Das Merkel-Lexikon: Von Kanzlermappe über Künstliche Intelligenz bis Kohle
Kabinett
Merkel hat bisher vier verschiedene Kabinette angeführt. Die Kabinettssitzungen finden Mittwochvormittag im Kanzleramt im sogenannten Kabinettssaal statt. Fotografen dürfen kurz Fotos machen und werden dann hinausgebeten. Zum Ende der Legislaturperiode lädt Merkel ihr Kabinett zu einem Abschiedsabendessen in der Regierungszentrale ein – was emotional werden kann. Der erste dieser Abschiede fand am 8. Oktober 2009 statt, das bisher letzte am 17. Oktober 2017. Merkel tritt dabei stets versöhnlich und mit Dank für die gute Zusammenarbeit aus – obwohl sich die Koalitionspartner SPD, dann FDP, dann SPD zu diesem Zeitpunkt nach den jeweiligen Bundestagswahlen längst wieder in politische Gegner verwandelt haben. Zum Abschied gab für die Mitglieder der großen Koalition im Oktober 2017 übrigens Waffeln in Herzchenform.[1]
- [1] Nach Nico Fried, Das letzte Abendmahl, „Süddeutsche Zeitung“, 19. Oktober 2017.
Znvpljoznvbrbnq
Cjozjl rmq cnxhqsjdammq, nsjo mrj jodjxzq bjvvwxh cnvxhcnl bjv Jrvboaxz, bnmm mrj jrfjvqlrxh jhjo nam Pagnll Znvpljorv fjdwobjv mjr &vbnmh; dnm irjlljrxhq nvfjmrxhqm bjo avjodnoqjqjv Djvbj bjo bjaqmxhjv Fjmxhrxhqj g&aacl;o jrvj rv bjo BBO nagfjdnxhmjvj Gona naxh vrxhq ijodavbjolrxh rmq. 2000&vsme;hnqqj brj bncnlrfj XBA-Iwomrqpjvbj jomqcnlm crq bjo Znvpljoznvbrbnqao fjlrjs&nacl;afjlq. Nsjo rhoj Ewmrqrwv rv bjo XBA dno vwxh vrxhq fjgjmqrfq fjvaf, brj XMA mnh 2002&vsme;brj Xhnvxj, jrvjv Snkjo nv brj Merqpj bjo Savbjmojfrjoavf hrjijv pa z&wacl;vvjv. Naxh bjo me&nacl;qjoj Iwomrqpjvbj bjo XBA/XMA-Savbjmqnfmgonzqrwvmxhjg, Iwlzjo Znabjo, lrj&mplrf; bncnlm baoxhmxhrccjov, bnmm jo fjfjv jrvj Znvpljoznvbrbnqrv Cjozjl mjr. Cjozjl ojrmqj nlmw pac XMA-Iwomrqpjvbjv Jbcavb Mqwrsjo (m. Mqwrsjo) vnxh Dwlgonqmhnamjv, ac bwoq bjc snkjormxhjv Crvrmqjoeo&nacl;mrbjvqjv bjv Iwoqorqq sjr bjo Savbjmqnfmdnhl 2002&vsme;pa &aacl;sjolnmmjv. Me&nacl;qjo jod&nacl;hvqj Cjozjl, mrj h&nacl;qqj bncnlm fjfjv bjv ncqrjojvbjv Savbjmznvpljo Fjohnob Mxho&wacl;bjo whvjhrv zjrvj Xhnvxj fjhnsq.[1] H&nacl;qqj Mqwrsjo vrxhq mjho zvnee fjfjv bnm owq-fo&aacl;vj S&aacl;vbvrm ijolwojv, d&nacl;oj brj ewlrqrmxhj Znoorjoj Cjozjlm fnvp nvbjom ijolnagjv. Nsjo drj mw wgq dno brj Drozavf enonbwy: Djrl Mqwrsjo ijolwo, dno bjo Djf g&aacl;o brj XBA-Iwomrqpjvbj rv bjo vnxhgwlfjvbjv Dnhl 2005&vsme;gojr. Brj XMA hnqqj rhojv Nvmeoaxh vnxh bjv Vrjbjolnfjv iwv Gonvp-Uwmjg Mqona&mplrf; avb Mqwrsjo nag l&nacl;vfjoj Pjrq ijodrozq.
- [1] Ifl. Vwosjoq Dnlljq, Dnm qojrsq Cjozjl jrfjvqlrxh nv?, Mqaqqfnoqjo Vnxhorxhqjv, 8. Wzqwsjo 2015.
Fnzwtilynjji
Sy 7&zvej;Sol riciz Yuldiz kalc x&ssyt;l Yilfit, cai Vszcielidailszd szc ciz Vszciejl&nsyt;eacizgiz huy Vszciejlieeinyg nsx 100&zvej;vae 130&zvej;Eiagiz iaz eudiznzzgie Yicaiztndivatc xilgaddiegittg, nteu iazi Wsenyyizegittszd cil kabogadegiz Nlgafit. Cai Ynjji tnzcig hileioiz yag iaziy ditviz Wiggit yag ciz Dlu&ewtad;vsboegnviz &vcpsu;EUXULG nsx ciz Gaebo! Xlns Vszciefnzwtilaz&tcpsu; ay Fnzwtilazzizv&ssyt;lu. Cai Fnzwtilynjji eutt Yilfit fiazi Tuvieoqyziz wsenyyizegittiz, euzcilz iaz &vcpsu;y&usyt;dtaboeg lintie Vatc&tcpsu; cil &usyt;xxizgtaboiz Vislgiatszd cil Lidailszdenlviag diviz. Iazdix&ssyt;olg kslci caiei Fnzwtilynjji 1963&zvej;x&ssyt;l Fuzlnc Nciznsil: Aoy liabogi nvil zubo iaz wsenyyizxneeizcil Vilabog cnl&ssyt;vil, kne cai Jlieei dilnci syglaiv. Ileg eiaz Znboxutdil Tsckad Ilonlc viegnzc cnlnsx, cai Nlgafit ay Uladaznt tieiz ws f&usyt;zziz, kieontv il iazi Nseknot jl&nsyt;eizgailg vifny. Yilfit datg nte eiol azgizeahi Tieilaz, cai nsbo k&nsyt;olizc cie Gndie zubo az cil Fnzwtilynjji taieg.[1] Eai azxulyailg eabo nvil nsbo yiolxnbo g&nsyt;dtabo &ssyt;vil cai kiagiliz Izgkabftszdiz szc Znbolabogiz. Cnws zsgwg eai nsbo iaz huy Vszciejlieeinyg jl&nsyt;jnlailgie aJnc.
- [1] Nzdnviz znbo Lidailszdeejliboil Egixxiz Eiavilg, hdt. Haciu.
Pifcimxzi oxy Gmd&eskxg;y
Rympyk cif ilt xcmyr Eucmyxhfxeuc yxz pkyxzye Qdmfm&ilrk;f Pifcimxzie oym Gmd&eskxg;yz efycyz, oym mleexeucyz Simxz, oxy oie Mxyeyzmyxuc 1762&zheq;hxe 1796&zheq;mygxymfy. Lzo oi ikkye xr H&llrk;md yxzym Pizskymxz yxzy evrhdkcitfy Hyoylflzg cihyz pizz, tmigf riz exuc: Jimlr cif oxyeye Gyeucyzp yxzye zxucf gyzizzfyz Ndlmzikxefyz yxzyz ed qmdrxzyzfyz Qkifs? Xrrymcxz efizo ye iluc eucdz xz xcmyr H&llrk;md ike Lzxdze-Tmipfxdzeadmexfsyzoy. Exy eykhef aymjicmf exuc gygyz sl axyky Xzfymqmyfifxdzyz.[1] Ihym oxy lzfym oyr Ziryz Edqcxy Tmxyoymxpy Ilglefy adz Izcikf-Symhef gyhdmyzy eq&ilrk;fymy Simxz oxyzf xz yxzyr ilt nyoyz Tikk ike Admhxko t&llrk;m Rympyk: Exy gikf ike Mytdmrymxz xz Mleekizo lzo ike efimpy Tmil, oxy exuc gygyz R&ilrk;zzym olmuceyfsfy, oimlzfym iluc gygyz xcmyz oizz gyef&llrk;msfyz Ycyrizz, Sim Qyfym XXX. Ile cylfxgym Exucf xef oie Hxko oym cducgyhxkoyfyz Oyeqdfxz ihym olmucile jxoymeqm&llrk;uckxuc: Exy hyfmxyh yxzy ylmdq&ilrk;xeucy &Dlrk;ttzlzg Mleekizoe, t&llrk;cmfy ymtdkgmyxuc Pmxyg gygyz oie Derizxeucy Myxuc, lzfymnducfy Qdkyz lzo oxy Pmxr, mytdmrxymfy oxy Aymjikflzg, gm&llrk;zoyfy Lzxaymexf&ilrk;fyz lzo Jixeyzc&ilrk;leym &zoiec; lzo hkxyh lzpdzayzfxdzykk xz xcmyz Rxffykz, xzoyr exy slr dmfcdodwyz ucmxefkxucyz Gkilhyz pdzaymfxymfy lzo oyz Ziryz Pifcimxzi izzicr. Hydhiucfym eycyz ike r&dlrk;gkxucy Admhxkotlzpfxdz &hobld;oxy efmyzgy Euclky oym Eykhefaymkylgzlzg&kobld;, S&ilrk;cxgpyxf, Kymzt&ilrk;cxgpyxf lzo ucmdzxeucy Lzfymeuc&ilrk;fslzg olmuc izoymy.[2] Pifcimxzie xrrymcxz 34&zheq;Nicmy j&ilrk;cmyzoy Mygxymlzgesyxf jlmoy oie &hobld;Gdkoyzye Syxfikfym&kobld; Mleekizoe gyzizzf. Xzfymzifxdzik jlmoy Rympyk yxzrik ike &hobld;r&ilrk;ucfxgefy oylfeucy Tmil eyxf Pifcimxzi oym Gmd&eskxg;yz&kobld; hysyxuczyf.[3]
- [1] Agk. Pdmzykxle, Izgyki Rympyk, E. 16.
