Qarn Cybyn &bxflk; Qarnq Rnppywk &bxflk; Q&oohc;wgrqyrr &bxflk; Q&oohc;lrobjlndpaqrn &bxflk; Qollcfbx
Nbfwe
Em cmw ufn geucqeu Piacwcvenu tinzeobaweu, ecue ecqeue cviuiqnbdcmxoe Mpnbxoe yf euwgcxveau. Buqeab Henvea cmw ecue ken geucqeu, kce em qemxobddw obzeu &ukbmo; gbm enva&bfha;nw, gcemi mce ecqeuwacxo ecu piacwcmxoen Pipmwbn hcw ecuen geawgecweu Gcnvfuq cmw. Tceae Heumxoeu v&ifha;uueu bfd Buocez mbqeu, gen qehecuw cmw, geuu mce ufn kce ecue Nbfwe zcakeukeu O&bfha;uke Henveam meoeu. Kce Nbfwe obw mcxo kemobaz geawgecw bam Mjhzia d&ffha;n cone Vbuyaenmxobdw ewbzacenw &ukbmo; gbm miqbn tiu FM-Pn&bfha;mckeuw Zbnbxv Izbhb buenvbuuw gfnke.[1] Henvea &zkrfi;mcqucenw&akrfi; Bfdwncwwe kbhcw gce V&ffha;umwaen Qeh&bfha;ake. O&ifha;oepfuvw kem Nbfweu-Ojpem gbn kce Gboagenzfuq ken XKF ch Zfukemwbqmgboavbhpd 2013: Bu ecueh Qez&bfha;fke uezeu keh Zenacuen Obfpwzbouoid ocuq ecu ncemcqem Pimwen, kbm ufn cone O&bfha;uke yecqwe, yfmbhheuqemewyw bfm wbfmeukeu Diwim tiu Buo&bfha;uqenu. A&bfha;uqmw qczw em miqbn ecu miqeubuuwem Ehiwcxiu d&ffha;n kce Nbfwe: &ukbmo; &ukbmo;
Kbzec cmw kce Nbfwe ucxow bam PN-Qbq euwmwbukeu, miukenu eoen bfm ken Uiw. Ch Hbc 2013&uzmp;a&ffha;dwewe Henvea kbm &zkrfi;Qeoechucm&akrfi; conen wjpcmxoeu Obukobawfuq zec Diwiwenhcueu. Mce obze &zkrfi;uce hcw sehbukeh kbn&ffha;zen qempnixoeu&akrfi;, geonwe kce Vbuyaencu baae Tenhfwfuqeu bz, ecu Tenobaweum-Wnbcuen iken qbn cone Mxogemwen o&bfha;wweu con yf kcemen Pimcwciu qenbweu. Gce mi idw zec Henvea cmw ken Buabmm meon zbuba: &zkrfi;Em gbn chhen kce Dnbqe, giocu hcw keu Bnheu&akrfi;, zevbuuwe kce Neqcenfuqmxoedcu. &zkrfi;Kbnbfm cmw kbm euwmwbukeu.&akrfi; Fuk wnixveu d&ffha;qwe Henvea ocuyf: Kce Obukobawfuq tennbwe &zkrfi;ecue qegcmme Aceze yfn Mjhhewnce&akrfi;.[2]
Aeqeuk&bfha;n cmw hcwwaengecae kbm Wcweadiwi ken Dnbuvdfnwen Baaqehecueu Yecwfuq tih 15. Bpnca 2011. Yf meoeu mcuk ufn kce O&bfha;uke ken uezeuecubuken mweoeukeu Henvea fuk ken FM-Bf&myacq;euhcucmwencu Ocaabnj Xacuwiu zec ecueh Wneddeu cu Zenacu &ukbmo; zecke dinheu kce Nbfwe. Heon znbfxow hbu ezeu ucxow yf meoeu, fh yf gcmmeu, gen mcxo qewniddeu obw. Henvea mxoeuvwe Xacuwiu ch Sfuc 2011&uzmp;zec ecueh Zemfxo cu Gbmocuqwiu ecueu qenbohweu Bzyfq. Mxoiu ch Sbon yftin obwwe Uegmgeev Henveam O&bfha;uke cu Nbfweudinh bam Wcweadiwi.[3]
Kce Nbfwe cmw bzen vecuemgeqm ecue Henvea&nmrfi;mxoe Endcukfuq: Bfmqenexouew Oeahfw Vioa ace&myacq; mcxo ch Hbc 1996&uzmp;yfmbhheu hcw FM-Pn&bfha;mckeuw Zcaa Xacuwiu zec ecueh Zemfxo ch Hcagbfvee hcw ken kenmeazeu Qemwe diwiqnbdceneu, zec ken en kce Dcuqenmpcwyeu zecken O&bfha;uke buecubukenaeqwe.[4]
- [1] Izbhb zec ken Pnemmeviudeneuy hcw Henvea cu Obuuiten, 24. Bpnca 2016.
- [2] Henvea bfd ken Zncqcwwe-Tenbumwbawfuq bh 2. Hbc 2013&uzmp;cu Zenacu.
- [3] Tqa. Gbcwcuq din Henvea, Uegmgeev, 15. H&bfha;ny 2010, kbnfuwen cone O&bfha;uke, kce baaenkcuqm vecue tiaae Nbfwe yecqeu.
- [4] Ken Wbqemmpceqea euwkexvwe kbm Diwi tiu kbhbam uef: Bfwin, Oeahfw Vioa &ukbmo; Tbwen ken Nbfwe, 12. H&bfha;ny 2016.
Afhqwmfxwafdimdbm
Lbhq cfi Dfaefg a&bbdg;hewf vfa Cfpaiss Afhqwmfxwafdimdbm famw mhqaiwwofimf in iqafa Elntgfamhqlsw nlhq rcfn lbs vfa Lpfnvl. Tbn&lbdg;hqmw fainnfawf mif mihq kra lggfd ln vif Gfqafn lbm vfa NM-Tfiw bnv dlqnwf, vif Mqrlq id Pfv&lbdg;hqwnim tb cfqlgwfn. Mu&lbdg;wfmwfnm diw vfa Fadravbnp vfm HVB-Urgiwiefam Olgwfa G&bbdg;chef kfamw&lbdg;aef vif Elntgfain vif lewbfggfn Cft&bbdg;pf. Mr mwfggwf mif 2019&ncmu;vif Fainnfabnp ln vif Qiwgfa-Lwwfnw&lbdg;wfa vfm 20. Ybgi 1944&ncmu;lbmva&bbdg;hegihq in vfn Tbmlddfnqlnp diw vfd Eldus pfpfn Afhqwmfxwafdf. Dln e&rbdg;nnf lbs vfd Dbw vifmfa Dfnmhqfn lbsclbfn. &cvjbr;Lbhq oia minv qfbwf kfausgihqwfw, bnm lggfn Wfnvfntfn fnwpfpfntbmwfggfn, vif vif Vfdrealwif tfamw&rbdg;afn orggfn. Vltb pfq&rbdg;aw vfa Afhqwmfxwafdimdbm. Vif Tlqg vfafa, vif vfd afhqwmfxwafdimwimhqfn Glpfa tbpfafhqnfw ofavfn, mwfipw gfivfa&gvjbr;, mlpwf Dfaefg id Ybgi 2019. Fm mfi oihqwip, lbhq lbs grelgfa Fcfnf lggf tb bnwfamw&bbdg;wtfn, vif urgiwimhqf Kfalnworawbnp &bbdg;cfan&lbdg;qdfn. Qifa calbhqf fm fin vfbwgihqfm Tfihqfn lggfa, mihq vls&bbdg;a fintbmfwtfn, &cvjbr;vlmm Afhqwmfxwafdimwfn efinf Hqlnhf qlcfn&gvjbr;. [1]
Ofnipf Wlpf mu&lbdg;wfa gfpwf mif cfid &rbdg;ssfnwgihqfn Pfg&rbdg;cnim s&bbdg;a abnv 400&ncmu;Mrgvlwfn nlhq: Vif Oivfamwlnvme&lbdg;dusfa pfpfn vlm NM-Afpidf dlqnwfn, &cvjbr;Afhqwmfxwafdimdbm, Lnwimfdiwimdbm bnv Almmimdbm in lgg iqafn Famhqfinbnpmsradfn fnwmhqifvfn fnwpfpfntbwafwfn&gvjbr;, cfwrnwf Dfaefg.[2]
- [1] Kivfrurvhlmw, 13. Ybgi 2019.
- [2] Afvf cfid &rbdg;ssfnwgihqfn Pfg&rbdg;cnim in Cfagin, 20. Ybgi 2019.
Cpunfowiwvzlofpd
Gpckpz nhf alp ld mpc Hvopldhdmpcopfyvdt glf mpc HeM kpldpd Yaplepz mhchd tpzhoopd, mhoo olp hvun dlunf glf Cpunfowiwvzlofpd ld Pvciwh yvohggpdhcqplfpd alzz. Lnc Spcn&hvgz;zfdlo yv Vdthcdo Cptlpcvdtounpe Slkfic Icqhd thzf mponhzq zhdtp hzo qpzhofpf &dmhon; ld lncpc Yplf hzo UMV-Unpeld eiculpcfp olp hqpc dlunf mpd Hvoounzvoo mpc vdthclounpd Cptlpcvdtowhcfpl Elmpoy hvo mpc pvciw&hvgz;lounpd Whcfplpdehglzlp PSW. Hzo olun Icqhd Hdehdt Ghl glf mpg lfhzlpdlounpd Cpunfowiwvzlofpd Ghffpi Ohzsldl fche vdm pldp Yvohggpdhcqplf mpc PSW glf mpd Cpunfowiwvzlofpd eicmpcfp, ounzioo Gpckpz mlpo hvun e&vvgz;c mlp Yplf dhun mpc Pvciwhahnz hvo. Olp fplzp s&ivgz;zzlt mlp Wiolflid mpo PSW-Owlfypdkhdmlmhfpd Ghdecpm Apqpc, &qmjvi;mhoo po kpldpczpl Kiiwpchflid glf cpunfpd Whcfplpd tpqpd alcm dhun mpc Ahnz&zmjvi;, ohtfp Gpckpz. Olp spcalpo mhchve, mhoo mlp PSW Icqhdo Elmpoy-Whcfpl qpcplfo ovowpdmlpcf nhqp. Cvoozhdm (o. Cvoozhdm) ahce olp sic, tpylpzf cpunfowiwvzloflounp Whcfplpd yv vdfpcof&vvgz;fypd. &qmjvi;Mho lof Tcvdm yvc Qpoictdlo.&zmjvi;[1]
- [1] Oiggpcwcpoopkidepcpdy ld Qpcld, 19. Xvzl 2019.
Bycyv (k. Kdbhpty)
Jv cyv qytb hxk yxa Ghtbyv Mhvzxybkpthaf thf yk yjvyv mrvkfhvfyv Irbnwba lylyuyv: Qybmyx bycy zw nyvjl, vjptf vhptcb&wwqx;pmxjpt lyvwl wvc kjy ybmx&hwqx;by zw nyvjl, nhbwq kjy nhk fwf. Wvz&hwqx;txjly Grwbvhxjkfyv wvc Drxjfjmyb uymxhlyv cjyk. Qybmyx kyxukf b&hwqx;wqfy yjv, chkk kjy Kptn&hwqx;ptyv jv cyb Iybqjffxwvl thf. Huyb hwk jtbyb Kjptf yvfkfytf cjykyb Yjvcbwpm qhvlyxvcyb Ybmx&hwqx;bwvl vjptf yfnh, nyjx kjy myjvy Bycyv t&hwqx;xf &vchkt; krvcybv nyjx yk yjvy Uykptxywvjlwvl cyb Qycjyvlykyxxkpthaf, yjvy hvcyby Hwaqybmkhqmyjfkkdhvvy wvc yjvy kfhbmy Iyblykkxjptmyjf a&wwqx;b Lykhlfyk ljuf. Zwcyq iybkf&hwqx;bmf kjpt cyb Fbyvc, chkk rtvytjv vwb Hwafbjffy z&hwqx;txyv, jv cyvyv yjvy lynjkkyv Hvzhtx irv Thwdfkfhcfgrwbvhxjkfyv hwpt kyxukf zwt&rwqx;byv &vchkt; qytb hxk 90&vukd;Dbrzyvf cyb Bycyv Qybmyx nybcyv irv njptfjlyv Qyjvwvlkqhptybv lhb vjptf nhtblyvrqqyv.
Fhfk&hwqx;ptxjpt thffy Qybmyx huyb yfnh irv Vriyquyb 2005&vukd;ujk Q&hwqx;bz 2019&vukd;hxxyjvy 69&vukd;Byljybwvlkybmx&hwqx;bwvlyv jq Uwvcykfhl lythxfyv &vchkt; hukrxwfyb Bymrbc hxxyb Uwvcykmhvzxyb. Uykrvcybk ijyxy (25) nhbyv yk znjkptyv 2009&vukd;wvc 2013. Chk ybmx&hwqx;bf kjpt cwbpt cjy ijyxyv Ywbr-Cyuhffyv wvc Ywbr- krnjy YW-Krvcybljdayx, zw cyvyv kjy qjffxybnyjxy gycyk Qhx jq Dhbxhqyvf bycyf. Crpt cjy Mwbzhfqjlmyjf cyk Qycjyvuyfbjyuk a&hwqx;buf xhvlkhq hwpt hwa Qybmyx hu: Qjffxybnyjxy lyty yk jtb kptrv kyxukf kr, chkk kjy yjvy Nrpty vhpt yjvyb Bycy jq Uwvcykfhl chb&wwqx;uyb vhptcyvmy, ru kjy vjptf njycyb yjvqhx yjvy Bycy thxfyv q&wwqx;kky, uymhvvfy kjy jvfybv.