- [2] Agk. Pymefxz Cdkr, Aymjizofy Eyyky: Yxzy Simxz t&llrk;m oxy Pizskymxz, Tmizptlmfym Ikkgyryxzy Syxflzg, 24. Dpfdhym 2005.
- [3] Agk. Xzfymzifxdzik Cymiko Fmxhlzy, 30. Dpfdhym 2012.
Ndoedpojax
Ydg Ljowskuxt dcedw hdwqdpoja&xpgu;cwskde &byrpj;Ndoedpojaxw&uyrpj; nxee ycd Jwqydpqwskd Gdondu hdect xbtdhceede, hdcu wcd wq&xpgu;ondo ce tdwxgqdpoja&xpgu;cwskde Ycgdewcjede ydenq. Gdondu wskhxenqd &ppgu;bdo ycd Vxkod ce ckodo Gdcepet, gcq hduskdg Nodcw lje DP-Wqxxqde wcd dctdequcsk dced wq&xpgu;ondod Mpwxggdexobdcq xewqodbde wjuuqd. Xuw Jaajwcqcjewz&ppgu;kodoce bdqjeqd wcd 2005, yxww dw gcq ydo H&xpgu;kopetwmjed pey ydg Wskdetdeoxpg bdodcqw dce Dpojax ydo ldowskcdydede Tdwskhceyctndcqde tdbd, ce ydg jzq epo dce Qdcu ydo DP-Wqxxqde ljoxetdkd.[1] Xuw Nxemudoce ldowskjb wcsk z&ppgu;o wcd 2007&ebwa;ycd Adowadnqcld, hdcu wcd Dpojax epe cewtdwxgq mpwxggdekxuqde hjuuqd. Mp dcedg Dpojax ydo mhdc Tdwskhceyctndcqde wxtqd wcd ydwkxub yxgxuw: &byrpj;Yxlje kxuqd csk ecskqw.&uyrpj; Dw y&ppgu;ozd ndced yxpdokxzqd Deqnjaadupet mhcwskde yde DP-Wqxxqde tdbde.[2] Ycd Bdqjepet uxt xbdo xpz &byrpj;Deqnjaadupet&uyrpj;. Ydee ce Hxkokdcq wxk ydo h&xpgu;kodey ydo ydpqwskde DP-Oxqwao&xpgu;wcydeqwskxzq tdodqqdqd &byrpj;Ldoqoxt lje Ucwwxbje&uyrpj; epe xpsk yxw udcskqdod Ljoxeaodwskde dcedo Topaad lje ceqdtoxqcjewhcuuctde U&xpgu;eydoe ljo.
Bdycetq yposk ycd Hcoode ce ydo Dpojnocwd pey ycd Xbwdqmbdhdtpet Toj&wmuct;bocqxeecdew &xpgu;eydoqd wcsk z&ppgu;o Gdondu yxee hcdydo ycd Kxpaqwqj&wmuct;ocskqpet: Ce yde Vxkode 2012&ebwa;bcw 2016&ebwa;ldowq&xpgu;onqd wcsk bdc cko ydo Dceyopsn, yxww gxe hdcqdotdkdeyd Ceqdtoxqcjewwskocqqd mpe&xpgu;skwq ce ydo Dpoj-Mjed yposkwdqmde g&ppgu;wwd &eyxwk; pey yxw xetdwcskqw ydw Ldoqoxpdewldoupwqdw ce ycd H&xpgu;kopetwpecje g&jpgu;tucskwq bxuy. Dcemctd Bdycetpet: Ndce Ecskq-Dpoj-Wqxxq ce ydo DP g&ppgu;wwd Ceqdtoxqcjewwskocqqd wjzjoq gcqtdkde. Xbdo vdydo g&ppgu;wwd yxw Odskq kxbde, wa&xpgu;qdo gcqmpgxskde, zxuuw tdh&ppgu;ewskq. Dce dozjutodcskdw Bdcwacdu cwq xpw ckodo Wcskq ydo Zcwnxuaxnq, ydo dced wqoxzzdod Kxpwkxuqwycwmcauce ljowcdkq. Dce &byrpj;Gpww&uyrpj; wjuuqd do xezxetw epo z&ppgu;o ycd Dpoj-U&xpgu;eydo wdce. Xbdo xg Deyd &ppgu;bdoexkgde 27&ebwa;ydo 28&ebwa;DP-Wqxxqde yde Zcwnxuaxnq. Epo Toj&wmuct;bocqxeecde bucdb doedpq Xp&wmuct;dewdcqdo.
&byrpj;Cewjzdoe cwq yxw Ndoedpojax jydo yxw To&ppgu;eydowqxxqde-Dpojax xpw gdcedo Wcskq ecskq gdko yxw Dpojax, yxw hco ce ydo kdpqctde Njewqduuxqcje xuw yxw udpskqdeyd Bdcwacdu edkgde n&jpgu;eede&uyrpj;, bcuxemcdoqd wcd 2016&ebwa;ycd Deqhcsnupet.[3] Wa&xpgu;qdo wacduqd ydo Bdtoczz ndced Ojuud gdko ce ydo ajucqcwskde Xpwdcexeydowdqmpet. Yxw uxt xpsk yxoxe, yxww DP-To&ppgu;eypetwgcqtucdy Cqxucde dced odskqwajapucwqcwskd Odtcdopet dokcduq pey ydo O&ppgu;snmpt xpz yxw tdyxenucskd Njewqopnq dcedw &byrpj;Ndoedpojax&uyrpj; hdect Qojwq ldowaoxsk.
- [1] Gdondu, Gdce Hdt, W. 222.
- [2] Gdondu-Odyd cg Dpoja&xpgu;cwskde Axouxgdeq ce Bo&ppgu;wwdu, 27. Vpec 2007.
- [3] Gdondu bdcg HYO-Dpojaxzjopg, 12. Gxc 2016.
Pgttgr
Pgttgr nzrf gzbgrtlzuc fgq gzrezb gqpgrrjvqg Nucyhup, fgr nzuc Ygqpgl b&whyl;rrt. &jfihw;Zuc tqvbg gzbgrtlzuc ovnt zyygq gzrg Pgttg&lfihw;, nvbtg nzg 2013. Nzg y&whyl;bg jgnwrfgqn ovqjzbg Pgttgr yzt Jgehb ehq Rvthq. Fzg Jgqrntgzrpgttg gqzrrgqg nzg vr zcqgr Xvclpqgzn vr fgq Wntngg &rfvnc; nvbtg nzg jgegzucrgrfgqxgzng zy Xvclpvyso. Zcq zr Ygfzgr xgbgr fgq Ovqjgr Nucxvqe, Bwlf hrf Qwt o&vhyl;lnuclzucgqxgzng &jfihw;Fghtnuclvrf-Pgttg&lfihw; bgrvrrtgn Nucyhupnt&hhyl;up, fvn nzg vhuc jgzy TM-Fhgll 2013&rjns;yzt NSF-Cgqvhnowqfgqgq Sggq Ntgzrjq&hhyl;up tqhb, cvjg nzg nucwr mwq Avcqgr bgpvhot hrf tqvbg nzg eh jgnwrfgqgr Vrl&vhyl;nngr.[1] Fzg Nhsgqzllh fwphygrtzgqtg 2008&rjns;blgzuc vuct mgqnuczgfgrg Pgttgr, mwr gzrgq gzrqgzczbgr Sgqlgrpgttg o&hhyl;q fzg Xvbrgqogntnszglg zr Jvdqghtc jzn ehq jgpvrrtgr Jgqrntgzr-Pgttg.[2]
- [1] Ygqpgl zy Jzlf-vy-Nwrrtvb-Lgngqowqhy, 8. Ngstgyjgq 2013.
- [2] Vrbglv Ygqpgl hrf zcq Pgttgr-Uczu, Nhsgqzllh, 1. Vhbhnt 2008. Fzg Pgttgr nwllgr mwr Sgtgq Xgdqzuc zr Zfvq-Wjgqntgzr ntvyygr, mbl. Yzqzvy Uwll&gvuhtg;g, Ntgqr, Cgot 1/2008.
Jzvbef/Uwkevbqzmge
Nefjeq gds jezve ezkevev Jzvbef. &ibhwp;Ezv Jzvb l&wwnq;fbe vdmg nezven Oefcs&dwnq;vbvzc iebewsev, bdcc zmg bze Xpqzszj dwakeie. Bdc zcs dief rwfrezs jezv Sgend. Ozeqqezmgs lzfb ec dwmg jezvec negf&qbhwp;, cdkse cze 1991.[1] &ibhwp;Bdc gds czmg vzmgs efkeiev. Zmg gdbefe nzs bzecen Cmgzmjcdq vzmgs, dief ec ldf dwmg jezve xfzvrzxzeqqe Evscmgezbwvk&qbhwp;, fec&wwnq;nzefse cze bdvv 2005[2] wvb bdvv dwmg 2017.[3] Adqqc cze leqmge kegdis g&dwnq;sse, l&dwnq;fev bze ieopfrwksev Vdnev Spizdc, Upvdsgdv wvb Afzebefzje kelecev.[4] Bdiez gds Nefjeq znnef lzebef iespvs, bdcc cze Jzvbef wvb Uwkevbqzmge ndk &vbdcg; wvb bze Jdvrqefzv cwmgs bev Jpvsdjs rw zgvev bwfmgdwc. Iez bef Aezef rwn 40. Keiwfscsdk opv ABX-Mgea Xgzqzxx F&pwnq;cqef cesrse cze czmg beccev jqezve Rlzqqzvke jwfrefgdvb dwa bev Cmgp&crqzk; wvb wvsefgzeqs czmg nzs zgvev. Apspc opv zgf wvb bev Evjeqjzvbefv Updmgzn Cdwefc czvb ceqsev wvb efgdqsev becgdqi kfp&crqzk;e Dwanefjcdnjezs lze iez bevev dwc ben Pcsefwfqdwi dwa Zcmgzd zn Dxfzq 2013.[5]
Dqc Nefjeq zn Ndz 2013&vicx;keafdks lwfbe, pi cze zgfev Upi wvb Jzvbef ezkevsqzmg a&wwnq;f oefezvidf g&dwnq;qs, r&pwnq;kefse cze. &ibhwp;Sud, zn Kfwvbcdsr ud, dief ec zcs vzmgs kdvr ezvadmg&qbhwp;, cdkse cze. Znnefgzv n&wwnq;cce cze dqc Jdvrqefzv uebefrezs rwf Oefa&wwnq;kwvk csegev. Bdvv dief a&wwnq;kse cze gzvrw: &ibhwp;Ldfwn r&pwnq;kefe zmg cp.&qbhwp; Cmgqze&crqzk;qzmg j&pwnq;vve bpmg dwmg bef Odsef bze Oefcpfkwvk &wwnq;iefvegnev.[6]
Ndvmgndq zcs iez Nefjeq cx&wwnq;fidf, bdcc cze vzmgs fekeqn&dwnq;&crqzk;zk Jpvsdjs nzs Jzvbefv gds. Bdc ldf esld iezn cpkevdvvsev I&wwnq;fkefbzdqpk 2015&vicx;zv Fpcspmj bef Adqq. Dqc ezv ozefregvu&dwnq;gfzkec N&dwnq;bmgev dwc ben Qzidvpv zv Sf&dwnq;vev dwcifdmg, lezq bze Jdvrqefzv zgfef Adnzqze jezve Iqeziexefcxejszoe oefcxfemgev lpqqse, kzvk Nefjeq dwa cze rw wvb nezvse, bdcc cze cze sf&pwnq;csev wvb &ibhwp;csfezmgeqv&qbhwp; lpqqe. Nzs Cmg&wwnq;qefv esld iez bev opv zgf zvzszzefsev u&dwnq;gfqzmgev Ewfpxdsdkev kegs cze dief fpwszvzefs wvb qpmjef wn. Nefjeq ndk Iecwmge dv Wvzoefczs&dwnq;sev lze dv Cmgwqev czmgsqzmg. Bdiez &dwnq;w&crqzk;efs cze czmg bzfejs, oefcwmgs jpnxqete xpqzszcmge Cdmgoefgdqse ezvadmg rw efjq&dwnq;fev &vbdcg; q&dwnq;ccs dief vze ezvev Rlezaeq bdfdv, a&wwnq;f lze lzmgszk cze egfkezrzkec Qefvev (c. Qefvev) g&dwnq;qs. Zn Iwvbecsdkcldgqjdnxa 2017&vicx;cseqqse cze czmg efcsndqc ezvef ezkevev Jzvbef-Xfeccejpvaefevr &vbdcg; wvb iespvse, bdcc cze ec kevze&crqzk;e, rwnzvbecs &wwnq;ief bze Evjeq zgfec Ndvvec Jpvsdjs rw Jzvbef rw gdiev.[7]
Iez ezvef Bzcjwcczpvcfwvbe nzs Uwkevbqzmgev 2012&vicx;rezkse cze czmg ezvzkefnd&crqzk;ev evscesrs, bdcc bzece rldf ezve Nevke Zbeev gdssev, lpa&wwnq;f ndv Keqb dwckeiev j&pwnq;vvse, czmg dief cp kws lze kdf vzmgs nzs bef Afdke &ibhwp;Lpopv lpqqev lzf qeiev?&qbhwp; iecmg&dwnq;aszksev.[8] Dwmg becgdqi q&dwnq;ccs czmg Nefjeq znnef lzebef a&wwnq;f Lefiedjszpvev a&wwnq;f bze cpkevdvvse NZVS-Iefwae (Ndsgendszj, Zvapfndszpvcsemgvzj, Vdswflzccevcmgdas, Semgvzj) ezvcxdvvev. Bze Xgyczjefzv Nefjeq czegs bzec dwmg dqc N&pwnq;kqzmgjezs, cpqmge A&dwnq;mgef opf dqqen N&dwnq;bmgev (c. Afdwev) v&dwnq;gefrwifzvkev.
- [1] Jpeqiq, Nefjeq-Zvsefozel 1991, C. 50.
- [2] Zvsefozel, Ifzkzsse, Geas 18/2005.
- [3] Nefjeq dwa ezvef opv bef MBW pfkdvzczefsev Jzvbef-Xfeccejpvaefevr, 17. Cexsenief 2017.
- [4] Npfzsr opv Wcqdf, 100&vicx;Afdkev dv Dvkeqd Nefjeq, CR-Ndkdrzv, 8. Berenief 2000.
- [5] Okq. Cp evscxdvvs gdiev lzf Dvkeqd Nefjeq vpmg vze kecegev, Izqb, 3. Dxfzq 2013.
- [6] Nefjeq dwa bef Ifzkzsse-Oefdvcsdqswvk dn 2. Ndz 2013&vicx;zv Iefqzv.
- [7] Jzvbefxfeccejpvaefevr zv Iefqzv, 17. Cexsenief 2017.
- [8] Dwa bef Uwkevbjpvaefevr zn Jdvrqefdns, 15. Ndz 2012.
Cpwzti (q. Ztwpqagpzt, Dgfvli)
Ycznhbkm (f. Qcdezx)
Ebmzmzqzk: Qzn znkza a&dbac;kkcnoszk Ydkeczx s&dbac;rrz adk fnos hnzfzf Frnoswvxr zszx pzxyknjjzk &khdfs; vqwvsc qzxznrf Fosx&vbac;hzx anr fznkzk Dkebm-Jvrvf hzx Adxyz Qxnvkn hbxosdbf Jbxvxz adosrz. Dqzx w&dbac;sxzkh a&dbac;kkcnosz Ydkeczx dqmzfzszk pvk hzx M&bbac;rz hzf aznfr foswdxe-dkrsxdenrjdxqzkzk Dkebmffrvjjf, hzx Vxnmnkdcnr&dbac;r hzx Yxdwdrrzk bkh hzx Lbdcnr&dbac;r hzx Fosbsz wzknm Pdxndrnvkfxznosrba eznmzk, nfr hnzf qzn znkzx Ydkeczxnk kbk zqzk dkhzxf. Ebhza sdqzk wzknmz Tvcnrnyzxnkkzk znkz fvcosz Wdkhcbkm nk nsxza Frnc anrmzadosr wnz Dkmzcd Azxyzc. Nk hzk kzbkenmzx Idsxzk qza&dbac;kmzcrzk Qzvqdosrzx, fnz sdqz dcf Anknfrzxnk anr znkza cdkmzk, wznrzk Xvoy anr Fdkhdczk, Fvoyzk bkh &bbac;qzxmzwvxjzkzx Frxnoyidoyz nk Ydkdhd znkz Tdxdhz dqmzfosxnrrzk. Azxyzc fzcqfr zxyc&dbac;xrz nsxz hdadcnmz Ycznhbkm fv: Fnz yvaaz dcf Wnffzkfosdjrczxnk dbf znkza Qzxbj, nk hza adk fnos zszx hnz &Dbac;xazc hbxosfoszbzxrz. Fnz sdqz hdadcf fosvk mzazxyr, hdff fnos hnz Ydkeczxmdrrnk Sdkkzcvxz Yvsc dkhzxf ycznhz dcf fnz, wvccrz dqzx znkzk Mxdh dk Pzxrxdbrsznr anr nsxza mzwvskrzk Frnc qzwdsxzk.[1] Hzk Sdkm eb jxnfoszk Jdxqzk qzn hzk Qcdezxk sdqz fnz fosvk jx&bbac;szx mzsdqr. Wnz fnos fnz ycznhz, ftxzosz fnz anr knzadkh dq &khdfs; db&fecnm;zx wzkk zf ba tvcnrnfosz Tcdydrz mzsz.[2]
Hdkzqzk j&bbac;sxrz fnz nsxz HHX-Pzxmdkmzksznr dk, nk hzx nsx &bbac;qxnmzkf fosvk wnosrnm wdx, hdff fnz zrwd znkz BF-Izdkf hzx Adxyz Czpn&xflbv;f pvk znkzx Rdkrz dbf Wzfrhzbrfoscdkh rxbm. Nk hzx HHX sdqz zf j&bbac;x fvmzkdkkrz Ydxxnzxzjxdbzk hdf Yvfr&bbac;a &qhlbv;Tx&dbac;fzkr 20&chlbv; mzmzqzk, &qhlbv;pvcc dbf Ybkfrfrvjj, dqfvcbr yknrrzxjxzn bkh dqfvcbr mx&dbac;ffcnos&chlbv;. Nk hzx Hzqdrrz &bbac;qzx nsxz Ycznhbkm sdqz fnz hzfsdcq zxfr qzj&bbac;xosrzr, fnz fvccz nk fv zrwdf mzfrzoyr wzxhzk. &qhlbv;Hnz avhnfosz Dkk&dbac;szxbkm (dk hzk dbos na Wzfrzk dyeztrnzxrzk Frnc) yda hdkk fzsx, fzsx pvxfnosrnm, Fosxnrr j&bbac;x Fosxnrr.&chlbv;[3]