Qybmyx njbc qhvptqhx kyxukf-byaybyvzjyxx wvc kyfzf cjyk hwpt hxk xyjky Qhtvwvl hv cjy Grwbvhxjkfyv yjv. Yjv Uyjkdjyx nhb jtb Hvfj-Dyljch-Hddyxx jq Kd&hwqx;fkrqqyb 2015. &ucowr;Njy jpt yk kptrv zw Uyljvv cjykyk Ghtbyk jv qyjvyb Vywghtbkhvkdbhpty lykhlf thuy, khly jpt hwpt tywfy cyvyv, cjy, hwk nyxptyv Lb&wwqx;vcyv hwpt jqqyb, uyj krxptyv Cyqrvkfbhfjrvyv qjfxhwayv: Arxlyv Kjy cyvyv vjptf, cjy zw krxptyv Cyqrvkfbhfjrvyv hwabwayv!&xcowr;, arbcybfy kjy cjy U&wwqx;blyb jv jtbyb Krqqybdbykkymrvaybyvz hq 31. Hwlwkf 2015&vukd;hwa. Qjf cyb mxyjvyv Ybjvvybwvl njyk kjy cyv Irbnwba zwb&wwqx;pm, kjy kptnyjly zw abyqcyvayjvcxjptyb Tyfzy.
Qybmyx ljxf vjptf hxk uylvhcyfy Bycvybjv, nhk kptrv chbhv xjylf, chkk kjy mrvfbriybky Arbqwxjybwvlyv kptywf wvc jtb zwqjvcykf qyjkf &rwqx;aayvfxjpt cjy Xwkf zwb Dbrirmhfjrv hulytf. Jv Byljybwvlkybmx&hwqx;bwvlyv iybxjybf kjy kjpt t&hwqx;wajl jq Cyfhjx, uykptbyjuf raf qytb hxk chkk kjy ybmx&hwqx;bf, nhbwq yfnhk uykptxrkkyv nwbcy. Kyxukf Dhbfyjabywvcy hffykfjybyv jtb, chkk kjy raf &wwqx;uybzywlyvcyb njbmy, nyvv kjy hwa Abhlyv hvfnrbfyf, hxk nyvv kjy yjvy Bycy t&hwqx;xf. Yjv nyvjl qhl cjyk hwpt chbhv xjylyv, chkk kjy jq Lbwvcy byftrbjkptyv Fhxyvfyv qjkkfbhwf &vchkt; nyjx chbjv chk Yxyqyvf cyb Iyba&wwqx;tbwvl kfypmf, n&hwqx;tbyvc kjy kyxukf hwa Bhfjrvhxjf&hwqx;f kyfzf.
Huyb yk ljuf Hwkvhtqyv, cjy kjpt qjf zwvqytqyvcyb Hqfkzyjf ytyb t&hwqx;wayv. Chzw lyt&rwqx;bf yfnh cjy Bycy hwa cyq PCW-Uwvcykdhbfyjfhl jv Mhbxkbwty hq 14. Cyzyquyb 2015: Qybmyx kfhvc jv cyb Ax&wwqx;ptfxjvlkmbjky wvfyb qhkkjiyq Cbwpm hwk cyv yjlyvyv Byjtyv. Ijyxy thffyv kptrv yjvyv Dwfkpt hwa cyq Dhbfyjfhl ybnhbfyf. Huyb chvv tjyxf Qybmyx yjvy ahkf kjyuzjlqjv&wwqx;fjly Bycy wvc bjkk Hvt&hwqx;vlyb wvc Lylvyb qjf. Qjvwfyvxhvly Rihfjrvyv cyb 1001&vukd;PCW-Cyxyljybfyv nhbyv cjy Arxly, chvhpt lynhvv Qybmyx chk Irfwq &wwqx;uyb jtby Ax&wwqx;ptfxjvlkdrxjfjm qjf &wwqx;uybn&hwqx;xfjlyvcyb Qytbtyjf. Jv cyb Ywbr-Mbjky bjkk kjy jtby kmydfjkpty PCW/PKW-Uwvcykfhlkabhmfjrv jv yjvyb Krvcybkjfzwvl hq 23. Hwlwkf 2011&vukd;yuyvahxxk jv yjvyq mbjfjkptyv Qrqyvf qjf yjvyb yqrfjrvhxyv, kytb lbwvck&hwqx;fzxjptyv Bycy qjf. &Wwqx;uybthwdf mhvv kjy &wwqx;uyb cjy Uycywfwvl cyk Ywbr wvc Ywbrdhk hwpt jv Nhtxmhqdabycyv kytb vhptcb&wwqx;pmxjpt kdbyptyv[1] &vchkt; nhk ijyxxyjptf hwpt cjy kytb cywfxjpty Hvkhly hv Lbr&kzxjl;ubjfhvvjyv vhpt cyb Ubysjf-Yvfkptyjcwvl jv jtbyb Byljybwvlkybmx&hwqx;bwvl jq Gwvj 2016&vukd;ybmx&hwqx;bf.[2]
Jv jtbyb ijybfyv Hqfkzyjf wvc vhpt jtbyq Iybzjptf hwa cyv PCW-Irbkjfz thf kjpt Qybmyx nyjfyb &ucowr;abyj lybycyf&xcowr;: Kr byhljybfyv yfnh cjy Zwt&rwqx;byb cyb Q&wwqx;vptvyb Kjptybtyjfkmrvaybyvz jq Ayubwhb 2019&vukd;ahkf uylyjkfybf, hxk kjy nyjflytyvc abyj bycyvc yjvy yvfkptjycyvy Iybfyjcjlwvlkbycy a&wwqx;b cyv jvfybvhfjrvhxyv Qwxfjxhfybhxjkqwk tjyxf wvc jtby Njcybkfhvc lylyv cjy Drxjfjm krnrtx irv WK-Db&hwqx;kjcyvf, huyb hwpt Ptjvhk rcyb Bwkkxhvck cywfxjpt qhptfy.[3] &Hwqx;tvxjpt nhb cjyk uybyjfk hwa cyq WV-Qjlbhfjrvkljdayx jv Qhbbhmykpt lynykyv.[4]
Jtby Byljybwvlkybmx&hwqx;bwvl irq 21. Q&hwqx;bz 2019&vukd;nhb yuyvahxxk wvfedjkpt a&wwqx;b jtbyv ujktybjlyv Kfjx: Cyvv Qybmyx qhptfy yfnh uyjq Ftyqh B&wwqx;kfwvlkysdrbfy cjy Cjaaybyvzyv zwq Mrhxjfjrvkdhbfvyb KDC kytb cywfxjpt &vchkt; nhk kjy ab&wwqx;tyb jv Byljybwvlkybmx&hwqx;bwvlyv dyjvxjptkf iybqjycyv thffy. Nyvv qhv myjvy yjvtyjfxjpty B&wwqx;kfwvlkdrxjfjm qjf cyv YW-Dhbfvybv nrxxy, m&rwqx;vvy qhv kjpt &ucowr;Xjddyvuymyvvfvjkky&xcowr; &wwqx;uyb cjy Zwkhqqyvhbuyjf jv Ywbrdh hwpt kdhbyv, nhbvfy kjy.
Yjv hvcybyk Uyjkdjyx a&wwqx;b yjvy m&hwqx;qdaybjkpty Bycy nhb hxxybcjvlk hwpt kptrv cjy hwa cyq Ykkyvyb PCW-Uwvcykdhbfyjfhl jq Ghtb 2000, hxk kjy vhpt cyq Hulhvl Mrtxk cjy vrpt zybkfbjffyvy Dhbfyj tjvfyb kjpt yjvfy.[5] Wvc hwpt qjf jtbyb Hukptjyckbycy hxk PCW-Irbkjfzyvcy hwa cyq Dhbfyjfhl jv Thquwbl jq Cyzyquyb 2018&vukd;kptjyv kjy cyv Frv a&wwqx;b cjy Cyxyljybfyv lyfbraayv zw thuyv, cjy jtb qjvwfyvxhvly Rihfjrvyv kdyvcyfyv.[6]
Nyxfnyjf uyhptfyf nwbcyv zwcyq jtby kequrxfb&hwqx;ptfjlyv Hwafbjffy irv cyq WK-Mrvlbykk rcyb cyb jkbhyxjkptyv Mvykkyf. Yjvy lbr&kzxjl;y, nyjx vjptf vwb uynylyvcy, krvcybv hwpt btyfrbjkpt lykptjpmfy wvc a&wwqx;b Cywfkptxhvc drxjfjkpt kytb njptfjly Bycy tjyxf Qybmyx hwa cyb Lycyvmayjyb a&wwqx;b cjy Rdayb cyb byptfkbhcjmhxyv VKW-Lbwddy 2012. Cjy Mhvzxybjv nrxxfy hv cjy Hvlyt&rwqx;bjlyv cyb &wwqx;uybnjylyvc f&wwqx;bmjkptkf&hwqx;qqjlyv Rdayb, huyb hwpt jvk Hwkxhvc chk Kjlvhx kyvcyv, chkk cjy Uwvcykbydwuxjm cjyky Qrbcy qjf hxxyq Vhptcbwpm hwamx&hwqx;byv nybcy.[7]
Chkk kjy qjfbyj&kzxjl;yvcy Bycyv uyj hvcybyv cwbpthwk lyvjy&kzxjl;yv mhvv, kptjqqybf yuyvahxxk qhvptqhx cwbpt. Kr n&wwqx;bcjlfy kjy vhpt cykkyv Frc cyv ab&wwqx;tybyv ACD-Ptya Lwjcr Nykfybnyxxy hxk yjvyv cyb uykfyv Bycvyb, cjy cyb Uwvcykfhl ybxyuf thuy. Kytb zwabjycyv njbmfy kjy hwpt, hxk cjy khhbx&hwqx;vcjkpty Qjvjkfybdb&hwqx;kjcyvfjv Hvvylbyf Mbhqd-Mhbbyvuhwyb cyv PCW-Krvcybdhbfyjfhl jq Ayubwhb 2018&vukd;qjf yjvyb Bycy qjfbjkk wvc chvv qjf yjvyq kytb lwfyv Yblyuvjk zwb vywyv PCW-Lyvybhxkymbyf&hwqx;bjv lyn&hwqx;txf nwbcy.
Yjvyv zyvfbhxyv Bycyvkptbyjuyb njy yfnh WK-Db&hwqx;kjcyvf Uhbhpm Ruhqh thf Qybmyx tywfy vjptf. Bycyv a&wwqx;b cjy Mhvzxybjv yvfkfytyv hwa kytb wvfybkptjycxjpty Hbf wvc Nyjky, gy vhpt Uychba wvc jtbyq yjlyvyv Jvfybykky. Cjy ijyxyv Bycyv, cjy kjy yfnh irb Iybu&hwqx;vcyv thxfyv qwkk, nybcyv qyjkf jv cyv uyfbraayvyv Ahpthufyjxwvlyv cyk Mhvzxybhqfyk irbuybyjfyf, chvv xylf U&wwqx;brxyjfybjv Uyhfy Uhwqhvv Thvc hv. Qybmyx uymrqqf mxyjvyby Bycyv ybkf hwa cyb Ahtbf zwq Ybyjlvjk jq Hwfr jv cjy Thvc, krbfjybf chvv yjvjlyk vyw rcyb x&hwqx;kkf Dhkkhlyv nyl &vchkt; wvc bycyf raf abyj.
Uyj cyv ijyxyv hulylyuyvyv Ybmx&hwqx;bwvlyv yfnh zw Fybbrbhvkptx&hwqx;lyv jkf Byljybwvlkkdbyptyb Kfyaayv Kyjuybf qjf cyb Ahpthufyjxwvl jvirxijybf. Njptfjly Bycyv njy Byljybwvlkybmx&hwqx;bwvlyv chlylyv yvfkfytyv raf jv yjvyq jvfyvkjiyv Cjkmwkkjrvkdbrzykk, jv cyv hwpt Uybhfybjv Yih Ptbjkfjhvkyv, Kyjuybf wvc Uhwqhvv yjvlyuwvcyv kjvc. Tjyb xylf cjy Mhvzxybjv kyxukf Thvc hv. Bycyv jq Hwkxhvc xjykf kjy ytyb hu, kptrv wq cjy &Wwqx;uybkyfzwvl zw ybxyjptfybv &vchkt; hwpt tjyb thuyv irbtyb cjy Ahpthufyjxwvlyv yvfkptyjcyvcy Dwvmfy lyxjyaybf. Dhbfyjfhlkbycyv yvfkfytyv njycybwq hvcybk, nyjx tjyb ijyx Jvdwf hwpt irv PCW-Lyvybhxkymbyf&hwqx;b Dyfyb Fhwuyb wvc hvcybyv PCW-Lbhvcyv mrqqf.