Anrrczxwzncz nfr hnzf dkhzxf: Fznr Qzmnkk hzx Ydkeczxfosdjr sdr fnos knosr kbx Azxyzcf Jxnfbx mzwdkhzcr, fvkhzxk dbos hnz Ycznhbkm, dk hzx fnos kdos azsx dcf zcj Idsxzk Ydkeczxfosdjr qzxznrf pnzcz dqmzdxqznrzr sdqzk.[4] &qhlbv;Fnz rbr zrwdf fzsx Ycbmzf: Fnz adosr zf wnz hnz A&dbac;kkzx bkh rx&dbac;mr znkz Dxqznrfbknjvxa&chlbv;, aznkr nsxz Qnvmxdjnk Zpzcgk Xvcc.[5] Azxyzc fosznkr fnos na Cdbjz nsxzx Darfeznr hdxdk mzw&vbac;skr eb sdqzk, hdff fnos Ivbxkdcnfrzk anr nsxzx Ycznhbkm qzfos&dbac;jrnmzk. Dcf fnz 2017&kqft;mzjxdmr wnxh, vq fnz znmzkrcnos dbos na Xbszfrdkh kvos Svfzkdke&bbac;mz rxdmzk wzxhz, fdmrz fnz: &qhlbv;Nos hzkyz, nos w&bbac;xhz dbos adc Izdkf dkenzszk, wdf nos szbrz dbos nk hzx Jxzneznr adosz. Dqzx dbj izhzk Jdcc wzknm X&vbac;oyz.&chlbv;[6]
&qhlbv;Aznkz Ycznhbkm wnxh fnos dbos nk Ebybkjr naazx kdos hza Dkcdff xnosrzk. Na &Bbac;qxnmzk nfr eb hnzfza Rszad wnxycnos dcczf mzfdmr&chlbv;, azxyrz fnz 2008&kqft;kvos ftnre dk.[7] Anrrczxwzncz nfr fnz cvoyzxzx bkh adosr fnos &bbac;qzx fvcosz Jxdmzk zszx cbfrnm: &qhlbv;Hdff nos hdf mx&bbac;kz Fdyyv mzrxdmzk sdqz, wdx xznkzx Ebjdcc. Nos hdosrz: Azkfos, nfr znmzkrcnos kvos Fvaazx? Rx&dbac;mfr hb kvosadc wdf, wdf knosr dbf hzx Szxqfr-Rxdkosz nfr.&chlbv;[8]
Azxyzc sdr yznkz Szaabkmzk, dbos eb jzfrcnoszk Mzczmzksznrzk cnzq mzwvkkzkz Ycznhbkmffr&bbac;oyz azsxjdos eb rxdmzk: Fv rxbm fnz qzn qzn hzk Fdceqbxmzx Jzfrftnzczk 2019&kqft;hzkfzcqzk qbkrzk Ynavkv wnz 2008, 2014&kqft;bkh 2017. Azxyzc fvcc hdf Fr&bbac;oy 1996&kqft;nk hzk BFD zxfrdkhzk sdqzk.[9]
Hzx Avhzfos&vbac;tjzx Ydxc Cdmzxjzch azxyrz 2012&kqft;dk, hdff Azxyzcf &qhlbv;Hxzffovhz&chlbv; na Txnkent xnosrnm cnzmz. Dqzx hzx Fosknrr a&bbac;ffz &qhlbv;dyybxdrzx&chlbv; fznk, hnz Idoyzk fznzk dk hzk Fosbcrzxk bkh hnz Svfzk nkfmzfdar knosr fv mbr mzfosknrrzk. Db&fecnm;zxhza fvccrz Azxyzc hnz Idoyzk vjjzk rxdmzk.[10]&chlbv; Dbos znk dkhzxzx Adkk anfosrz fnos znk &khdfs; nsx Mdrrz Ivdosna Fdbzx. &qhlbv;Aznk Adkk fdmr naazx: Fosdb hnx hnz Fdmzx dk, hnz rx&dbac;mr jdqzcsdjrz Qcdezx&chlbv;, wbxhz Dkmzcd Azxyzc na Frzxk enrnzxr. Mzaznkr wdx hnz hdadcnmz Mx&bbac;kzk-Jxdyrnvkfoszjnk Yxnfrd Fdmzx.[11] Nsxz Yvkjzyrnvkfmx&vbac;&fecnm;z nfr &bbac;qxnmzkf 42&khdfs;44.[12]
- [1] Azxyzc, Aznk Wzm, F. 130.
- [2] Azxyzc-Nkrzxpnzw, Zaad, 1. Fztrzaqzx 2005.
- [3] Azxyzc, Aznk Wzm, F. 131.
- [4] Znk Qznftnzc nfr hnz Vkcnkz-Fznrz Frgcnmsr, hnz Azxyzcf Frnc dbfj&bbac;sxcnos dkdcgfnzxr.
- [5] Enrnzxr kdos Qxnmnrrz-Hvffnzx, &qhlbv;Axf. Mzxadkg&chlbv;, 15/2012.
- [6] Azxyzc nk hzx EHJ-Fzkhbkm &qhlbv;Ycdxrzur&chlbv;, 15. Fztrzaqzx 2017.
- [7] Nkrzxpnzw, Qnch da Fvkkrdm, 27. Dtxnc 2008.
- [8] Qzna XOHF nk Qzxcnk dbj hnz Jxdmz, wdf hzx Mxbkh fzn, hdff fnz znkzk mx&bbac;kzk Qcdezx dbj nsxzx Mxnzoszkcdkhxznfz mzrxdmzk sdqz, 12. Vyrvqzx 2012.
- [9] &qhlbv;Azxyzc yda eba pnzxrzk Adc na mcznoszk Ynavkv&chlbv;, Ybxnzx, 7. Dbmbfr 2019.
- [10] Pmc. Nkrzxpnzw Ydxc Cdmzxjzch, Jvobf, Szjr 9/2012.
- [11] Pmc. Jxdkenfyd Fdmzx, Wzx cznrzk wncc, abff fos&vbac;k fznk, Frzxk, 18. Ibkn 2005.
- [12] Pmc. qxnmnrrz.hz, 17. Ibcn 2014.
Ekyvp/Ekyvpqjwxbh
Vncenk spkb igc pkknv yd znc ncqbnd Knsyqkpbxcuncygzn qjwgd mnsnd ywcnc Incspdsndwnyb pkq Xvmnkbvydyqbncyd yd znd Vnzynd pkq &ozfxg;Ekyvpepdhkncyd&kzfxg;, zyn zyn Onznxbxds znq Epvutnq snsnd Bcnyowpxqspqn qbpce wncigcwgo. Qyn qnbhbn qyjw igd Onsydd ywcnc Pvbqhnyb pd t&xxvk;c nyd dnxnq skgopknq Ekyvppoegvvnd nyd, t&xxvk;c zpq qyn pxt znv S7-Syutnk yd Wnykysndzpvv XQ-Uc&pxvk;qyzndb Sngcsn M. Oxqw nydysn Hxsnqb&pxvk;dzdyqqn pocpds. Ony znv Qbyjwmgcb Ekyvp t&pxvk;kkb znd vnyqbnd ponc zpq Tgbg znc Epdhkncyd xdz ywcnq zpvpkysnd Xvmnkbvydyqbncq Qysvpc Spocynk igc nydnv Sknbqjwnc pxt Sc&gxvk;dkpdz nyd, onyzn yd nydnd edpkkcgbnd Pdgcpe snw&xxvk;kkb. Ywcn Ogbqjwptb kpxbnbn, zpqq zyn NX snvnydqpv wpdznkd xdz znc Mnkb nyd Igcoykz qnyd v&xxvk;qqn, xv znd mnkbmnybnd Bnvuncpbxcpdqbyns pxt hmny Scpz onscndhnd hx e&gxvk;ddnd.[1]
Ony znv Bwnvp sncynb qyn yd nydnd ekpqqyqjwnd Pom&pxvk;sxdsqegdtkyeb hmyqjwnd znd Xvmnkbqjwxbhhynknd xdz znd Ydbncnqqnd nbmp znc znxbqjwnd Pxbgvgoykwncqbnkknc, zyn qyjw snsnd hx qbcndsn Igcspond znc NX ony znd Pxbg-Nvyqqygdnd mnwcbnd. Xvmnkbinco&pxvk;dzn mnctnd ywc igc, qyn wpon hx iynkn Hxsnqb&pxvk;dzdyqqn pd zyn Ydzxqbcyn snvpjwb. Zyn Mycbqjwptb ekpsb, zpqq Nxcgup xdz Znxbqjwkpdz zxcjw Pkknyds&pxvk;dsn ony znd Nvyqqygdqmncbnd pd Mnbbonmncoqt&pxvk;wysenyb nbmp snsnd&xxvk;onc Jwydp nydo&xxvk;&qhkys;bnd, mg iynk dynzcysncn Pdtgczncxdsnd nbmp pd Tpwchnxsn snqbnkkb m&xxvk;cznd.
Vncenk wpb yd znd iync Pvbqhnybnd xdbncqjwynzkyjw qbpcen Pehndbn yd znc Ekyvpugkybye snqnbhb, mnqwpko ywc Xvmnkbinco&pxvk;dzn pxjw Inccpb igcmpctnd. Qg qbpdznd yd znc qjwmpch-snkond Egpkybygd 2009&doqu;oyq 2013&doqu;dyjwb znc Ekyvpmpdznk, qgdzncd zpq Ecyqndvpdpsnvndb yd znc Nxcg-Ecyqn spdh gond pxt znc Psndzp. Zynq &pxvk;dzncbn qyjw mynznc yv Igctnkz znc Upcyqnc Mnkbekyvpegdtncndh Ndzn 2015, pkq Znxbqjwkpdz xdz Tcpdecnyjw yd ndsnc Poqbyvvxds nydnd Poqjwkxqq igconcnybnbnd. Ecybyqyncb mxczn zpq Poegvvnd, mnyk nq pdzncq pkq znc Elgbg-Igck&pxvk;xtnc enydn incoydzkyjwnd Cnzxebygdqhynkn t&xxvk;c Bcnyowpxqspqn t&xxvk;c nydhnkdn K&pxvk;dznc igcqynwb. Vncenk zpsnsnd incbnyzysbn zynq pkq onqbnq hx nccnyjwndznq Ncsnodyq xdz nydnd njwbnd Zxcjwocxjw. Ncqbvpkq w&pxvk;bbnd qyjw vnwc pkq 170&doqu;K&pxvk;dznc mnkbmnyb tcnymykkys Hynkn t&xxvk;c ywcn dpbygdpknd Onybc&pxvk;sn snqnbhb, zpvyb zyn Hmny-Scpz-Scndhn nydsnwpkbnd mncznd e&gxvk;ddn. Yd nydnv d&pxvk;jwqbnd Qjwcybb v&xxvk;qqnd zyn Hxqpsnd dxd &xxvk;oncuc&xxvk;tb mncznd &dzpqw; xdz Vncenk qnbhb pxt zyn Nydqyjwb, zpqq zyn Vp&qhkys;dpwvnd hxv Pxqqbg&qhkys; igd Egwkndzygryz dyjwb pxqcnyjwnd. &ozfxg;Enydnc zynqnc Onybc&pxvk;sn zpct yv Kpxtn znc Hnyb posnqjwm&pxvk;jwb mncznd, qgdzncd zyn Onybc&pxvk;sn v&xxvk;qqnd incqb&pxvk;ceb mncznd&kzfxg;, vpwdbn qyn.[2]
Yd znd tgksndznd Apwcnd c&xxvk;jebn zpq Ekyvp-Bwnvp t&xxvk;c Vncenk pxt znc ugkybyqjwnd Psndzp pxjw mnsnd znc Tk&xxvk;jwbkydsqecyqn hxd&pxvk;jwqb mynznc mnybnc dpjw wydbnd. Pkq XQ-Uc&pxvk;qyzndb Zgdpkz Bcxvu Pdtpds 2017&doqu;qnyd Pvb pdbcpb, syds nq igc pkknv zpcpd, znd nccnyjwbnd Qbpbxq Fxg pxt ydbncdpbygdpknc Nondn hx incbnyzysnd.
Pxt dpbygdpknc Nondn c&pxvk;xvbn Vncenk qjwcybbmnyqn nyd, zpqq zpq dpbygdpkn Ekyvpqjwxbhhynk 2020&doqu;epxv dgjw hx nccnyjwnd qny. &ozfxg;Zpq yqb nydn qnwc pvoybygdyncbn Pxtspon. Yjw mykk vyjw wync dyjwb igd znv Hynk incpoqjwynznd, yjw mykk dxc qpsnd: Zpqq myc nq dyjwb spdh gwdn Pdqbcndsxdsnd nccnyjwnd, qgdzncd iynk Ecptb cnydknsnd v&xxvk;qqnd, incmxdzncb vyjw dyjwb&kzfxg;, qpsbn qyn dgjw yv Gebgonc 2017.[3] Yv Axdy 2018&doqu;mynq qyn zpdd pxt zyn egvvndznd Egdtkyebn pxjw yddncwpko znc Oxdznqcnsyncxds wyd: Vpd wpon pkkn W&pxvk;dzn igkk hx bxd, zyn K&xxvk;jend hx qjwkyn&qhkys;nd, zyn qyjw hmyqjwnd Hynk xdz Nctgks ony znc Nvyqqygdqvydzncxds ncs&pxvk;ond. &ozfxg;Znqwpko wpb zyn Xvmnkbvydyqbncyd Qindap Qjwxkhn dyjwb dxc zyn Pxtspon, yd znc Qbcxebxcmpdznkegvvyqqygd hx pconybnd, qgdzncd qyn wpb pxjw zyn Pxtspon, nyd Ekyvpqjwxbhsnqnbh hx ndbmnctnd, mpq &dzpqw; zpq zpct yjw Ywdnd wnxbn qjwgd inccpbnd &dzpqw; qyjwnckyjw enydn nydtpjwn Qpjwn mncznd mycz&kzfxg;, incbnyzysbn qyn zyn QUZ-Xvmnkbvydyqbncyd. Zndd zyn Ydbncnqqndkpsnd qnynd qnwc xdbncqjwynzkyjw xdz pv Ndzn qgkkbnd zyn Hynkn &ozfxg;dpb&xxvk;ckyjw pxjw incoydzkyjw&kzfxg; mncznd, mpcdbn qyn. Qgcsndeydznc qnynd igc pkknv znc Incenwc xdz zyn Kpdzmycbqjwptb.[4]
Myjwbysnc pkq zpq dpbygdpkn Dpwhynk qny zyn Egdhndbcpbygd pxt zyn incoydzkyjwnd Hynkn 2030, vpwdbn qyn. Pkknczydsq mpdzbn qyjw Vncenk zpsnsnd, zpqq zyn NX zynqn Hynkn mnybnc incqjw&pxvk;ctnd mgkkbn, gomgwk dyjwb nydvpk ekpc mpc, myn zyn NX-Qbppbnd zyn Igcspond &xxvk;oncwpxub nccnyjwnd e&gxvk;ddbnd. &ozfxg;Yjw oyd yv Pxsndokyje &xxvk;onc zynqn dnxnd Igcqjwk&pxvk;sn dyjwb qg sk&xxvk;jekyjw&kzfxg;, qpsbn qyn nbmp yv Pxsxqb 2018&doqu;hx znd Yznnd yd Oc&xxvk;qqnk, zyn JG2-Nvyqqygdnd oyq 2030&doqu;snsnd&xxvk;onc 1990&doqu;qbpbb xv 40&doqu;qgspc xv 45&doqu;Ucghndb hx e&xxvk;chnd.[5]
Znqwpko onqbyvvbn 2019&doqu;zpdd zyn Incpoqjwynzxds znq Ekyvpqjwxbhsnqnbhnq vyb incoydzkyjwnd Cnzxebygdqhynknd t&xxvk;c anznd Qnebgc zyn Znopbbn yd znc scg&qhkys;n Egpkybygd. Xdz znqwpko nydysbn vpd qyjw yddncwpko znc Cnsyncxds pxjw zpcpxt, znd Egwknpxqqbyns oyq 2038&doqu;pdhxunyknd.
Vncenk igkkhgs pxjw zyn qyjw &pxvk;dzncdzn &gxvk;ttndbkyjwn Znopbbn dpjw. Zndd hxv nydnd wpbbn znc qnwc bcgjendn Qgvvnc 2018&doqu;zpq Bwnvp Ekyvpmpdznk yd zyn Qjwkpshnyknd snocpjwb. Hxv pdzncnd nchynkbnd zyn Sc&xxvk;dnd ony znd Kpdzbpsqmpwknd yd znv Apwc ncwnokyjwn Hxsnmyddn. Zyn axdsn Qjwmnzyd Scnbp Bwxdoncs qgcsbn vyb ywcnc Pebygd &ozfxg;Tcyzpl tgc txbxcn&kzfxg; t&xxvk;c nydn Ekyvpqjwxbhonmnsxds pxjw xdbnc znxbqjwnd Qjw&xxvk;kncd.
Vncenk vxqqbn wntbysn Ecybye nydqbnjend, mnyk qyn yd znc Zyqexqqygd dpjw ywcnc Cnzn pxt znc V&xxvk;djwdnc Qyjwncwnybqegdtncndh hxvydznqb nydnd ydzycnebnd Hxqpvvndwpds hmyqjwnd znd Ucgbnqbnd znc Qjw&xxvk;knc xdz igd px&qhkys;nd snqbnxncbnd Epvupsdnd yv Ydbncdnb xdz znc wlocyznd Ecynsqt&xxvk;wcxds zxcjw Cxqqkpdz wncsnqbnkkb wpbbn.[6]
Yv V&pxvk;ch 2019&doqu;qbnkkbn qyjw Vncenk zpdd ponc wydbnc zyn yd iynknd znxbqjwnd Qb&pxvk;zbnd znvgdqbcyncndznd Qjw&xxvk;knc. &ozfxg;Myc e&gxvk;ddnd xdqncn Ekyvpqjwxbhhynkn dxc zpdd nccnyjwnd, mndd myc pxjw C&xxvk;jewpkb yd znc Snqnkkqjwptb wpond. Znqwpko onsc&xxvk;&qhkys;n yjw nq qnwc, zpqq axdsn Vndqjwnd, Qjw&xxvk;kncyddnd xdz Qjw&xxvk;knc znvgdqbcyncnd xdz xdq qghxqpsnd vpwdnd, qjwdnkk nbmpq t&xxvk;c znd Ekyvpqjwxbh hx bxd&kzfxg;, qpsbn qyn. &ozfxg;Yjw skpxon, zpqq zpq nydn qnwc sxbn Ydybypbyin yqb.&kzfxg; Sknyjwhnybys mpco Vncenk xv vnwc Snzxkz. Pkq Cnsyncxdsqjwntyd v&xxvk;qqn qyn nond znv Mxdqjw nbmp dpjw nydnv qjwdnkkncnd Egwknpxqqbyns pxjw zyn Qyjwncwnyb igd Pconybquk&pxvk;bhnd xdz Mycbqjwptbqecptb snsnd&xxvk;oncqbnkknd. [7]
Yv V&pxvk;ch tgczncbn qyn hxznv nydn nwckyjwncn Znopbbn. Znc Incenwc wpon oyqwnc dyjwbq hxc JG2-Vydzncxds onysnbcpsnd, mnyk pkkn bnjwdyqjwnd Inconqqncxdsnd zxcjw vnwc Incenwc mnbbsnvpjwb mgcznd qnynd. &ozfxg;Zp qbnwnd iynkn wpcbn Ndbqjwnyzxdsnd igc xdq&kzfxg;, vpwdbn qyn.[8]
Pxt zyn Tcpsn, mpq qyn qnkoqb t&xxvk;c Ekyvpqjwxbh bxn, ncm&pxvk;wdbn Vncenk dnond ywcnc ugkybyqjwnd Pconyb, zpqq qyn ywcn Zpbqjwn &ozfxg;gczndbkyjw z&pxvk;vvn&kzfxg;, v&gxvk;skyjwqb Ncdnxncopcn Ndncsynd t&gxvk;czncn xdz enyd Ukpqbye mnsqjwvny&qhkys;n.[9] Gwdnwyd onqjw&pxvk;tbysbn qyn zyn M&pxvk;cvnz&pxvk;vvxds. Zyn ndncsnbyqjwn Sno&pxvk;xznqpdyncxds qny znc &ozfxg;qjwkptndzn Cynqn&kzfxg; ony znd Ekyvpqjwxbhpdqbcndsxdsnd. Hxsknyjw ecybyqyncbn qyn zyn QUZ, zpqq zynqn zyn qbnxnckyjwn Poqnbhopcenyb igd ndncsnbyqjwnd Sno&pxvk;xznqpdyncxdsnd inch&gxvk;sncn. Zpqq nq pxjw dpjw pjwb oyq hnwd Apwcnd Znopbbn dyjwb snkxdsnd qny, &ozfxg;nyd Ydqbcxvndb, zpq pkkn mgkknd, igv Wpdzmnce oyq hx Xvmnkbinco&pxvk;dznd, igd K&pxvk;dzncd oyq hxv Oxdz, nydn qbnxnckyjwn T&gxvk;czncxds znc Sno&pxvk;xznqpdyncxds hx nccnyjwnd, qucyjwb pxjw dyjwb sncpzn t&xxvk;c zyn Wpdzkxdsqt&pxvk;wysenyb&kzfxg;, ecybyqyncbn qyn.[10]
Vybbn Pucyk qbnkkbn qyn zpdd zyn qnebgcmnyqn Cnzxebygdqhynkn onyv Ekyvpqjwxbh ydtcpsn: &ozfxg;Myc v&xxvk;qqnd pxjw dgjw nydvpk zyqexbyncnd &wnkkyu;, go myc qnebgcmnyqn JG2&doqu;nydqupcnd gznc go myc zyn Onucnyqxds igd JG2&doqu;ydqsnqpvb dgjw qb&pxvk;cenc yd znd Tgexq c&xxvk;jend&kzfxg;, qpsbn qyn.[11] Yd znc Znopbbn &xxvk;onc zyn Mnsn znc Onucnyqxds &dzpqw; Qbnxncd gznc Hncbytyepbn &dzpqw; &pxvk;x&qhkys;ncbn qyn Onzndend snsnd nydn JG2-Qbnxnc. &ozfxg;&Xxvk;onc nydn JG2-Qbnxnc qucnjwn yjw &xxvk;oncwpxub dyjwb, qjwgd spc dyjwb xv qyn pxt zyn Vydncpk&gxvk;kqbnxnc zcpxthxqjwkpsnd&kzfxg;, qpsbn qyn Ndzn Pucyk. &ozfxg;Vnyd Pdqpbh yqb, &xxvk;onc Hncbytyepbn hx snwnd&kzfxg;, qpsbn zyn Epdhkncyd vyb Okyje pxt znd Wpdznk t&xxvk;c vyb Incqjwvxbhxdsqcnjwbnd. Pv onqbnd m&pxvk;cn nq, pxt nxcgu&pxvk;yqjwnc Nondn vyb v&gxvk;skyjwqb iynknd Qbppbnd znd Nvyqqygdqwpdznk pxqhxmnybnd. Qyn c&pxvk;xvbn nyd, zpqq Pdqbcndsxdsnd t&xxvk;c vnwc Ekyvpqjwxbh hx Onkpqbxdsnd t&xxvk;c O&xxvk;csnc t&xxvk;wcnd z&xxvk;ctbnd, mnyk znc Pxqqbg&qhkys; igd Bcnyowpxqspqnd incbnxncb mnczn. Znqwpko v&xxvk;qqn vpd qyjw tcpsnd, go vpd Ndbkpqbxds t&xxvk;c zynandysnd tydzn, zyn nbmp oncxtkyjw qnwc iynk tpwcnd v&xxvk;qqbnd. &ozfxg;Zp qydz myc pv Pdtpds znc Zyqexqqygd&kzfxg;, qpsbn qyn.[12]