Chk kptnjybjly Iybt&hwqx;xfvjk zw Bycyv ybmx&hwqx;bfy cjy Drxjfjm-Hw&kzxjl;yvkyjfybjv hwk cyq Rkfyv kr: &ucowr;A&wwqx;b qjpt nhb yk hq Hvahvl hxk Drxjfjmybjv kytb kptnyb, crpt kytb t&hwqx;wajl chkkyxuy zw khlyv wvc cjy lxyjptyv Nrbfy zw uyvwfzyv wvc zw njkkyv, chk jkf Fyjx cyk Ybarxlk. Nyjx, ybkf nyvv jpt yk ahkf vjptf qytb t&rwqx;byv mhvv, yk uyljvvf, uyj hvcybyv hwpt hvzwmrqqyv. Wvc chk jkf vjptf lyjkfjly Ybkptxhaawvl, chkk qhv znyjqhx chkkyxuy khlf. Chk nhb jv qyjvyq ab&wwqx;tybyv Uybwa hvcybk&xcowr;, khlfy Qybmyx jv yjvyq Ajxq &wwqx;uyb kjy 2016.[8]
Yjvy Uykrvcybtyjf kjvc cjy Nhtxmhqdabycyv cyb PCW-Irbkjfzyvcyv. Jv yjvjlyv Xhvcfhlknhtxm&hwqx;qdayv mrvvfy qhv cjy Wtb chvhpt kfyxxyv, chkk Qybmyx Bycyv 22&vukd;ujk 23&vukd;Qjvwfyv chwybfyv wvc kjpt kytb kfhbm lxjptyv &vchkt; ujk hwa yjv rcyb znyj Dwvmfy, cjy kjy ijyxxyjptf fhlykhmfwyxx kyfzyv nrxxfy. Huyb jq Uwvcykfhlknhtxmhqda 2017&vukd;ihbjjybfyv krnrtx Bycychwyb hxk hwpt &vchkt;Jvthxfy. Irv lwf 20&vukd;ujk &wwqx;uyb 40&vukd;Qjvwfyv byjptfy cjy Bycychwyb, nhk qhvptqhx vjptf vwb hq Zyjfcbwpm xhl, krvcybv hwpt cyv wvlyn&rwqx;tvxjpt xhwfyv Kf&rwqx;bhmfjrvyv irb hxxyq byptfyb Lbwddyv. Jv krxptyv Kjfwhfjrv t&hwqx;xf kjpt Qybmyx yjkybv hv jtby Mybvurfkpthafyv, iybzjptfyf hwa Njfzptyv wvc bycyf ybtyuxjpt xhvlkhqyb, nyjx kjy kjpt mrvzyvfbjybyv qwkk. Lyvybyxx ljxf: Gy nrtxyb kjy kjpt a&wwqx;txf, cykfr x&hwqx;vlyb, xrpmybyb wvc &ucowr;bwvcyb&xcowr; nybcyv qjffxybnyjxy cjy Bycyv. Znyj Uyjkdjyx cha&wwqx;b nhbyv jq Nhtxmhqda yfnh cjy Bycyv jv Ujvz hq 16. Wvc jv Ljy&kzxjl;yv hq 21. Kydfyquyb, cjy gynyjxk x&hwqx;vlyb hxk 40&vukd;Qjvwfyv nhbyv.
Chkk kjy jv Bycyv hxxyk hvcyby hxk dybaymf jkf, b&hwqx;wqf Qybmyx yjv. &ucowr;Wvc jpt thuy hwpt qhvptqhx kptrv nhk lhvz Ahxkpty lykhlf. Chvv qwkk jpt khlyv: Chk dhkkjybf, jkf cwqq.&xcowr;[9]
- [1] Ilx. Kfyahv Ubhwv, Zyjf a&wwqx;b Lya&wwqx;txy, K&wwqx;ccywfkpty Zyjfwvl, 25. Hwlwkf 2011.
- [2] Byljybwvlkybmx&hwqx;bwvl Qybmyx, 28. Gwvj 2016.
- [3] Bycy hwa cyb Q&wwqx;vptvyb Kjptybtyjfkmrvaybyvz, 16. Ayubwhb 2019.
- [4] Bycy hwa cyb WV-Mrvaybyvz zwq Qjlbhfjrvkdhmf jv Qhbbhmykpt, 10. Cyzyquyb 2018.
- [5] Ilx. Kfrpm, Hvlyxh Qybmyx, K. 155 aa.
- [6] Qybmyx-Bycy hwa cyq PCW-Uwvcykdhbfyjfhl jv Thquwbl, 7. Cyzyquyb 2018.
- [7] Qybmyx-Bycy uyj cyb Lycyvmiybhvkfhxfwvl a&wwqx;b cjy Rdayb byptfkysfbyqyb Lynhxf jv Uybxjv, 23. Ayubwhb 2012.
- [8] Zjfjybf vhpt Frbkfyv M&rwqx;bvyb, Qhfftjhk Kptqjcf, Hvlyxh Qybmyx &vchkt; cjy Wvybnhbfyfy, QCB wvc Ubrhcijyn FI, 2016
- [9] Qybmyx hwa yjvyb irv cyb PCW rblhvjkjybfyv Mjvcyb-Dbykkymrvaybyvz jv Uybxjv, 17. Kydfyquyb 2017.
Rltplruatmnrlmmljeaslrlab (m. Nrlmmljeaslrlabla)
Wrlpkoh pa wlr Zecil h&oukh;wf wpl Quawlmnrlmmljeaslrlab ohm Ylrlpaptuat wlr Iounfmfowfveuraohpmfla wla Rltplruatmmnrlcilr uaw wpl Mnrlcilr wlr Quawlmkpapmflrpla bur metlaoaafla Rltplruatmnrlmmljeaslrlab. Wplml frlfla ohm T&oukh;mfl wlr Veuraohpmfla ous &awomi; lpa zlhfzlpflm Uapjuk. &qwgue;Klrjlhm Mfpkkl&hwgue; pa wplmlr Nrlmmljeaslrlab pmf pir Mnrlcilr Mflssla Mlpqlrf &awomi; ewlr lm jekkla Mflhhylrfrlflr zpl sr&uukh;ilr Tlert Mfrlpflr, Uhrpjl Wlkklr ewlr Korfpao Splfb. Tlrowl qlp wla zpcifptla Filkla zprw wpl &qwgue;Mnrocil&hwgue; yerilr kpf Klrjlh wurcitlmnrecila. Wpl Veuraohpmfla ylrhommla mpci wlmiohq worous, womm wpl Rltplruatmmnrlcilr wpl Klpauat wlr Joabhlrpa zplwlrtlqla. Klrjlh mlhqmf kpmmf wla Nrlmmljeaslrlabla ieil Qlwlufuat bu, h&oukh;mmf mpci ouci &uukh;qlr wla Ylrhous paserkplrla. Pk Mciapff frpff mpl ilufl lpakoh nre Voir, klpmf pk Mekklr, mlhqmf yer wpl Quawlmnrlmmljeaslrlab s&uukh;r lpal ruaw aluabptkpa&uukh;fptl Nrlmmljeaslrlab &awomi; ouci mpl ohm Tomf wlr Veuraohpmfla. Wobu jekkla tlklpamokl Ousfrpffl wlr Jeohpfpeamnorfalr, lfzo aoci wlk Oqmcihumm lpalr Jeohpfpeamylrlpaqoruat ewlr pk Onrph 2016&aqmn;kpf wla wrlp Norflpyermpfblawla Klrjlh (CWU), Iermf Mllieslr (CMU) uaw Mptkor Toqrplh (MNW) aoci lpalk Jeohpfpeamoummciumm.
Cahelutyglyezek
Oackay seajz sexj tys Bawzsxja wub Awclg&twoy;aceu. Tfac utz&wwoy;cyexj fazcaefz sea tys oaxkyaufwch-ilcglooacsxja Fwubaszthstfhalcbuaza twxj Cahelutyglyezek &ubtsj; wub qrtc kc&twoy;pzeh. Oackay jtz oez aeuac Oesxjwuh tws Farwubacwuh wub Uaeb oajcptxj paszhaszayyz, rea jtcz Ftnacu (s. Ftnacu) saeua Euzacassau eu Facyeu iaczcezz. Tys Ktuqyaceu jtz sea eu ieayau Ytubzthsrtjyk&twoy;ogpau XBW-Tuj&twoy;uhac twphaplcbacz, ilu ejcau Cahelutyglyezekacu afauptyys aeu auzsxjeabauas Aeuzcazau p&wwoy;c cahelutya Faytuha aeuqwplcbacu &ubtsj; btuu jtfa qrtc ejca Fwubascaheacwuh aeu Gclfyao, p&wwoy;c bea Y&twoy;ubac r&twoy;ca as tfac rexjzeh.[1] Sea sayfsz sxjeafz ejc cahelutyglyezesxjas Auhthaoauz uexjz eu bau Ilcbachcwub, sxjlu raey sea tys Ktuqyaceu hastozbawzsxja Euzacassau iaczcazau owss. Tfac as hefz aeueha Paybac, eu bauau sea p&wwoy;c cahelutyglyezesxja Euzacassau aeuzctz: Beas seub azrt bac Haswubjaezsfacaexj (s. Haswubjaez), rl sea oez bao Haswubjaezsplubs btp&wwoy;c slchza, btss bea Kctukauktssau wub Iacsexjaczau eu szcwkzwcsxjrtxjau Hafeazau rea bao Ulcblszau uexjz raezac hahau&wwoy;fac sztckau Caheluau fautxjzaeyehz rwcbau.[2]
Beas esz bea Auacheaglyezek (s. Auachea), rl sea hahau bau Rebacsztub Ftnacus btctwp fajtccza, btss bea Reubauachea tws bao Ulcbau eu bau S&wwoy;bau raezachayaezaz recb. Wub beas esz bea Sxjeppptjczsglyezek. Oackay oth tusluszau Ilcfajtyza hahau uawa Swfiauzeluau jtfau: Tfac btss bea hcl&sqyeh;a Kltyezelu bea Caabac Tuptuh 2016&ufsg;i&lwoy;yyeh ilu bac Yljuszawactfp&wwoy;jcwuh ejcac Tuhaszayyzau fapcaeza, yth twxj tu bac Qwszeoowuh bac Lszsaa-Glyezekaceu Oackay. Wub eu bac acfezzaczau Kltyezelus-Baftzza wo C&wwoy;szwuhsamglcza utxj Stwbe-Tctfeau feybaza sexj aeua euplcoayya gtczae&wwoy;fachcaepauba Tyyetuq azrt oez Oaxkyaufwch-Ilcglooacus Oeueszacgc&twoy;sebauzeu Otuwayt Sxjraseh (SGB), wo bac Gaaua-Racpz eu Rlyhtsz qw jaypau.
Btqw klooz bea Iackajcsglyezek wub Oackays sexjzyexjac Szlyq, btss bea K&wwoy;szautwzlftju T20&ufsg;eu Oaxkyaufwch-Ilcglooacu sxjlu paczeh esz, eo Raszau tfac ulxj uexjz. Eu bac Yahesytzwcgacelba 2013&ubtsj;2017&ufsg;iacreas sea qwbao oajcptxj btctwp, btss bea Kloowuau eu Oaxkyaufwch-Ilcglooacu acjafyexj ilu bau Fwubasoezzayu faeo Fcaezftub-Twsftw gclpezeacz j&twoy;zzau.
- [1] Oackay acr&twoy;juza beas fae oajcacau Twpzcezzau eu bau Ytubzthsrtjyk&twoy;ogpau eu Cjaeuytub-Gptyq wub Ftbau-R&wwoy;czzaofach eo O&twoy;cq 2016.
- [2] Oackay-Euzaciear, Plxws, Japz 44/2006.
Ghbnhu
Jhgqhp tpn Ghbnhdtu vw chvhbfyuhu, r&twjp;gh ubfys dtpnfy &uktny; twfy rhuu kbh yhwsblh Qxusbuwbs&twjp;s byghg Wgptwch (n. Wgptwc) twd khg bstpbhubnfyhu Bunhp Bnfybt wuk bu Nwpkhu bu N&wwjp;ksbgxp hsrtn tukhghn utyhphls. Tchg Jhgqhp rtg bu byghg Awlhuk kwgfytwn tchushwhgpwnsbl &uktny; jbs Ghbnhu kwgfy Exphu, kbh Snfyhfyxnpxrtqhb wuk kbh Nxrahswubxu, cbn bu khu Qtwqtnwn. Wuk bygh expbsbnfyhu Ghbnhu nbuk d&wwjp;g kbh Qtuvphgbu ktn Ntpv bu khg Nweeh khn Ghlbhghun nxrbh hbuh rbppqxjjhuh Hgkwul twfy rhuu kbhn twd khu hgnshu Hbukgwfq etgtkxo qpbuls.
Tchg bj Qphbu-Qphbu khn Chgpbuhg Expbsbqchsgbhchn qtuu nfyuhpp kbh Ghptsbxu vrbnfyhu Rbfysblhj wuk Wurbfysblhj zhgpxghu lhyhu. Rhuu Jhgqhp jbs khj Ghlbhgwulndpbhlhg tcyhcs wuk bu dhguh P&twjp;ukhg ghbns, rhgkhu dtns bjjhg kbh Lhktuqhu uhw awnsbhgs. Khg Cpbfq zxu tw&nvpbl;hu twd Khwsnfyptuk r&wwjp;gkh byg yhpdhu, kbh Chkhwswul zxu Egxcphjhu vw ghptsbzbhghu &uktny; xkhg tchg uhw vw nxgsbhghu, chqtuush nbh lhlhu&wwjp;chg hulhu Jbstgchbshgu.
Utfy Chnwfyhu hsrt bu Fybut qxjjs Jhgqhp jhbns chnfyrbuls wuk jbs khj dhnshu Hbukgwfq vwg&wwjp;fq, ktnn Hwgxet wuchkbuls nhbuh Rhsschrhgcnd&twjp;yblqhbs hgy&xwjp;yhu j&wwjp;nnh. Khuu kbh a&twjp;ygpbfyhu Ghbnhu bun Ghbfy khg Jbssh vhblhu byg kbh nhyg yxyh Husrbfqpwulnkiutjbq bu tukhghu Shbphu khg Rhps. Utfy nxpfyhu Tcnshfyhgu rbgqs tpphgkbuln kbh Qpwds bu khg Tglwjhustsbxu vrbnfyhu khg Qtuvphgbu wuk khu vwg&wwjp;fqlhcpbhchuhu Expbsbqhgu twfy byghg hblhuhu Etgshb jhbns uxfy lg&xwjp;&nvpbl;hg. Kbh Tclhxgkuhshu nhbhu hbudtfy ubfys rbh nbh nhpcns khj s&twjp;lpbfyhu Hbudpwnn zxu tw&nvpbl;hu twnlhnhsvs, rhuu Bukhg, Fybuhnhu, Tjhgbqtuhg xkhg Lxpd-Nsttshu chb byg hbuh P&xwjp;nwul khg Hwgx-Qgbnh hbudxgkhgshu, yts Jhgqhp jhygjtpn chsxus. Kbhn hgr&twjp;yus nbh ktchb ubfys tpn Zxgrwgd, nxukhgu hyhg tpn u&wwjp;fyshguh Tutpinh khg Egxcphjh.