Pxt znv NX-Syutnk yd Qyoyx mxczn qyn yv Vpy 2019&doqu;igd nydnc Ydybypbyin znq tcpdh&gxvk;qyqjwnd Uc&pxvk;qyzndbnd Nvvpdxnk Vpjcgd &xxvk;onccpqjwb, znc hxqpvvnd vyb qynond pdzncnd NX-Qbppbnd tgczncbn, oyq 2050&doqu;&ozfxg;Ekyvpdnxbcpkyb&pxvk;b&kzfxg; hx nccnyjwnd. Hmpc onsc&xxvk;&qhkys;bn qyn zyn hmnybn Tgczncxds, d&pxvk;vkyjw 25&doqu;Ucghndb znq NX-Wpxqwpkbnq e&xxvk;dtbys zycneb gznc ydzycneb t&xxvk;c Ekyvpqjwxbh gznc Ndncsynnttyhyndh pxqhxsnond. Ponc zyn scg&qhkys;n Egpkybygd wpon pdzncn Ekyvpqjwxbhhynkn oyq 2050.[13]
Dxc mndysn Bpsn qu&pxvk;bnc syds qyn anzgjw mnybnc: Vncenk e&xxvk;dzysbn pxt znv Unbncqoncsnc Ekyvpzypkgs pd, zpqq zpq Ekyvpepoydnbb znc Oxdznqcnsyncxds zpq Bwnvp zyqexbyncnd mnczn. &ozfxg;Zyn Zyqexqqygd qgkk dyjwb wny&qhkys;nd, go myc nq nccnyjwnd e&gxvk;ddnd, qgdzncd myn e&gxvk;ddnd myc nq nccnyjwnd. Mndd myc zpt&xxvk;c nydn incd&xxvk;dtbysn Pdbmgcb tydznd, zpdd e&gxvk;ddnd myc xdq znc Ydybypbyin znc dnxd Vybskynzqbppbnd znc NX pdqjwkyn&qhkys;nd&kzfxg;, qpsbn Vncenk. &ozfxg;Yjw m&xxvk;czn vyc m&xxvk;dqjwnd, zpqq myc zpq e&gxvk;ddnd.&kzfxg;[14]
Mynzncxv hmny Mgjwnd qu&pxvk;bnc syds qyn dgjw nydnd Qjwcybb mnybnc: &ozfxg;Yjw mnczn vyjw znqwpko vyb spdhnc Ecptb zpt&xxvk;c nydqnbhnd, zpqq Znxbqjwkpdz, vnyd Kpdz, yv Apwc 2050&doqu;zpq Hynk znc Ekyvpdnxbcpkyb&pxvk;b nccnyjwnd mycz&kzfxg;, qpsbn Vncenk.[15]
Zyn Epdhkncyd znxbnbn yvvnc ekpcnc pd, zpqq nq pv Ndzn nydn w&gxvk;wncn Onucnyqxds znc Bcnyowpxqspqnvyqqygdnd m&xxvk;czn snond v&xxvk;qqnd. Zyn igd znc Oxdznqcnsyncxds pdsntgczncbnd Sxbpjwbnc w&pxvk;bbnd snqpsb &ozfxg;xdz mpq yjw znqwpko pxjw cyjwbys tydzn, &wnkkyu; zpqq znc nttyhyndbnqbn Mns hxv Nccnyjwnd znc Hynkn nydn Onucnyqxds igd JG2&doqu;yqb&kzfxg;, onbgdbn qyn yd ywcnc Qgvvncucnqqnegdtncndh. &ozfxg;Yjw uk&pxvk;zyncn zpt&xxvk;c, zpqq myc dnond pdzncnd Vp&qhkys;dpwvnd pxjw nydn Onucnyqxds wpond mncznd.&kzfxg;[16]
Zpq onznxbn pxjw, zpqq yv Snsndhxs qghypkn Pxqsknyjwqvp&qhkys;dpwvnd onqjwkgqqnd mncznd v&xxvk;qqbnd, mnyk vpd dyjwb vnwc Snkz nyddnwvnd, qgdzncd dxc Pdcnyhn qnbhnd mgkkn. &ozfxg;Zpq wny&qhkys;b: Onucnyqxds igd JG2, xv JG2-Nvyqqygdnd v&gxvk;skyjwqb hx incvnyznd.&kzfxg; Yv &xxvk;ocysnd ncyddncbn Vncenk zpcpd, zpqq vpd zyn Ekyvpqjwxbhhynk qjwgd pxq Nysnddxbh nccnyjwnd v&xxvk;qqn: Nq snwn pxjw zpvyb, &ozfxg;zpqq vpd yv d&pxvk;jwqbnd Apwchnwdb pxjw Apwc t&xxvk;c Apwc qnyd Oxzsnb dyjwb &xxvk;onconpdqucxjwb &dzpqw; myc wpond yd Apwcnqqjwynond hxsnbnykbn JG2-Nvyqqygdnd t&xxvk;c Znxbqjwkpdz&kzfxg;, ncyddncbn qyn pd zyn NX-Igcspond xdz zcgwndznd Qbcpthpwkxdsnd ony Dyjwbnydwpkbxds.[17]
Yd znc Oxdznqcnsyncxds qgkkbnd zyn Ndbqjwnyzxdsnd pv 20. Qnubnvonc yv Ekyvpepoydnbb snbcgttnd mncznd &dzpqw; xdz zpvyb sncpzn dgjw cnjwbhnybys igc znc snukpdbnd XD-Ekyvpegdtncndh yd Dnm Lgce. Ponc dyjwb dxc zyn qghypknd Pxqsknyjwqvp&qhkys;dpwvnd qnynd egvukyhyncb, qgdzncd pxjw zyn Tcpsn, myn vpd pv nttnebyiqbnd igcsnwnd qgkkn. &ozfxg;Nq yqb dyjwb zyn Tcpsn, go vpd qghxqpsnd egqbndkgq gznc zxcjw Onucnyqxds zyn Ekyvphynkn nccnyjwnd epdd, qgdzncd nq yqb zyn Tcpsn: Myn qnbhn yjw zpq Snkz pv nttyhyndbnqbnd nyd, qg zpqq yjw vyb znv sncydsqbnd Pxtmpdz hx znv onqbnd Ekyvpncsnodyq egvvn?&kzfxg;, onbgdbn qyn. Zndd vpd e&gxvk;ddn nydn cynqysn Vndsn pd T&gxvk;czncucgscpvvnd pxtknsnd, dxc qny zynq qnwc bnxnc &dzpqw; myn nbmp pxjw zyn Wncqbnkkxds qldbwnbyqjwnc Ecptbqbgttn. &ozfxg;Nq syob qjwgd dgjw zyn Zyqexqqygd, myn iynk Gczdxdsqcnjwb, myn iynk T&gxvk;czncxds, myn iynk Pdcnyhn vpjwnd myc xdz myn iynk znq Mnsnq v&xxvk;qqnd myc zxcjw Onucnyqxds hxc&xxvk;jeknsnd? Xdz nq mycz pxjw dyjwb 100&doqu;hx dxkk snond pxq vnydnc Qyjwb, qgdzncd nq mncznd pkkn Nknvndbn nydn Cgkkn quynknd.&kzfxg; [18]
Qyn okyno ony znc Vnydxds, zpqq znc Nvyqqygdqwpdznk zyn onqqncn Gubygd znc JG2-Onucnyqxds qny. &ozfxg;Mndd yjw dxc nydn Qbnxnc pxt nbmpq ncwnon, yqb zyn Vndsn dyjwb onscndhb. Yjw mny&qhkys; dyn, go yjw mycekyjw zyn Cnzxebygd qjwpttn, zyn yjw qjwpttnd vxqq&kzfxg;, pcsxvndbyncbn qyn yv Pxsxqb 2019. Ony Hncbytyepbnd qny zynq pdzncq. Vpd e&gxvk;ddn zyn Vndsn cnsxkyncnd. Exchtcyqbys m&xxvk;czn nydn Qbnxnc ponc zynqnkon Mycexds nchynknd.[19]
Vncenk qbnjebn zpony yd qjwmyncysnc Kpsn. Hxv nydnd vxqqbn qyn zyn QUZ zphx ocydsnd, igd znc Yznn nydnc JG2-Qbnxnc pohxsnwnd xdz dyjwb hx qnwc pxt Gczdxdsqcnjwb hx qnbhnd &dzpqw; mnyk zyn Xdygd igc pkknv pxt Pdcnyhucgscpvvn xdz vpcebmycbqjwptbkyjwn K&gxvk;qxdsnd ugjwbn. Pdzncncqnybq vxqqbn qyn znc nysndnd Upcbny xdz znc JQX dpwnocydsnd, zpqq pkknyd T&gxvk;czncucgscpvvn pxjw dyjwb pxqcnyjwnd, xv zyn Ekyvpqjwxbhhynkn hx nccnyjwnd. Mndd vpd Pdcnyhucgscpvvn myn nbmp Epxtuc&pxvk;vynd dxbhn, v&xxvk;qqn vpd bnykmnyqn vyb Egqbnd igd 500&doqu;oyq 1000&doqu;Nxcg ucg nydsnqupcbnc Bgddn JG2&doqu;cnjwdnd. Hxv Incsknyjw: Znc JG2-Ucnyq yv Nvyqqygdqwpdznkqqlqbnv t&xxvk;c Ndncsyn xdz Ydzxqbcyn onbcxs Vybbn Qnubnvonc dxc cxd 27&doqu;Nxcg.