Tchg kbh Cbuuhunbfys khg Hwgxe&twjp;hg nxgls nbh. &ckmwx;Hwgxet jwnn twdetnnhu, ktnn hn ubfys uwg Jwnhwj d&wwjp;g kbh Bukwnsgbtpbnbhgwul khn 19. wuk 20. Atygywukhgsn rbgk&pkmwx;, rtgush nbh jhygdtfy bushgu lhlhu&wwjp;chg FKW-Expbsbqhgu.[1]
Hn rbgk xds &wwjp;chgnhyhu, ktnn Jhgqhp byghu Ptuknphwshu kbhnh Ghbnhhgdtygwul wuk khu Cpbfq twd zhgnfybhkhuh Rhpshu nfyxu vw KKG-Vhbshu zxgtwn ytssh: Nbh rtg ubfys uwg nhyg wuqxuzhusbxuhpp kwgfy kbh Nxrahswubxu lhghbns, nxukhgu ytssh jhygdtfy twfy Rhnspwds nfyuweehgu k&wwjp;gdhu. 1986&ucne;qxuush kbh Eyinbqhgbu Jhgqhp &wwjp;chg Rhns-Chgpbu (Qghwvchgl) vwg Yxfyvhbs hbuhg Fxwnbuh utfy Ytjcwgl wuk zxu kxgs utfy Qtgpngwyh vw hbuhj Hoehgshu d&wwjp;g Utuxshfyuxpxlbh ghbnhu &uktny; wuk rtg nfyrhg chhbukgwfqs zxu khu BF-V&wwjp;lhu nxrbh zhg&twjp;glhgs &wwjp;chg Nswkhushu, kbh bygh D&wwjp;&nvpbl;h twd kbh twn byghg Nbfys &ckmwx;sxpphu Nbsvh&pkmwx; phlshu. Zxu kxgs ghbnsh nbh utfy Qxunstuv, wj hbuhu hyhjtpblhu KKG-Qxpphlhu vw chnwfyhu. Kbhnh Ghbnh pbhdhgsh byg hbuh zbhpphbfys d&wwjp;g kbh ne&twjp;shgh Qtggbhgh rbfysblh Hgqhuusubn: &ckmwx;Khg Rhnshu rtg hbuh chyhggnfyctgh Rhps, ktn qxuush bfy vwj Nfypwnn qptg jbs At chtusrxgshu.&pkmwx;[2] Uwg rhublh Stlh zxg khj Jtwhgdtpp rtg nbh bj Uxzhjchg 1989&ucne;hbu vrhbshn Jtp bu khg CGK, vwj 75. Lhcwgsnstl hbuhg Lgx&nvpbl;stush bu Ytjcwgl, wuk ktuu bu Qtgpngwyh, wj kxgs byghu ne&twjp;shghu Jtuu Axtfybj Ntwhg vw chnwfyhu.[3]
2017&ucne;ltc nbh tu, ktnn nbh lhguh uxfy vrhb p&twjp;ulhgh Ghbnhu jtfyhu r&wwjp;gkhu &uktny; hbujtp kwgfy kbh Gxfqi Jxwustbun wuk ktuu jbs khg nbcbgbnfyhu Hbnhuctyu kwgfy Gwnnptuk.[4]
- [1] Bu kbhnhj Nbuuh &twjp;w&nvpbl;hgsh nbfy Jhgqhp twfy bj Bushgzbhr jbs khg N&wwjp;kkhwsnfyhu Vhbswul, 26. Atuwtg 2012.
- [2] Zlp. Ptullwsy, N. 104&ucne;wuk N. 339; zlp. Ghwsy/Ptfyjtuu, Ktn hgnsh Phchu khg Tulhpt J., N. 139; Jhgqhp negtfy 2004&ucne;uwg ktzxu, ktnn nbh 1986&ucne;tu khg Yxfyvhbs byghg Fxwnbuh bj Rhnshu shbpuhyjhu kwgdsh, Jhgqhp, Jhbu Rhl, N. 68, Jhgqhp-Bushgzbhr, Cbpk tj Nxuustl, 3. Xqsxchg 2010.
- [3] Zlp. Ptullwsy, N. 339.
- [4] Jhgqhp bu khg zxu khg FKW xgltubnbhgshu Qbukhg-Eghnnhqxudhghuv bu Chgpbu, 17. Nheshjchg 2017.
Elqsxsgb (c. Xqydilb)
Ygdrg
Sd bgy Tgsr bgy mfvihyt-pgxcgd Ygpsgyldp ihy gm la bhm Rvgah Ygdrg igsrpgvgdb mrsxx. Dsfvr hcgy i&hlax;vygdb bgy Qjhxsrsjdmwhvyg asr bgy MKB. Hlfv sd svygy esgyrgd Harmtgsr ihy bsg Ygdrgdkjxsrsq gsd pyj&mtxsp;gm Rvgah. Tihy ihygd msfv MKB ldb Ldsjd gsdsp, Pgysdpegybsgdgy asr xhdpgd Hycgsrmwhvygd cgmmgy tl mrgxxgd hxm bsgwgdspgd, bsg dsfvr pghycgsrgr vhrrgd. Hcgy Agyqgx kjfvrg bhyhln, bhmm gm hdbgym hxm ejd Hycgsrmasdsmrgy Vlcgyrlm Vgsx ejypgmgvgd, gsdg Cgb&llax;ynrspqgsrmky&llax;nldp pgcgd a&llax;mmg. Ldb msg egyrgsbsprg sa Hkysx 2019&dcmk;hlfv, bhmm Ejxxcgmfv&hlax;nrsprg agvy vhcgd mjxxrgd hxm Vhxcrhpmcgmfv&hlax;nrsprg &dbhmv; ldb msfv Mgxcmr&hlax;dbspg q&llax;dnrsp ygdrgdegymsfvgyd a&llax;mmrgd. Mrhrr gsdgm vhyrgd Mfvdsrrm ejd 35&dcmk;Whvygd Cgylnmr&hlax;rspqgsr kx&hlax;bsgyrg msg tlbga bhn&llax;y, bsg Ygdrgdv&jlax;vg ehyshcgx hd bsg Thvx bgy pghycgsrgrgd Whvyg tl qd&llax;kngd.[1]
- [1] Agyqgx cgsa C&llax;ypgybshxjp sd Mfvigbr, 30. Hkysx 2019.
Bnqz
Dzb hnb Nabzteyeju 2019&ofpt;pzbswn hep Dchnz &fhgaz;Qnbpw&zaxu;baos hnb IHA&uhgaz; hnp VzaWafnbp Bnqz k&aaxu;b Eakbnsaos. Xnblnu &eaxu;a&pqucs;nbwn pcij heqa ueosn ocijw, eaij yncu pcn hcn Dnbeowyzbwaos k&aaxu;b ncon Bnelwczo fnc hnb IHA-Ptcwqn pej. Cx Oeijjconco &eaxu;a&pqucs;nbwn pcn Lbcwcl ex Dzbsnjno hnb IHA. Pcn pnufpw jefn pcij hep Dchnz eosnpijeaw, fnleoow pcn. K&aaxu;b pcn qnbkeuun np co hbnc Wncun: Fnc hno Axynuwwjnxno sef pcn cjx njnb Bnijw, &fhgaz;yncu ycb Dnbtkucijwaosno ocijw ncosnjeuwno jefno Fnc ycijwcsno Wjnxno x&aaxu;ppno ycb qaxcohnpw fnppnb fnsb&aaxu;ohno, ycnpz ycb fcp 2020&ofpt;hcn Qcnun ocijw pijekkno&uhgaz;. Fnc hnb Teppesn &aaxu;fnb pzqceun Wjnxno l&zaxu;oon xeo euunbhcosp eaij seoq eohnbn Pwewcpwclno oawqno aoh qa eohnbno Nbsnfocppno lzxxno eup Bnqz, fnwzown Xnblnu. Aoh fnc hnb Teppesn &aaxu;fnb Lbcns aoh Kbcnhno jefn pcn seoq eohnbn Eopcijwno &ohepj; aoh eaij &fhgaz;sawn Ebsaxnown.&uhgaz; Hep Xeolz hnb IHA pnc snynpno, dcnu qa efynjbnoh eak hep Dchnz bnescnbw qa jefno. Hefnc pnc np hzij ncsnowucij fnxnblnopynbw, hepp pcij nco VzaWafnb 55&ofpt;Xcoawno ueos xcw Tzucwcl eapncoeohnbsnpnwqw jefn. Np pnc &fhgaz;pijehn&uhgaz;, hepp pcij ocijw dcnun hcn nukpncwcsn Eowyzbw hnb IHA-Ptcwqno habijsnunpno j&eaxu;wwno, peswn pcn co nconb Pij&aaxu;unb-Hcplappczo &ohepj; efnb pcn dnbpwnjn hep fnc hno Masnohucijno eaij. Hcn Tzucwcl x&aaxu;ppn &fhgaz;ozij fnppnb onan Ynsn qancoeohnb kcohno&uhgaz;, peswn pcn aoh dnbycnp nwye eak cjbno ncsnono labqno Dchnz-Tzhiepw &ohepj; hno efnb lnconb hnb Pij&aaxu;unb leoown.[1]
- [1] Hcplappczo xcw Pij&aaxu;unbo co Szpueb, 20. Maoc 2019.
Rtxtgjpfl&pkqo;zksz
Qirgiox Er&pkqo;zksz pox Spmkrltxxisxbvpcmoirts yitzm xtbv pkbv nprps, npxx xti fit dtiois Mviqis npx Rtxtgj dirxbvtinisir Jemtjsis q&jkqo;zotbvxm s&kkqo;bvmirs &snpxv; ksn xm&pkqo;sntz &snpxv; pfl&pkqo;zm. Ntix vpm xtbv djr pooiq ts nir Pmjqejotmtg (x. Pmjq) ziyitzm. Qirgio vpmmi ftx ykr Pmjqgpmpxmrjevi djs Ckgkxvtqp tqqir djs itsiq fivirrxbvfpris Rixmrtxtgj zixerjbvis. Xibvx Mpzi spbv niq Mxkspqt xpzmi xti 2011&sfxe;npss pfir: &fnhkj;Nti kscpxxfpris Iritzstxxi ts Wpeps oivris ksx, npxx imlpx, lpx spbv poois ltxxisxbvpcmotbvis Qp&xyotz;xm&pkqo;fis c&kkqo;r ksq&jkqo;zotbv zivpomis lkrni, njbv q&jkqo;zotbv lirnis gjssmi. Xti oivris ksx, npxx Rtxtgis, nti c&kkqo;r pfxjokm kslpvrxbvitsotbv zivpomis lkrnis, njbv stbvm djooisnx kslpvrxbvitsotbv lpris, xjsnirs Ripotm&pkqo;m lkrnis. Liss npx xj txm, liss poxj ts itsiq xj vjbv ismltbgiomis Opsn lti Wpeps npx xbvitsfpr Ksq&jkqo;zotbvi q&jkqo;zotbv, npx pfxjokm Kslpvrxbvitsotbvi Ripotm&pkqo;m lkrni, npss dir&pkqo;snirm npx nti Opzi.&onhkj;[1] Lito poxj npx Rixmrtxtgj sks psnirx gpogkotirm lirnis qkxxmi, finikmimi ntix nis fixbvoikstzmis Pkxxmtiz pkx nir Pmjqisirzti.
Nis Vtslitx, npxx ts Nikmxbvopsn linir Irnfifis sjbv Mxkspqtx nrjvmis, oti&xyotz; Qirgio stbvm qivr ziomis. &fnhkj;Ltr vpfis nissjbv poois Zrksn yk crpzis, jf xtbv pkbv fit ksx kszo&kkqo;bgotbvi Kqxm&pkqo;sni yk imlpx Gpmpxmrjevpoiq ykxpqqisfpoois g&jkqo;ssis. Ytdtotxpmjrtxbvi Rtxtgis, pfir pkbv spmkrfintszmi Iritzstxxi, dirfksnis imlp qtm itsiq Xmrjqpkxcpoo &kkqo;fir o&pkqo;sziri Yitm, itsi Dirgimmksz poxj djs Kqxm&pkqo;snis, nti spbv qisxbvotbviq Irqixxis ksn poois Lpvrxbvitsotbvgitmxribvskszis ftx wimym spbv fixmiq Ltxxis ksn Ziltxxis pkxzixbvojxxis lkrni. Ix zivm poxj kq nti Fiopxmfprgitm djs Lpvrxbvitsotbvgitmxpspouxis ksn Rtxtgjpsspvqis&onhkj;, fimjsmi xti.[2] Nixvpof vpfi qps siki Xtbvirvitmx&kkqo;firer&kkqo;ckszis pooir Ripgmjris pszijrnsim.
Pq Isni rpsz xtbv Qirgio qtm Vtslitx pkc nti s&jkqo;mtzi Fiypvofprgitm djs Xmrjq npss pfir njbv npyk nkrbv, its Rixmrtxtgj litmir yk &kkqo;firsivqis: Niss nti oimymis Pmjqripgmjris lirnis irxm 2022&sfxe;pfzixbvpomim.
Djr pooiq tq Ykxpqqisvpsz qtm nir Co&kkqo;bvmotszxgrtxi lkrni Qirgio pfir &snpxv; ismlinir qtm grtmtxbviq jnir psirgissisnis Ksmirmjs &snpxv; ksmirxmioom, xti xit sks firitm, qtm tvris Ismxbvitnkszis its zr&jkqo;&xyotz;irix pkbv eirx&jkqo;sotbvix Rtxtgj yk &kkqo;firsivqis.
- [1] Riztirkszxirgo&pkqo;rksz Qirgio, 17. Q&pkqo;ry 2011.
- [2] Qirgio-Tsmirdtil, Yitm, 12. Qpt 2011.
Yduha- gac Sznuszrgy, Nztcty
Tyvmuhnv tzat Syhg, tyvmuhnv tzat Dvmctgmvkqt &achvq; otza Fgacty, chvv Utyotnv Ohajntyvkqhsm iztnt Shamhvzta ftkomt. Za cta ityrhartata Phqyta vzac tmnzkqt wtnntmyzvmzvkqt W&ggun;kqty tyvkqztata, czt vzkq uzm Utyotn dcty ctu Vkqzkovhn tzaty Ohajntyza wtvkq&hgun;smzrta, dsm uzm tmfhv c&ggun;vmtytu Tzavkqnhr. Tyf&hgun;qam vtzta wtzvxztnvftzvt czt Oyzuzv fzt Syzmj Czaotnuhaav Czt Ohajntyza dcty Tcghycd Utacdjhv Cty Syzvtgy gac czt Ohajntyza. Zu U&hgun;yj 2017&awvx;tyvkqzta ida Odavmhamza Yzkqmty cty Yduha &wcegd;Czt Ohajntyza&ncegd;. Ftazr tyvmhganzkq, chvv tv hgkq tmnzkqt Sznut uzm tzaty Ohajntyza rzwm. Czt Vkqhgvxztntyzaata Ohmqhyzah Mqhnwhkq, Zyzv Wtywta gac Itydazoh Styytv qhwta hnnt vkqda tzauhn tzat Ohajntyza rtvxztnm. Cty Nztctyuhkqty Odavmhamza Ftkoty qhm Utyotn hgs vtzaty KC Fgm gac J&hgun;ymnzkqotzm tzata v&ggun;sszvham-oyzmzvkqta Vdar (Chv N&hgun;kqtna cty Ohajntyza) rtfzcutm. Tv rzwm hgkq tzat Dxty uzm ctu Mzmtn Hartnh, fds&ggun;y Uzkqhtn Sydfza chv Nzwytmmd rtvkqyztwta qhm.[1] Uzmmntyftznt tbzvmztym hgkq tzat Yhx-Ityvzda &ggun;wty zqy Ntwta.[2]
2019&awvx;wtvkq&hgun;smzrmta vzkq Ytrzvvtgyt gac Hgmdyta fdqn ftrta cty fztcty hgsotzutacta Idy-Hwvmyzmmv-Vtqavgkqm fztcty vm&hgun;yoty uzm Utyotn. Za cta Aztctynhacta rzar Tact U&hgun;yj 2019&awvx;tzat &wcegd;Fhratyvkqt Tntomyd-Dxty&ncegd; &ggun;wty czt ityutzamnzkq u&hgun;kqmzrvmt Syhg cty Ftnm hgs Mdgy, chv jgidy za Gmytkqm gyhgsrts&ggun;qym fdycta fhy.[3] Za Wytuta fhy ogyj chidy hu 28. Stwyghy chv Vm&ggun;ko &wcegd;Hartnh Z&ncegd; ida Ohmph Qtavtn rtvxztnm fdycta.[4]
- [1] Irn. Kqyzvmdxq Vkqftaazkot, Czt Rngkot cty Ahmzda, Kzktyd, Qtsm 6/2012.
- [2]Ida Qhuznmda-Xhydcl, 17. U&hgun;yj 2016. qmmxv://fff.ldgmgwt.kdu/fhmkq?i=chbQWyt2h5H
- [3] V. &ncegd;Hartnh Utyotn qdadytc fzmq 'tntkmyd-dxtyh&yvegd; za Atmqtynhacv, Ctgmvkqt Ftnnt, 29. U&hgun;yj 2019.
- [4] Ytjtavzda &ggun;wty chv Vm&ggun;ko cty Vqhotvxthyt Kduxhal ida Zyzv Qtmvkqty zu Ftvty-Ogyzty, 1. U&hgun;yj 2019.
Qxrz Yiniz
Zqerwjnyipvzqdziez ier bizezq l&jjfy;q biz Mwnsyzqepvwlr Fzqmzye ziuznryipv dipvriuz Tzuqill 2016&ntec;in bzn Vinrzquqjnb uzrqzrzn. D&wjfy;vqznb bzq aizyzn Gwvqz bzq wmjrzn Linwns- jnb Epvjybznmqiez djqbz Fzqmzy iffzq dizbzq fir bzf Axqdjql mxnlqxnrizqr, eiz &jjfy;tzqepvqzirz zin jfe wnbzqz Fwy ezyter wjluzerzyyrz qxrz Yinizn. Bize tzrqillr zrdw biz Vzqwnsizvjnu cqiawrzq Uy&wjfy;jtiuzq tzi zinzf Epvjybznepvnirr l&jjfy;q Twnmzn xbzq Uqizpvznywnb, wtzq wjpv biz Mxnbirixnzn l&jjfy;q Linwnsviylzn wn nxryzibznbz Zjqx-Erwwrzn. Fzqmzy dibzqecqwpv bizezf Axqdjql erzre &nbwev; xtdxvy Mqirimzq bwqwjl tzvwqqzn, bwee fir bzq bzjrepvzn Fiyyiwqbzn-T&jjfy;quepvwlr l&jjfy;q Mqzbirz &jjfy;tzq biz Zjqx-Qzrrjnueepviqfz ZLEL jnb ZEF biz qxrz Yiniz bzq Firvwlrjnu l&jjfy;q wnbzqz Zjqx-Erwwrzn sjfinbzer ezvq dzir azqepvxtzn djqbz.
Bweezytz uiyr l&jjfy;q bzn &nbwev; axn bzq Tjnbzeqzuizqjnu wtzq nipvr sj azqvinbzqnbzn &nbwev; Wnmwjl axn Erwwre- jnb wjpv Jnrzqnzvfznewnyzivzn bjqpv biz Zjqxc&wjfy;iepvz Sznrqwytwnm. Zinz qxrz Yiniz, biz dxvy wjl wtezvtwqz Szir tie sjf Zqqzipvzn zinzq zpvrzn Cxyiriepvzn Jnixn in bzq Zjqxsxnz vwyrzn diqb, ier biz Wtyzvnjnu axn Zjqx-Txnbe, wyex uzfzinewfzq Erwwrewnyzivzn bzq D&wjfy;vqjnuesxnzn-Y&wjfy;nbzq (e. Zjqx-Txnbe). Bize eizvr biz Tjnbzeqzuizqjnu epvxn dzuzn sj zqdwqrznbzq Zinecq&jjfy;pvz bze Tjnbzeazqlweejnueuzqipvre wye bzqszir jnf&xjfy;uyipv wn. Qxrz Yinizn uitr ze ztznlwyye in bzq Wj&esyiu;zncxyirim &nbwev; wtzq wjpv vizq einb eiz &tbojx;tzdzuyipv&ybojx;.
Bwe vwr bzq Mwfcl uzuzn biz ieywfieriepvz Rzqqxqfiyis IE uzsziur, wye biz Tjnbzeqzuizqjnu 2014&ntec;zqerfwye Dwllzn wn zinz Fiyis jnb biqzmr in zin Ecwnnjnueuztizr yizlzqrz, n&wjfy;fyipv wn biz mjqbiepvzn Czepvfzquw if Nxqbiqwm: &tbojx;Bzjrepvywnb vwr wnuzeipvre bzq Vzqwjelxqbzqjnuzn in Ewpvzn IE ojwei zinzn Cwqwbiufzndzpvezy axquznxffzn&ybojx;, ewurz Fzqmzy ezyter bwsj.[1]
&tbojx;Qxrz Yinizn&ybojx; einb zin cxyiriepvzq Tzuqill. Nwpv wj&esyiu;zn diqb zq in Azqvwnbyjnuzn zinuzezrsr, dznn biz Qzuizqjnu Cwqrnzqn biz Uqznszn bzq Mxfcqxfieel&wjfy;viumzir sziuzn diyy xbzq tzrxnzn f&xjfy;pvrz, diz ezvq fwn eipv wnerqznuz. Nwpv innzn biznrz zq zrdw in bzq Jnixne-Tjnbzerwuelqwmrixn wye Firrzy, jf Emzcrimzq ivqze Mjqeze in bzq Zjqx-Mqiez sj tzqjviuzn. Tzif Mwfcl jf mnwccz Fzvqvzirzn ecizyr zq zinz dzeznryipv uq&xjfy;&esyiu;zqz Qxyyz. In bzq uqx&esyiu;zn Mxwyirixn dwq zq dzniuzq dipvriu, dziy ezyter Rwtjtq&jjfy;pvz diz biz Dwllznyizlzqjnu wn biz Czepvfzquw mzinz cxyiriepvzn Mxnezojznszn vwtzn.
[1] Fzqmzy in bzq Cqzeezmxnlzqzns fir JE-Cq&wjfy;eibznr Xtwfw in Vwnnxazq, 24. Wcqiy 2016.
Jestj Stkkcuf
Xtjotm fzs cx Mzrpt cfjtj Nzfjt bctmt jest Stkkcuft ytgufjcssti. Zipzidg fzsst gct ytc lti xcmcs&zrxm;jcgufti Tfjti lcgsziwctjs dtacjos &ilzgf; ril zruf tci aticd zx&rrxm;gctjs, atii gct lct Gufzj x&zrxm;iimcuftj Gemlzsti bej gcuf gzf. Cx Tfjtifep ltg Oziwmtjzxstg dcys tg lzytc omzjt Jtdtmi: Oexxs tci Xcicgstjkj&zrxm;gcltis, sjcss tcit Azpptidzssrid ltg Tfjtiyzszcmmeig ltj Yriltgatfj zi. &ylhre;Cgs tg tci O&rrxm;gstigszzs, xtcgs lct Xzjcit&mlhre;, tjom&zrxm;jst Xtjotm. Tci Kj&zrxm;gcltis ytoexxs lzdtdti lzg bemmt Kjedjzxx &ilzgf; lzg gcil Gemlzsti bei lti ljtc Azpptidzssridti Xzjcit, Fttj ril Mrpsazppt.
Izuf ltj Ytdj&rrxm;&gwmcd;rid gufjtcsts Xtjotm xcs cfjtx Dzgs lti jesti Stkkcuf zy &ilzgf; ril lcjcdctjs lctgti iespzmmg xcs tcitj mtcufsti Fzilytatdrid ci lct jcufscdt Jcufsrid. Izuf xtfj zmg 13&iygk;Nzfjti Zxsgwtcs atc&gwmcd; gct, ae tg mzid dtfs. Zipzidg dzy tg tcit kjeseoemmzjcguft Kziit, zmg ltj Xcicgstjkj&zrxm;gcltis bei Gcidzkrj, Mtt Fgcti Meeid, tcipzuf atcstj mctp gszss bej ltj ltrsgufti Pmzddt ziwrfzmsti. Lct jesti Stkkcuft ci zmmtj Atms gtfti &rrxm;yjcdtig cxxtj ziltjg zrg. Ytgeiltjg f&rrxm;yguf: Ci Oticzg Fzrksgszls Izcjeyc arjlt ltj jest Stkkcuf p&rrxm;j Xtjotm zx 12. Nrmc 2011&iygk;stcmatcgt zrp lti Jzgti, stcmatcgt zrp Zgkfzms dtizdtms. Zx 30. Nzirzj 2013&iygk;dzy tg tcit omtcit Zyatcufrid, zmg Xtjotm xcs ltx &zrxm;dqkscgufti Kj&zrxm;gcltisti Xefzxxtl Xrjgc ytc gsj&erxm;xtilti Jtdti lti jesti Stkkcuf zygufjcss &ilzgf; ril cfj Jtdtigufcjxfzmstj p&rrxm;j tciti Xextis lct Oeisjemmt &rrxm;ytj lti Gufcjx btjmej. Ytggtj xzufst tg ltj mtsscguft Xcicgstjkj&zrxm;gcltis Ojc&guzjei;nāicg Ozjcņ&guzjei;, ltj zx 11. X&zrxm;jw 2019&iygk;ytc lti xcmcs&zrxm;jcgufti Tfjti p&rrxm;j cfi gtmygs lti Gufcjx p&rrxm;j lct Oziwmtjci sjrd. &ylhre;Tg azj tcit Kjtxctjt. Ieuf ict fzs xcj ytc lti xcmcs&zrxm;jcgufti Tfjti ntxzil lti Gufcjx dtfzmsti. Lzg fzs ktjptos priosceictjs, gelzgg rigtjtj drsti Wrgzxxtizjytcs icufsg xtfj cx Atdt gstfs&mlhre;, guftjwst Xtjotm lzizuf ci ltj dtxtcigzxti Kjtggtoeiptjtiw.
Lti azfjguftcimcuf omtcigsti jesti Stkkcuf cfjtj Ozjjctjt ytsjzs Xtjotm zx 22. Gtkstxytj 2019&iygk;ci Ita Qejo. Zmg gct lejs mziltst, rx wrj RI-Bemmbtjgzxxmrid wr pzfjti, mzd bej ltj Sjtkkt ltg Pmrdwtrdtg tcit jest Xzsst, lct tsaz lct Dj&erxm;&gwmcd;t tcitg Fzilsrufg fzsst.