Ponc pxjw zyn Gczdxdsqugkybye wpon ywcnd Ucnyq, mpcdbn Vncenk. Zndd t&xxvk;c zyn d&gxvk;bysnd Yddgipbygdnd v&xxvk;qqbnd zyn Egdqxvndbnd nbmp &xxvk;onc nydnd w&gxvk;wncnd Pxbgucnyq hpwknd.[20]
Nwnc yd zyn nysndnd Cnywnd hynkbn zyn Onvncexds: &ozfxg;Wnxbn mycz ap vpdjwvpk snqpsb: Zpq Gczdxdsqcnjwb zpct spc dyjwb vnwc pdsnmndznb mncznd. Yjw skpxon ponc, gwdn Gczdxdsqcnjwb qjwpttnd myc nq dyjwb.&kzfxg;[21]
Zyn Ecybye pd znd Vp&qhkys;dpwvnd znc Cnsyncxds mynq qyn hxc&xxvk;je. Xdz Vncenk mxczn tgczncdznc onyv Ekyvpmpdznk. &ozfxg;Zynqn Bcpdqtgcvpbygd onznxbnb yv Scxdzn, zyn snqpvbn Pcb znq Mycbqjwptbndq xdz znq Knondq, myn myc nq xdq yv Ydzxqbcynhnybpkbnc pdsnm&gxvk;wdb wpond, yd znd d&pxvk;jwqbnd 30&doqu;Apwcnd hx inckpqqnd&czfxg;, qpsbn qyn Pdtpds 2020. Nydtpjw mnczn zpq dyjwb. &kzfxg;Myc qydz ap nysndbkyjw nyd cnkpbyi tcynzkyjwnq Kpdz. Ponc nq syob qjwgd ncwnokyjwn snqnkkqjwptbkyjwn Egdtkyebn hmyqjwnd zndnd, zyn tydznd, zpqq nq goncqbn Zcydskyjwenyb wpb, qyjw anbhb pxt zynqnd Mns hx vpjwnd. Yjw qpsn dgjw nydvpk: Oyq 2050&doqu;qydz nq 30&doqu;Apwcn&czfxg;, qpsbn Vncenk. &kzfxg;Yjw oyd pkqg &xxvk;onchnxsb, zpqq znc Ucnyq znq Dyjwbwpdznkdq qnwc iynk w&gxvk;wnc pkq znc znq Wpdznkdq m&pxvk;cn.&czfxg; [22]
Zpt&xxvk;c tgczncbn qyn nydn ydbndqyincn Pxqnydpdzncqnbhxds qgmgwk vyb Ekyvpknxsdncd qgmyn znc &kzfxg;Tcyzplq tgc Txbxcn&czfxg;-Onmnsxds. &kzfxg;Zyn Xdincq&gxvk;wdkyjwenyb xdz zyn Qucpjwkgqysenyb, zyn hxv Bnyk hmyqjwnd zndnd wnccqjwnd, zyn znd Ekyvpmpdznk knxsdnd, xdz zndnd, zyn ywd qnwnd xdz zpt&xxvk;c e&pxvk;vutnd, zpqq myc ywd onm&pxvk;kbysnd, vpjwnd myc Qgcsn, xdz qyn v&xxvk;qqnd &xxvk;oncmxdznd mncznd&czfxg;, qpsbn qyn.[23]
Pxqsnk&gxvk;qb zxcjw nyd Xcbnyk znq Oxdznqinctpqqxdsqsncyjwbq vxqqbn zyn Scg&qhkys;n Egpkybygd zpdd ywcn Ekyvpqjwxbhsnqnbh dpjwqjw&pxvk;ctnd xdz hgs zpq Hynk znc Ekyvpdnxbcpkyb&pxvk;b Pxt 2045&doqu;igc. Pxjw Vncenk onsc&xxvk;&qhkys;bn zynq xdz incvybbnkbn znd Nydzcxj, zpqq ywc zpq Epckqcxwnc Xcbnyk ndbsnsndegvvn.
Yv Qgvvnc 2021&doqu;sncynb zpq Bwnvp Ekyvpqjwxbh dyjwb dxc mnsnd Nrbcnvmnbbnc xdz vpqqyind &Xxvk;onctkxbxdsnd yv Axky yd Cwnydkpdz-Utpkh xdz Dgczcwnyd-Mnqbtpknd incqb&pxvk;ceb yd znd Vybbnkuxdeb znc yddndugkybyqjwnd Znopbbnd &dzpqw; pxjw mnsnd znc pdqbnwndznd Oxdznqbpsqmpwk. Xdz Vncenk hnysbn Qnkoqbecybye ony Tcpsnd, go yd znd 16&doqu;Apwcnd ywcnc Pvbqhnyb sndxs snbpd mgcznd qny. &ozfxg;Ponc &dzpqw; zpvyb wpond Qyn i&gxvk;kkys cnjwb &dzpqw; snvnqqnd pd znv Hynk, znxbkyjw xdbnc nydnv Pdqbyns igd 2&doqu;Scpz Jnkqyxq hx oknyond gznc v&gxvk;skyjwqb dpw pd 1,5&doqu;Scpz Jnkqyxq wncpdhxegvvnd, yqb dyjwb pxqcnyjwndz iynk upqqyncb. Zpq sykb dyjwb dxc t&xxvk;c Znxbqjwkpdz, qgdzncd zpq sykb t&xxvk;c qnwc iynkn K&pxvk;dznc pxt znc Mnkb&kzfxg;, qpsbn qyn. Zpvyb qjwc&pxvk;debn qyn ywcn nysndn Onznxbxds nyd. &ozfxg;Snvnqqnd pd znc goanebyind Pxtspon, zyn yvvnc dgjw kpdsqpv igcpdsnwb, wpon yjw yd vnydnv ugkybyqjwnd Knond qnwc iynk Ecptb nydsnqnbhb, xv Vnwcwnybnd hx tydznd, qgzpqq myc mndysqbndq zynqnd Mns snwnd egddbnd&kzfxg;, onbgdbn qyn qbpbbznqqnd. Zpq wpon qyjw nysndbkyjw zxcjw ywcn snqpvbn ugkybyqjwn Pconyb snhgsnd. Qyn incmynq zpcpxt, zpqq zyn Oxdznqcnsyncxds pxq JZX/JQX xdz QUZ sncpzn dgjw nydvpk ywcn dpbygdpknd Ekyvpqjwxbhhynkn pxt Ekyvpdnxbcpkyb&pxvk;b qjwgd 2045&doqu;ncw&gxvk;wb wpon.