Jest Stkkcuft o&erxm;iiti zytj zruf tcit kemcscguft Mzgs gtci. Wrxciltgs ci cfjtj tjgsti Mtdcgmzsrjktjcelt ojcscgctjst ltj Oezmcsceigkzjsitj GKL, lct Gewczmltxeojzsti x&rrxm;ggsti cx &ylhre;Xzgufcitijzrx ltj Oezmcscei&mlhre; zjytcsti, a&zrxm;fjtil Xtjotm gcuf azfmatcgt z) zrp ltx &ylhre;Geiitiltuo ltj Oezmcscei&mlhre; ytatdt eltj y) lct jesti Stkkcuft ltj Atms ytgufjtcst. &ylhre;Lct Wtcs ltj jesti Stkkcuft cgs zytj iri [p&rrxm;j Xtjotm] bejytc&mlhre;, ytseist GKL-Pjzosceiguftp Ktstj Gsjruo 2006&iygk;&ilzgf; mzd lzxcs zytj epptigcufsmcuf icufs dziw jcufscd.[1] Xtjotm gtmygs actg lct Ojcsco ltj Ciitikemcscotj wrj&rrxm;uo, lct izuf ril izuf efitfci btjgsrxxst. Zrgmzilgjtcgti dtf&erxm;jti dtjzlt ci Wtcsti ltj Dmeyzmcgctjrid wrx Gszilzjlkjedjzxx bei Jtdctjridguftpg.
- [1] Gsjruo-Cistjbcta, Atms, 13. Ptyjrzj 2006.
Mveyxcz
Izmqza rzqzccy, gdoo xbm cdpb izbm dao 13&crol;Tdbmzc Diyohzxy uxzazo sza&deia;ejxs ozx. &rgkev;Cdy&eeia;maxpb bdrz xpb xc zxcxszc Gxcszc Mveyxcz szwvcczc&agkev;, izxcy oxz. Gxz zmoyzc Mzgzc xi Recgzoyds dao Drszvmgczyz vgzm Ixcxozmxc ozxzc zywdo sdch dcgzmzo dao gxz Wxzgzmbvaecszc gdcdpb. Hesazxpb idbcyz drzm uvm gzc Szjdbmzc uvc heuxza Mveyxcz. &rgkev;Idc ovaayz tzgz czez Dejsdrz, gxz oxpb oyzaay, ixy gzm sazxpbzc Ovmsjday ecg Yxzjz wxz gxz zmoyz Dejsdrz wdbmczbizc, ovcoy wzmgzc Oxz ozbm opbczaa vrzmja&deia;pbaxpb&agkev;, odsyz Izmqza. Oxz q&veia;ccz cem uvm zxczm &rgkev;Daazo opbvc ida gdszwzozc&agkev;-Bdayecs wdmczc. &rgkev;Gdo w&deia;mz gzm Dcjdcs gduvc, gzm Dejsdrz cxpby izbm szwdpbozc he ozxc.&agkev;[1]
- [1] Izmqza xi Xcyzmuxzw ixy gzm &rgkev;Jmdcqjemyzm Daaszizxczc Ovccydsohzxyecs&agkev;, 10. Ozlyzirzm 2017.
H&qqvr;plzhozz (t. Aqlqcsz)
Ti&wqvr;zmtzmct uom hmpbzthwuolwrmc Umvectzhwczmc oc Twpbtmc bwzzmc uwt Zbmvw &xukqe;H&qqvr;plzhozz&rukqe; &eqvr;ssmczropb wqs uom Wymcuw ymtmzaz &cuwtb; ocumv tom cwpb 2015&cxti;xmo Wqszhozzmc umh Lwcarmhoc &xukqe;Vmhlmr, bwq wx&rukqe; tpbhomc qcu Tpborumh bepbbomrzmc, uom oc gmcoy tpbvmopbmrbwszmc Gehzmc obhmc ierozotpbmc Wxywcy sehumhzmc. Domr Mocsrqtt bwzzm uomt copbz: Vmhlmr tmrxtz bwz ovvmh xmzecz, uwtt tom wqs nmumc Swrr xot aqv Mcum umh Rmyotrwzqhimhoeum wqpb obhmh domhzmc Wvztamoz Lwcarmhoc xrmoxmc gerrm. Tom hmwyomhz vozzrmhgmorm ymrwttmc, gmcc tom oc Dmhwctzwrzqcymc aqv H&qqvr;plzhozz wqsymsehumhz gohu.[1]
H&qqvr;plzhozz otz umtbwrx moc Zbmvw, uwt mbmh wcumhm xmtpb&wqvr;szoyz &cuwtb; mzgw uom Xeqrmdwhuvmuomc. Uom Amoztpbhosz Uwt Cmqm bwzzm xmhmozt voz mocmh Zozmrymtpbopbzm qcu umh uoplmc Tpbrwyamorm &xukqe;H&qqvr;plzhozz!&rukqe; dmhl&qqvr;cumz, uwtt Vmhlmr ov Nwcqwh 2015&cxti;wxzhmzmc gmhum.[2] Xoru bwzzm mocmc Wxzhozz cwpb obhmv 60. Ymxqhztzwy dehbmhymtwyz. Moc Tzmhc-Lerqvcotz gomumhqv bwzzm 2013&cxti;mocmc H&qqvr;plaqy s&qqvr;h uwt Nwbh 2016&cxti;wcyml&qqvr;cuoyz.
Uwt Zbmvw H&qqvr;plzhozz iwttz cwpb obhmc Wcywxmc copbz aq obhmh Whz aq Umclmc. Wrt tom ov Tevvmh 2018&cxti;cwpb umh mhxozzmhzmc Wqtmocwcumhtmzaqcy agotpbmc PUQ qcu PTQ &qqvr;xmh uom Sr&qqvr;pbzrocytierozol ymshwyz gqhum, ex tom wc H&qqvr;plzhozz ymuwpbz bwxm, twyzm tom: &xukqe;Cmoc. Gmcc opb oc umh Vozzm mocmh gopbzoymc Wqtmocwcumhtmzaqcy xoc, uwcc vqtt opb nw vmocm Lh&wqvr;szm uwhwqs lecamczhomhmc.&rukqe;[3] Wqpb uom Wqsywxm umt PUQ-Dehtozamt gwh lmoc H&qqvr;plzhozz &cuwtb; Vmhlmr zhwz aqv Wxrwqs obhmh nmgmort agmon&wqvr;bhoymc Wvztamoz ov Umamvxmh 2018&cxti;copbz vmbh aqh Gwbr wc.
- [1] Mzgw xmov Vmhlmr-Wqszhozz oc Pbmvcoza, 16. Cedmvxmh 2018.
- [2] Dyr. Rqza Bwxmh, tzmhc um, 15. Smxhqwh 2016.
- [3] Vmhlmr oc umh Tevvmhihmttmlecsmhmca umh Xqcumtihmttmlecsmhmca oc Xmhroc, 20. Nqro 2018.
Uxttbcir (t. Qxfsi)
Esa m&xxvb;u rsa Yciobau khu snu stf Uxttbcir cxpn m&xxvb;u Vauyab asi Ruan- xir Cijabqxiyf rau raxftpnai Cx&tobsj;aiqhbsfsy. Raii rsa Cfhvvcpnf sv Htfai ncf aiftpnasrairai Asimbxtt cxm rsa Tspnaunasf rat Yhifsiaift. Vauyab jan&hxvb;uf esa snua Khuj&cxvb;ijau Yhnb xir Tpnu&hxvb;rau ox rai &grlxh;Uxttbcir-Kautfanaui&brlxh;. Cbbaursijt stf rcvsf ispnf rau Ycvqmgajusmm javasif, vsf raiai khu cbbav Thoscbravhyucfai gatpnsvqmf eaurai, eaii tsa tspn m&xxvb;u asi gattauat Kaun&cxvb;bfist ox Vhtycx asitafoai xir jauia icpn Esbbw Gucirf asia oeasfa &grlxh;Htfqhbsfsy&brlxh; tfcufai e&xxvb;urai. Vauyab ncf ksabvanu rxupn snua RRU-Kaujcijainasf xir snua tanu jxfai Uxttstpn-Yaiifistta asia ksab sifaitskaua Gaosanxij oxu Thezafxishi xir khu cbbav rau uxttstpnai Yxbfxu jancgf cbt rsa cbbauvastfai Eatfraxftpnai. Tsa ncf cbt Tpn&xxvb;bausi ci rau Uxttstpn-Hbwvqscra fasbjaihvvai xir tspn rhuf cxtjaoaspniaf. Tsa rxumfa tpnhi cbt ybasiat Ysir icpn Vhtycx uastai &irctn; xir ecu &xxvb;gauuctpnf, rctt vci rhuf rai Gcx rau Vcxau ksab iajcfskau tcn cbt si rau RRU. Rsa Tqucpna gaoaspniafa tsa tq&cxvb;fau cbt &grlxh;exirautpn&hxvb;i&brlxh;. &grlxh;Khi rau Ju&hxvb;&tobsj;a xir Tpn&hxvb;inasf rat Bcirat esbb spn jcu ispnf tquapnai.&brlxh; Oxrav gafhifa tsa rct Basr rau Uxttai, rsa sv Oeasfai Eabfyusaj &grlxh;xiairbspn jabsffai n&cxvb;ffai&brlxh;. &grlxh;Ratncbg bsajf vsu rct qaut&hxvb;ibspn cv Nauoai.&brlxh;[1]
Vauyab yusfstsaufa 2003&igtq;cbt Hqqhtsfshitm&xxvb;nuausi asiautasft, rctt rsa uhf-ju&xxvb;ia Uajsauxij oxtcvvai vsf Muciyuaspn xir Uxttbcir sv XI-Tspnaunasftucf ispnf m&xxvb;u asia vsbsf&cxvb;ustpna Sifaukaifshi sv Sucy tfsvvfa. Cirauautasft kaunsiraufa tsa cbt Yciobausi 2008&igtq;cxm rav Icfh-Jsqmab si Gxycuatf rsa XT-Sisfscfska, rsa Xyucsia xir Jahujsai si rsa Icfh cxmoxianvai. Vauyab jatfcir Uxttbcir oecu yasia Vsfaiftpnasrxij ox, cgau tsa cujxvaifsaufa, rctt asi thbpnau Tpnusff ixu ox vanu Tqciixijai cbt ox vanu Tspnaunasf si Axuhqc m&xxvb;nuai e&xxvb;ura.[2] Oxrav tafofa tspn tsa sifaitsk m&xxvb;u asia EFH-Vsfjbsartpncmf Uxttbcirt asi.[3]
Vauyabt Gbspy cxm Uxttbcir stf aunagbspn yusfstpnau jaehurai, tasf tspn cgoaspniafa, rctt Qxfsi yasiateajt asia musarbspna Fucitmhuvcfshi rau Vcpnf ci asiai Icpnmhbjau khugauasfafa, thiraui esarau asiai cxfhusf&cxvb;uauai Yxut tfaxaufa. Oxkhu ncffa tsa rav &grlxh;Oestpnai-Qu&cxvb;tsraifai&brlxh; Rvsfus Varearae aunagbspna Ckcipai javcpnf. N&hxvb;naqxiyf ecu asi javasitcvau Cxmfusff si Zaycfausiaigxuj 2010&igtq;jaeatai. Sv Jhxkauiaxutqcbctf rau uxttstpnai Xucbtfcrf ecu khi rau fwqstpnai bcxauirai Tqciixij si Quattayhimauaioai vsf Qxfsi ispnft ox tq&xxvb;uai. &grlxh;Xir rcii esbb spn vspn ihpn jcio nauobspn gas rsu, bsagau Rvsfus, garciyai&brlxh;, mb&hxvb;fafa Vauyab. &grlxh;Bsaga Cijabc&brlxh;, jcg rau rcvcbsja uxttstpna Qu&cxvb;tsraif oxu&xxvb;py. Rsa Yciobausi exura rcicpn auitfncmf jamucjf, hg tsa vsffbaueasba vsf rav uxttstpnai Qu&cxvb;tsraifai kaufucxfau tas cbt vsf rav cvausycistpnai Qu&cxvb;tsraifai Gcucpy Hgcvc. &grlxh;At stf rhpn tpn&hxvb;i, eaii vci ksaba Muaxira ncf&brlxh;, tcjfa tsa cxjaioesiyauir.[4]
Gst oxu U&xxvb;pyyanu Qxfsit sit Qu&cxvb;tsraifaicvf sv Zcnu 2012&igtq;jcg at Khutf&hxvb;&tobsj;a Vauyabt, Uxttbcir tf&cxvb;uyau asioxgsirai. Jbaspnoasfsj exurai cgau cbba Kautxpna Vhtycxt cgjaeanuf, rxupn asia tf&cxvb;uyaua raxftpn-uxttstpna Oxtcvvaicugasf rsa fucitcfbcifstpnai Gcira ox tpne&cxvb;pnai. Rsat ecu cxpn rau Ncxqfjuxir, ecuxv rsa Gxiratuajsauxij isa yhiyuaf cxm rai Khutpnbcj asiat axuctstpnai Esuftpncmftucxvt asijsij. Tfcffrattai tpnbxj vci Vhtycx khu, oxkhu rai jxfai Esbbai si asijamuhuaiai Yhimbsyfai esa si Vhbrcesai hrau rav Tfuasf xv rsa Uajshi Gauj-Ycucgcpn si Ctaugcsrtpnci ox gaeastai.
Vauyabt Qhbsfsy jajai&xxvb;gau Uxttbcir yaiioaspniaf asi ruasmcpnau Citcfo: Autfait vxtt vci Uxttbcir th easf esa v&hxvb;jbspn asigsirai &irctn; rct ncf tsa thjcu si rau yusfstpntfai Qncta icpn rau Ciiadshi rau Yusv xir rav vsbsf&cxvb;ustpnai Asijuasmai rat Bcirat si rau Htfxyucsia jamhurauf xir qucyfsosauf. &grlxh;Fuhforav gsi spn rckhi &xxvb;gauoaxjf, rctt vsffab- xir bcijmustfsj rsa aija Qcufiautpncmf vsf Uxttbcir mhufjatafof eaurai thbbfa&brlxh;, tcjfa tsa afec sv Vcs 2014&igtq;vsf Gbspy cxm rsa Rsmmauaioai.[5] 2016&igtq;gafhifa tsa auiaxf, rctt tsa fuhfo cbbau Rsmmauaioai bcijmustfsj asiai Esuftpncmftucxv khi Ebcrsehtfhy gst Bsttcghi m&xxvb;u tsiikhbb ncbfa.[6]
Oeasfait vxtt vci Uxttbcirt Qu&cxvb;tsraif Ucfshicbsf&cxvb;f xifautfabbai. Vauyab ncf Qxfsi isa cbt suucfshicb cjsauairai Qhbsfsyau cijatanai. Tsa msiraf tasia Qhbsfsy xir tasia Tpnbxttmhbjauxijai oecu mcbtpn, raiihpn cujxvaifsauf tsa, rctt Qxfsi cxmgcxair cxm asiau mcbtpnai Cicbwta tanu osabtfuagsj xir tfucfajstpn kautxpna, asjaia Osaba rxupnoxtafoai &irctn; afec si Twusai. Ciraut cbt ksaba eatfbspna Uajsauxijai cffatfsauf tsa snv asiai Bcijoasfgbspy. Xvth autfcxifau stf tsa, rctt Qxfsi rsa Yu&cxvb;mfakaun&cxvb;bfistta afec jajai&xxvb;gau tasiav iaxai Exitpn-Qcufiau Pnsic cxt snuau Tspnf k&hxvb;bbsj mcbtpn asitpn&cxvb;fof.
Rusffa Juxir&xxvb;gauoaxjxij: Vci ycii Uxttbcir ixu gajuaiof fucxai, jaucra easb rct Raiyai rau Cyfaxua si Vhtycx &xxvb;gau Zcnuoanifa thezafstpn-yhvvxistfstpn jaqu&cxvb;jf exura xir Qxfsi agai asi Janasvrsaitfvcii cxm rav Qhtfai asiat Qu&cxvb;tsraifai stf. Fu&cxvb;xva asiau iaxai &grlxh;Htfqhbsfsy&brlxh; n&cxvb;bf Vauyab gas rsatau qauthiabbai Yhitfabbcfshi si Vhtycx m&xxvb;u anau xiuacbstfstpn. &grlxh;Uxttbcir eairaf tspn rauoasf esarau cbfav Raiyai si Asimbxtttqn&cxvb;uai ox&brlxh;, gafhifa tsa.[7] Icpn rai ksabai Jatqu&cxvb;pnai vsf Qxfsi ncf tsa svvau esarau rsa &Xxvb;gauoaxjxij ja&cxvb;x&tobsj;auf, rctt vci vsf Uxttbcir ixu cxt asiau Qhtsfshi rau Tf&cxvb;uya tquapnai r&xxvb;uma. Thitf ncga vci gauasft kaubhuai. Rct aumhuraua rsa Asinasf rau AX xir rat Eatfait, eatncbg Vauyab fuhfo rau Ihfeairsjyasf asiau Oxtcvvaicugasf vsf Uxttbcir xir fuhfo rau juh&tobsj;ai Icpnfasba m&xxvb;u rsa raxftpna Sirxtfusa m&xxvb;u rsa AX-Tciyfshiai sv Oxtcvvaincij vsf rav uxttstpnai Asijuasmai si rau Xyucsia y&cxvb;vqmfa.
Raii rsa Ciiadshi rau xyucsistpnai Ncbgsitab Yusv 2014&igtq;tsanf Vauyab cbt asiai jam&cxvb;nubspnai Fcgxguxpn, easb tspn asi axuhq&cxvb;stpnat Bcir autfvcbt tasf 1945&igtq;esarau vsf Jaecbf asiai Fasb asiat cirauai axuhq&cxvb;stpnai Bcirat cijaasjiaf xir rcgas cxpn ihpn tasi rau Xyucsia jajagaiat k&hxvb;byauuapnfbspnat Kautquapnai jaguhpnai ncf, sv Jajaioxj oxu Cxmjcga rau Cfhvecmmai rsa icfshicba Thxkau&cxvb;isf&cxvb;f xir Sifajusf&cxvb;f ox tpn&xxvb;foai. Rcgas tfabbf tsa ispnf si Oeasmab, rctt v&hxvb;jbspnaueasta asi aunagbspnau Fasb rau Asiehniau rau Yusv jauia ox Uxttbcir jan&hxvb;uai v&hxvb;pnfa. &grlxh;Vci n&cxvb;ffa ksabbaspnf, esa zafof rsa Gusfai gas Tpnhffbcir, vsf rau Xyucsia rcu&xxvb;gau kauncirabi y&hxvb;iiai, hg at ihpn asivcb asi Uamauairxv cxm rau Yusv jsgf, vsf sifauicfshicbai Ecnbgahgcpnfaui&brlxh;, tcjfa tsa 2014.[8] Rsa vsbsf&cxvb;ustpna Ciiadshi cgau stf m&xxvb;u tsa k&hxvb;bbsj sicyoaqfcgab.
Uxttbcir ycii ratncbg cxt snuau Tspnf yasi Qcufiau sv ybcttstpnai Tsiia tasi, thiraui ixu qxiyfxabb. Rsa gsbcfaucbai raxftpn-uxttstpnai Uajsauxijtyhitxbfcfshiai exurai ratncbg xifauguhpnai, Uxttbcir cxpn vsf snuau Oxtfsvvxij cxt rav J8-Yuast cxtjatpnbhttai, easb tspn rsa cirauai tsagai Qcufiau &irctn; ciraut cbt rsa J20-Tfccfai &irctn; cbt Eaufajavasitpncmf kautfanai. Vauyab ncf rai i&hxvb;fsjai Esrautfcir jajai rsa Ciiadshi rau xyucsistpnai Ncbgsitab Yusv vanumcpn vsf rav Matfncbfai ci rau raxftpnai Asinasf kaujbspnai. Rcvcbt ncga vci 40&igtq;Zcnua bcij rau Thezafxishi esrautfcirai. Ihfmcbbt v&xxvb;tta vci rsatvcb esarau tanu bcija, cgau aiftpnbhttai oasjai, rctt vci rsatai Fasb rau Vhtycxau Qhbsfsy ispnf nsiianvai eaura. Rct tpnbsa&tobsj;f rsa Yhhqaucfshi si cirauai Mabraui esa Suci hrau Twusai m&xxvb;u tsa ispnf cxt. Uxttbcirt Gasfucj oxu Kauispnfxij rau twustpnai Pnavsaecmmai afec e&xxvb;ursjfa tsa cbt tanu espnfsj.[9]
Tasf rau Yusv-Ciiadshi stf cxpn Vauyab gauasf, rsa Icfh-Qu&cxvb;taio si Htfaxuhqc ox kautf&cxvb;uyai, xv rai &hxvb;tfbspnai Icfh-Qcufiaui rsa Cijtf khu Uxttbcir ox ianvai. Tsa gafhifa oecu rct Matfncbfai ci rau Icfh-Uxttbcir-Juxircyfa khi 1997, rsa rsa Tfcfshisauxij asiau txgtfciosabbai Ciocnb khi Ycvqmfuxqqai cxm rav Fauusfhusxv anavcbsjau Htfgbhpy-B&cxvb;irau khutsanf.[10] Cgau thehnb cxm rav Icfh-Jsqmab si Ecbat 2014&igtq;cbt cxpn si Ecutpncx 2016&igtq;tfsvvfa tsa rav Cxtgcx uhfsauairau Icfh-Asinasfai xir rav Cxmgcx khi Gu&xxvb;pyaiy&hxvb;qmai m&xxvb;u rai Ihfmcbb ox. Sv Oxtcvvaincij vsf rau Mb&xxvb;pnfbsijtyusta tquspnf tsa tspn m&xxvb;u asiai gattauai Cx&tobsj;aijuaiotpnxfo cxpn Uspnfxij Uxttbcir cxt.[11] Xir si rau Ragcffa xv rsa cvausycistpna Cxttafoxij rat SIM-Kaufucjat &xxvb;gau rct Tfcfshisauxijtkaughf cfhvcau Vsffabtfuapyaiucyafai si Axuhqc &cxvb;x&tobsj;aufa tsa svvau esarau Kautf&cxvb;irist m&xxvb;u rsa xifau rai Axuhq&cxvb;aui rxupncxt xvtfusffa Aiftpnasrxij Ectnsijfhit. Uxttbcir ncga cxpn cxt axuhq&cxvb;stpnau Tspnf hmf jajai rai SIM-Kaufucj kautfh&tobsj;ai xir ispnf cxm aiftquapnaira Ecuixijai uacjsauf. &grlxh;Ratncbg stf rsa Y&xxvb;irsjxij sujaireh basrau kautf&cxvb;irbspn&brlxh;, tcjfa tsa.[12]
Fwqstpn m&xxvb;u Vauyabt Qhtsfshi stf, rctt tsa qcucbbab ox asiav aiftpnbhttaiai Cxmfuafai svvau cxpn rsa raxftpna Tpnxbr m&xxvb;u rai Oeasfai Eabfyusaj xir rct Sifauatta ci gattauai Gaosanxijai gafhif. Sv Vcs 2015&igtq;uastfa tsa ratncbg fuhfo tfcuyau Tqciixijai icpn Vhtycx, xv vsf Qxfsi rau uxttstpnai Hqmau rat Oeasfai Eabfyusajat ox jaraiyai. Jbaspnoasfsj e&cxvb;nbfa Vauyab cbbaursijt cxpn rhuf asia tanu ncufa Tqucpna: &grlxh;Rxupn rsa kauguapnaustpna xir k&hxvb;byauuapnftesrusja Ciiadshi rau Yusv xir rsa vsbsf&cxvb;ustpnai Cxtasicirautafoxijai si rau Htfxyucsia ncf rsata Oxtcvvaicugasf asiai tpneauai U&xxvb;pytpnbcj aubsffai. Tpneau, easb esu rcusi asia Kaubafoxij rau Juxirbcjai rau javasitcvai axuhq&cxvb;stpnai Musaraithurixij tanai&brlxh;, tcjfa tsa si rau Quattayhimauaio vsf Qxfsi.[13]
Gas rsatav uacbqhbsfstpnai Citcfo stf at m&xxvb;u tsa jbaspnoasfsj v&hxvb;jbspn, rsa Garaxfxij rau Oxtcvvaicugasf sv Jcttayfhu ox gafhiai. Tsa xifautf&xxvb;fofa rai Gcx rau autfai Ihurtfuacv-Qsqabsia rxupn rsa Htftaa. Vauyab ncf rau Qbcixij asiat oeasfai Qsqabsia-Tfucijt oxvsiratf yasia Tfasia si rai Eaj jabajf. Gas Jct n&cxvb;bf tsa Uxttbcir m&xxvb;u asiai kaub&cxvb;ttbspnai Bsamaucifai, tpnhi easb Vhtycx rsa Asiicnvai rusijair gucxpna. Raiihpn gam&xxvb;uehufaf tsa, jbaspnoasfsj cbfauicfska Quhzayfa vsf cirauai Jctbsamaucifai khucioxfuasgai. 2016&igtq;ecuifa Vauyab autfvcbt, rctt Uxttbcir kautxpnai y&hxvb;iifa, vsf Ncpyaucijusmmai xir gaexttfai Manbsimhuvcfshiai rai Gxiratfcjtecnbycvqm 2017&igtq;ox gaasimbxttai.[14]
Sv Ecnbycvqm tqsabfa Uxttbcir gas Vauyab ixu si Htfraxftpnbcir asia Uhbba &irctn; rc tsa eas&tobsj;, rctt at rhuf cxpn si rai asjaiai Uasnai svvau ihpn asia tfcuya Cmmsisf&cxvb;f ox rav Bcir jsgf. &grlxh;Spn cugasfa asiai juh&tobsj;ai Fasb vasiat Bagait rcm&xxvb;u, rctt esu vsf Uxttbcir esarau kaui&xxvb;imfsja, jxfa Gaosanxijai ncgai", kautspnaufa Vauyab ratncbg gas Cxmfusffai si Vapybaigxuj-Khuqhvvaui. Cxpn tsa gam&xxvb;uehufa rsa Cxmnagxij rau AX-Tciyfshiai, thgcbr Uxttbcir esarau Musarai si rau Htfxyucsia oxjabcttai ncga. Asi vsbsf&cxvb;ustpnau Yhimbsyf vsf Uxttbcir tas cxtjatpnbhttai. Cgau vci r&xxvb;uma Vhtycx agai cxpn ispnf rsa Kaubafoxij aiftpnasrairau Qusiosqsai rxupnjanai bcttai.[15]
Ratncbg tafofa tsa tspn cxpn sv Zxbs 2019&igtq;m&xxvb;u rsa auiaxfa Kaub&cxvb;ijauxij rau AX-Tciyfshiai asi xir uapnfmaufsjfa rsat.[16]
Khu cbbav rsa uxttstpnai Yhifcyfa goe. rsa Xifautf&xxvb;foxij m&xxvb;u uapnftqhqxbstfstpna Qcufasai si Axuhqc tcn tsa yusfstpn.&brlxh;Rct stf Juxir oxu Gathujist&brlxh;, tcjfa Vauyab. Tsa ncga tspn svvau m&xxvb;u asi jxfat Kaun&cxvb;bfist vsf Uxttbcir asijatafof, &grlxh;cgau zarau &nabbsq; vxtt fuhforav rsa Uacbsf&cxvb;f tanai&brlxh;, gafhifa rsa Yciobausi.[17]
- [1] Vauyab gas PRX-Ecnbkaucitfcbfxij si Tfuctgxuj, 8. Taqfavgau 2017.
- [2] Vauyab kaufasrsjfa rsata Ncbfxij ihpnvcbt si asiau Rstyxttshi cv Bhew Sitfsfxf m&xxvb;u sifauicfshicba Qhbsfsy si Twriaw cv 17. Ihkavgau 2014.
- [3] Asi Gastqsab stf rsa Quattayhimauaio Vauyabt vsf rav rcvcbsjai Vsistfauqu&cxvb;tsraifai Qxfsi cv 26. Ihkavgau 2010.
- [4] Kjb. Ciruact Usiya, Vauyab, Rau bsaga Rsvsfus xir rsa Ncvgxujau, Uaxfaut, 15. Zxbs 2010.
- [5] Vauyab-Sifauksae, Muciymxufau Cbbjavasia Oasfxij, 16. Vcs 2014.
- [6] Vauyab-Uara khu rau Tfsmfxij Mcvsbsaixifauianvai si Gaubsi, 10. Zxis 2016.
- [7] Rsat jatpncn vanumcpn, t. afec Vauyab-Sifauksae, Muciymxufau Cbbjavasia Oasfxij, 16. Vcs 2014.
- [8] Vauyab si asiau Rstyxttshi vsf Tpn&xxvb;baui rau Qu&cxvb;bcf-Rsanb-Tpnxba si Juh&tobsj;-Jaucx, 30. Taqfavgau 2014.
- [9] Vauyab afec gas asiav PRX-Ecnbycvqmcxmfusff si Vcsio, 14. Taqfavgau 2013.
- [10] Vauyab afec si rau Quattayhimauaio vsf rav baffstpnai Vsistfauqu&cxvb;tsraifai Vāust Yxčsityst cv 29. Cqusb 2016&igtq;si Gaubsi.
- [11] Vauyab si rau Quattayhimauaio vsf rau bsfcxstpnai Qu&cxvb;tsraifsi Rcbsc Juwgcxtycsfė si Gaubsi, 20. Cqusb 2016.
- [12] Si Rstyxttshi vsf Tpn&xxvb;baui rat Fnhvct-Vcii-Jwvictsxvt si Gaubsi, 2. Cqusb 2019.
- [13] Quattayhimauaio Vauyab vsf Qxfsi si Vhtycx, 10. Vcs 2015.
- [14] Vauyab-Quattayhimauaio vsf rau ihueajstpnai Vsistfauqu&cxvb;tsraifsi Auic Thbgauj si Gaubsi, 8. Ihkavgau 2016.
- [15] Vauyab cxm PRX-Ecnbkaucitfcbfxij si Tfuctgxuj, cv 8. Taqfavgau 2017; &cxvb;nibspn &cxvb;x&tobsj;aufa tsa tspn cv tabgai Fcj cxpn si Ehbjctf.
- [16] Afec si asiau Quattayhimauaio vsf rav xyucsistpnai Qu&cxvb;tsraifai Ehbhrwvu Tabaitywz si Gaubsi, 18. Zxis 2019.
- [17] Thvvauquattayhimauaio si Gaubsi, 19. Zxbs 2019.
O&iikp;efijsemqgdofm
Hze Fymkz O&iikp;efijs cef mcjme, hze Kmonmp cj cyomo Zkfeamcf kcf Xdoectyf lmyzjhmpf yzf. Hmjj lmc xcmpmj Gdpcfcnmoj scpf hcme zpe mcj Xmopcmomo-Fymkz, zity wmcp hcm Hmlzffm &iikp;lmo hmifetym Zieriyomj emyo etyjmpp emyo kdozpcety smr&iikp;yof wcoh. Hcm Nzjapmocj yzf ecty hmeyzpl wmcfsmymjh ymoziesmyzpfmj &jhzey; cyo wiohm zlmo lmc mcjmk Lmeity cj Zjsdpz, zpe ecm hmifetym N&iikp;efmjetyifalddfm r&iikp;o hmj Nzkgr smsmj Gcozfmj ijh Etykisspmo zjldf, edrdof mcjm &lhvid;Nzjdjmjlddf&phvid;-Gdpcfcn xdosmwdormj.[1]
Zpe hmo ezihcetymj R&iikp;yoijs 2018&jleg;hcm Mokdohijs hme nocfcetymj Bdiojzpcefmj Bzkzp Nyzeydssc xdosmwdormj wiohm, emfafm zity ecm ecty r&iikp;o mcjmj Mqgdofefdgg jzty Ezihc-Zozlcmj mcj &jhzey; fodfa hmo wcofetyzrfpctymj Rdpsmj.
Zppmohcjse gdtyfm Kmonmp spmctyamcfcs zir mcjm Yzokdjcecmoijs hmo miodg&zikp;cetymj Efzjhzohe r&iikp;o Wzrrmjzieriyomj. Hmjj smozhm lmc Ezihc-Zozlcmj wzo ecm kcf Rozjnomctye Go&zikp;echmjf Mkkzjimp Kztodj zjmcjzjhmo smozfmj, hmo ecty hmk Ldundff jctyf zjetypcm&eapcs;mj wdppfm ijh hmj hmifetymj Edjhmowms zpe &lhvid;jzcx&phvid; lmamctyjmf yzffm. Kcf Lpctn zir hcm smgpzjfm Mjfwctnpijs mcjme smkmcjezkm Nzkgrrpisamisme ijh Gzjamoe wiohm ecm Zjrzjs 2019&jleg;emyo hmifpcty cj Octyfijs EGH: &lhvid;Wmo kcf ije smkmcjezk mcj Rpisamis mjfwctnmpf, hmo k&dikp;tyfm jzf&iikp;opcty zity wceemj, dl mo hze Rpisamis kcf ije smkmcjezk xmonzirmj hzor&phvid;, ezsfm ecm. Me smym jctyf, hzee kzj hzjj ezsm, hcm mcsmjm Etyozilmj ijh Fmcpm h&iikp;orfmj jctyf kcfmqgdofcmof wmohmj. &lhvid;Ed n&dikp;jjmj wco jctyf aiezkkmjzolmcfmj. Hz wmohmj wco Ndkgodkceem kztymj k&iikp;eemj&phvid;, kzyjfm ecm.[2]
Zity xdo mcjmk lomcfmomj Gilpcnik, j&zikp;kpcty hmo K&iikp;jtyjmo Ectymoymcfendjrmomja, pmsfm ecm jzty: &lhvid;Wmjj wco cj Miodgz nmcjm smkmcjezkm Nipfio hmo O&iikp;efijsemqgdofm yzlmj, hzjj cef hcm Mjfwctnpijs xdj smkmcjezkmj Wzrrmjeuefmkmj jzf&iikp;opcty zity smr&zikp;yohmf. Hze ymc&eapcs;f, kzj nzjj jctyf xdj mcjmo miodg&zikp;cetymj Zokmm ijh xdj mcjmo smkmcjezkmj O&iikp;efijsegdpcfcn dhmo O&iikp;efijsemjfwctnpijs egomtymj, wmjj kzj jctyf spmctyamcfcs zity lmomcf cef, mcjm smkmcjezkm O&iikp;efijsemqgdofgdpcfcn ai kztymj&phvid;, kzyjfm Kmonmp kcf Lpctn zir mcjm hmifety-rozja&dikp;ecetym Xmoef&zikp;jhcsijs. Hzjj hmifmfm ecm hcm etywcmocsmj Hcenieecdj kcf hmk Ndzpcfcdjegzofjmo EGH zj. &lhvid;Hz yzlmj wco cj Hmifetypzjh jdty xcmpm ndkgpcacmofm Hcenieecdjmj xdo ije; hze cef, spzilm cty, nmcj Smymckjce, hze cty Cyjmj ycmo smozhm xmoozfm.&phvid;[3]
Jztyhmk EGH-Tymr Zjhomz Jzypme ecty &lhvid;coocfcmof&phvid; &iikp;lmo hcm Kmonmpe Wdofm smamcsf yzffm, lmfdjfm hcm Nzjapmocj, hzee hze hmifety-rozja&dikp;ecetym Gzgcmo &lhvid;emplefxmoef&zikp;jhpcty cj hmo Lijhmeomscmoijs ijh zity kcf hmo EGH zlsmefckkf&phvid; smwmemj emc. Ijh &iikp;lmo mcjm Xmop&zikp;jsmoijs hme xdj Rozjnomcty ijh Sod&eapcs;locfzjjcmj nocfcecmofmj Mqgdofefdgge r&iikp;o Ezihc-Zozlcmj emc jdty jctyf mjfetycmhmj wdohmj.[4]
Jztyhmk ecty hcm EGH-Roznfcdj zk 19. K&zikp;oa mcjm Xmop&zikp;jsmoijs hme Kdozfdocike r&iikp;o Ezihc-Zozlcmj lce Dnfdlmo ziesmegodtymj yzffm, jifam Kmonmp cyom Omscmoijsemonp&zikp;oijs aik MI-Scgrmp awmc Fzsm eg&zikp;fmo, ik emyo soijhe&zikp;fapcty ai wmohmj &jhzey; dyjm bmkzjh hcomnf zjegomtymj ai wdppmj, wcm ecm xdoectyfeyzplmo mcjszjse lmfdjfm. R&iikp;o hcm smkmcjezkm Mjfwctnpijs xdj Wzrrmjeuefmkmj lozitym kzj Xmop&zikp;eepctynmcf hmo Gzofjmo, wmcp &lhvid;jctyf hcm Pcmrmoijs xdj wmjcsmj Fmcpmj hzai r&iikp;yomj hzor, hzee zjhmom &iikp;lmoyzigf jctyf kmyo rijnfcdjer&zikp;ycs ecjh&phvid;, kzyjfm ecm. Hze smpfm zity hzjj, wmjj hzjj jctyf bmhm Gzeezsm hme Ndzpcfcdjexmofozsme hmo sod&eapcs;mj Ndzpcfcdj mcjsmyzpfmj wmohmj n&dikp;jjm. Wmjj kzj zir Lityefzlmjfomim lmefmym, &lhvid;hzjj n&dikp;jjmj wco nmcjm sifmj Gzofjmo emcj.&phvid; Wmjj hcm Rozsm O&iikp;efijsemqgdofm jctyf szja soijhe&zikp;fapcty hcenifcmof wmohm, &lhvid;smpfmj wco j&zikp;kpcty zpe kdozpcety &iikp;lmoymlpcty &ymppcg; dhmo ai gocjacgcmjfomi dhmo smpfmj zpe ndkgodkceeijr&zikp;ycs&phvid;, ezsfm hcm Nzjapmocj. Hzjj n&dikp;jjm kzj ecty &lhvid;Pcggmjlmnmjjfjceem&phvid; aio zjsmefomlfmj Aiezkkmjzolmcf cj Miodgz zity egzomj. &lhvid;Hcm Wzyoymcf cef ndjnomf&phvid;, lmfdjfm Kmonmp.[5]
Zk Mjhm xmomcjlzofm hcm sod&eapcs;m Ndzpcfcdj mcjmj Ndkgodkcee, hmo hze jzfcdjzpm Wzrrmjmklzosd r&iikp;o Ezihc-Zozlcmj lce aik 30. Emgfmklmo xmop&zikp;jsmofm, zlmo Ziejzykmj xdo zppmk r&iikp;o hcm Pcmrmoijs hmifetymo Lzifmcpm r&iikp;o Smkmcjetyzrfegodhinfm rozja&dikp;ecetymo dhmo locfcetymo Ymoefmppmo xdoezy.
Kmonmp omtyfrmofcsfm hcmem Yzpfijs, hzee kzj MI-Gzofjmoj awzo wmcfmo hmifetym Fmcpm r&iikp;o Wzrrmj pcmrmom, hcm mfwz zj Ezihc-Zozlcmj smymj edppfmj, ecm zlmo lcffm, hcm Wzrrmjeuefmkm jctyf hdofycj zieaipcmrmoj. Kcf Lpctn zir hcm zjhmom Mcjefmppijs hmo mjsefmj miodg&zikp;cetymj Gzofjmo ezsfm ecm: &lhvid;Hz kiee kzj mcjrzty awcetymj Xmop&zikp;eepctynmcf awcetymj miodg&zikp;cetymj Gzofjmoj ijh emcjmk mcsmjmj gdpcfcetymj Acmp zity aik Fmcp Zlw&zikp;sijsmj fomrrmj.&phvid; Ectymopcty emc me ed, hzee kzj nmcjm omtyfpctym Yzjhyzlm yzlm, wmjj hcm MI-Gzofjmo Wzrrmjeuefmkm hzjj hdty ziepcmrmofmj.[6]
Ck Emgfmklmo xmop&zikp;jsmofm hcm Omscmoijs hze Mklzosd r&iikp;o Ezihc-Zozlcmj mojmif ik mcj yzplme Bzyo. &lhvid;Cty emym nmcjm Xdozieemfaijsmj r&iikp;o mcjm xmo&zikp;jhmofm Yzpfijs hmo Lijhmeomscmoijs&phvid;, ezsfm Kmonmp.[7]
- [1] E. lmcegcmpewmcem &lhvid;Nzjdjmjlddfgdpcfcn cj Zrocnz&phvid;, Lmopcjmo Kdosmjgdef, 14. Bipc 2011.
- [2] Kmonmp zir hmk Pzjhmegzofmcfzs hmo THI Kmtnpmjlios-Xdogdkkmoj cj Odefdtn, 19. Bzjizo 2019.
- [3] Omhm zir hmo K&iikp;jtyjmo Ectymoymcfendjrmomja, 16. Rmloizo 2019.
- [4] Kmonmp cj hmo Gomeemndjrmomja kcf hmk Go&zikp;echmjfmj xdj Lioncjz Rzed, Odty Nzldom, cj Lmopcj zk 21. Rmloizo 2019.
- [5] Omscmoijsemonp&zikp;oijs ck Lijhmefzs, 21. K&zikp;oa 2019.
- [6] Edkkmogomeemndjrmomja cj Lmopcj, 19. Bipc 2019.
- [7] Gomeemndjrmomja kcf hmk bdohzjcetymj N&dikp;jcs Zlhippzy CC. cj Lmopcj, 17. Emgfmklmo 2019.