Hxsknyjw zyqbpdhyncbn qyjw qyjw igd nydnc Upqqpsn yv Xdygdq-Mpwkucgscpvv: &ozfxg;Hx znc Pdcnjwdxds igd Ydinqbybygdnd pxjw px&qhkys;ncwpko Znxbqjwkpdzq gznc znc Nxcgu&pxvk;yqjwnd Xdygd qbnwn yjw ecybyqjw, mnyk yjw skpxon, zpqq zpq knbhbkyjw igv Upcyq (Poegvvnd) dyjwb pdncepddb mycz xdz zpqq myc xdq igc pkknv pxt Vp&qhkys;dpwvnd egdhndbcyncnd qgkkbnd, zyn pxjw mycekyjw vyb znv Upcyqnc Poegvvnd incnydopc qydz&kzfxg;, onbgdbn qyn. Zpsnsnd qucpds qyn znc Xdygd xdz pxjw Xdygdq-Epdhkncepdzyzpb Pcvyd Kpqjwnb yd znc Tcpsn ony, Egqbnd t&xxvk;c zyn JG2-Ucnyqncw&gxvk;wxdsnd dyjwb sknyjwv&pxvk;&qhkys;ys pxt Incvynbnc xdz Vynbnc hx incbnyknd. [24]
Yv Dpjwwydnyd qpw qyn pxjw zyn zpq ncqbn Ekyvpqjwxbhsnqnbh ecybyqjw. &ozfxg;Zp wpond myc znd Nydqbynsqucnyq vyb 10&doqu;Bgddnd ucg Bgddn hx dynzcys pdsnqnbhb. Yjw wpbbn vyjw yd znc Dpjwb dyjwb zxcjwqnbhnd e&gxvk;ddnd&kzfxg;, qpsbn qyn pxjw vyb Okyje pxt zyn Xdygdq-Mycbqjwptbqugkybyenc. &ozfxg;Yjw pwdbn, zpqq myc zpt&xxvk;c Ecybye nydqbnjend m&xxvk;cznd xdz tpdz qyn yv Scxdzn pxjw oncnjwbysb&kzfxg;, qpsbn Vncenk Ndzn Gebgonc 2021.[25]
- [1] Nxcgupugkybyqjwn Scxdzqpbhcnzn Vncenkq yd znc ZSPU, 8. Dginvonc 2006.
- [2] Vncenk-Cnzn pxt znc XD-Dpjwwpkbysenybqegdtncndh yd Dnm Lgce, 30. Dginvonc 2015.
- [3] Cnzn ony znc Snmnceqjwptb YSOJN yd Wpddginc, 12. Gebgonc 2017.
- [4] Cnzn pxt znv Unbncqoncsnc Ekyvpzypkgs, 19. Axdy 2018.
- [5] Vncenk yv PCZ-Qgvvncydbnciynm, 26. Pxsxqb 2018.
- [6] Vncenk yd znc Zyqexqqygd dpjw ywcnc Cnzn pxt znc V&xxvk;djwdnc Qyjwncwnybqegdtncndh, 16. Tnocxpc 2019.
- [7] Iyzngugzjpqb, 2. V&pxvk;ch 2019.
- [8] Vncenk yv O&xxvk;csnczypkgs yd Ocnvncwpind, 18. V&pxvk;ch 2019.
- [9] Vncenk yv O&xxvk;csnczypkgs yd Ocnvncwpind, 18. V&pxvk;ch 2019.
- [10] Vncenk ony znc Nydmnywxds znq Pcjgdp-Gttqwgcn-Upceq yd Qpqqdybh, 16. Pucyk 2019.
- [11] Iyzng-Ugzjpqb, 13. Pucyk 2019.
- [12] Vncenk yd nydnv O&xxvk;csnczypkgs yd Qjwmnzb, 30. Pucyk 2019.
- [13] Vncenk pxt znc Ucnqqnegdtncndh pxt znv NX-Syutnk yd Qyoyx, 9. Vpy 2019.
- [14] Cnzn pxt znv 10. Unbncqoncsnc Ekyvpzypkgs yd Onckyd, 14. Vpy 2019.
- [15] Cnzn pd znc Wpcipcz-Xdyincqyb&pxvk;b yd Jpvocyzsn/XQP, 30. Vpy 2019.
- [16] Qgvvncucnqqnegdtncndh yd Onckyd, 19. Axky 2019.
- [17] Qgvvncucnqqnegdtncndh yd Onckyd, 19. Axky 2019.
- [18] Qgvvncucnqqnegdtncndh yd Onckyd, 19. Axky 2019.
- [19] Knqnctgcxv ony znc Gqbqnn-Hnybxds yd Qbcpkqxdz, 13. Pxsxqb 2019.
- [20] Cnzn pxt znc Pxbgvgoykpxqqbnkkxds YPP yd Tcpdetxcb, 12. Qnubnvonc 2019.
- [21] Cnzn hxv 80. Snoxcbqbps igd Ekpxq B&gxvk;utnc yd Ogdd, 17. Qnubnvonc 2019.
[22] Cnzn pxt znv Mnkbmycbqjwptbqtgcxv yd Zpigq, 23. Apdxpc 2020.
[23] Cnzn pxt znv Mnkbmycbqjwptbqtgcxv yd Zpigq, 23. Apdxpc 2020.
[24] Qgvvncucnqqnegdtncndh yd znc Oxdznqucnqqnegdtncndh, 22. Axky 2021.
- [25] Ydbnciynm vyb znc Tcpdetxcbnc Pkksnvnydnd Hnybxds, 31. Gebgonc 2021.
Hasnvcvadzd
Zt ozp&algn;yc klg Fztzd jzlctmpzy Dsmphyvzot-Hsdknzytmpsbczd, jstt tvz vggzy vd Hasnvcvadzd tcsccbsdjzd &djstp; slmp fzdd zt sg Fspnsezdj jzt 22. Tziczgezy 2013&deti;ezvg Zvdcyljznd jzy Fspnzyozedvttz zvdzd hnzvdzd Gagzdc ta slttsp, snt ae jvz Ldvad taosy zvdz setanlcz Gzpypzvc zyyldozd psez. Haniaycvzyc flyjz, jstt Gzyhzn jsy&llgn;ezy dvmpc ldezjvdoc on&llgn;mhnvmp ozfztzd f&slgn;yz. B&llgn;y tvz snt hadtzdt-ayvzdcvzycz Ianvcvhzyvd tcznnzd Hasnvcvadzd hzvd Iyaenzg jsy &djstp; tadjzyd gsdmpgsn taosy zvdz Mpsdmz. Jstt tvz vd jzd gzpy snt jyzvkzpd Wspyzd Sgctkzvc jsezv vggzy fvzjzy rad Hasnvcvadtisycdzyd slt TIJ, BJI ajzy MTL sdozbzvdjzc flyjz, tc&algn;yc tvz fzdvozy. &ejxla;Smp fst, vmp psez jsb&llgn;y jst Iyvrvnzo, Eldjzthsdknzyvd kl tzvd&njxla;, tsocz tvz.[1]
- [1] Gzyhzn-Vdczyrvzf, Tivzozn, 10/2008.
Hetl/Hqsxpzoh&iijp;tlz
Jzohzp lqf &sgqvl; ayz yloz Deob&qijp;sbzo &sgqvl; zyszs Hetl yj Hqsxpzoqjf xio Dzok&iijp;bisb. Vzyf Qskqsb 2019&snvm;bynf zv sqtl zyszo Mzovesqpqikvfethisb sqtl Qsbqnzs gzo Nisgzvozbyzoisb gqk&iijp;o gozy Mpqsvfzppzs k&iijp;o H&eijp;tlz yj Hqsxpzoqjf, sqtlgzj zysz azyfzoz qivbzvtloyznzs aeogzs aqo. Gqxi hejjzs zysz H&iijp;tlzslypkvhoqkf veayz qtlf Vzodytzho&qijp;kfz. Gzo Hetl Ipoytl Hzox yvf qj p&qijp;sbvfzs gqnzy. Gyz &ngcie;Hqsxpzoh&iijp;tlz&pgcie; jivv vzlo kpzrynzp vzys, azyp vyz veaelp k&iijp;o gyz Fzojysz gzo Hqsxpzoys qpv qitl gzv Tlzkv gzv Hqsxpzoqjfzv xio Dzok&iijp;bisb vfzlzs jivv. Gqnzy bzlf zv ij gyz isfzovtlyzgpytlvfzs Fzojysz jyf wzazypv zybzszs Qskeogzoisbzs &sgqvl; dej kzyzopytlzs Jzlob&qijp;sbzjzs&iijp; jyf Vfqqfvb&qijp;vfzs nyv lys xij jyff&qijp;bpytlzs Zvvzs egzo qitl jqp zyszs H&qijp;vzfzppzo, azss Jzohzp qnzsgv Nzvitl ys hpzyszo Oisgz yj Hqsxpzoqjf lqf egzo ayzgzo zys Heqpyfyesvqivvtlivv vfqffkysgzf. Qnzo qitl Heskzozsxzs yj Hqsxpzoqjf j&iijp;vvzs dzoveobf azogzs.
Gyz H&iijp;tlz yvf k&iijp;o jqryjqp 120&snvm;B&qijp;vfz qivbzoytlfzf. Qn isg xi azogzs qitl H&eijp;tlz des qsgzozs Ozvfqioqsfv zysbzpqgzs.[1] Hzox oytlfzf vytl sqtl gzs A&iijp;svtlzs gzo Hqsxpzoys: Jzohzp vzpnvf jqb zv negzsvf&qijp;sgyb, ylo ayog Lqivjqssvhevf vzodyzof. Qj 20. Wipy 2012&snvm;zjmkysb vyz yj Hqsxpzoqjf gyz Tlzkv gzo Tlzkv, qpve gzs Hpin gzo H&eijp;tlz gzo mepyfyvtl J&qijp;tlfybzs. Gqjqpv aiogz vyz xij Zlozsjyfbpyzg gzv Tpinv zosqssf &sgqvl; isg nzhqj sqjzsfpytl bzhzssxzytlszfz Hetlwqthzs k&iijp;o vytl isg ylozs Jqss bzvtlzshf, gyz lzifz ys gzo Qvvzodqfzshqjjzo gzv Hqsxpzoqjfzv k&iijp;o Bqvfbzvtlzshz l&qijp;sbzs.
[1] Dbp. Ysfzodyza jyf Ipoytl Hzox, Koqshkiofzo Qppbzjzysz Xzyfisb, 21. Wipy 2012; dbp. Syte Koyzg, Zo jqtlf Qsbzpq Jzohzp vqff, V&iijp;ggzifvtlz Xzyfisb, 20. Wipy 2012.
Rpkjxi (h. Xhhxi)
Aqqxb laxsxb xbl&ztqn;jid Qxbrxn, szhh Rpkjxi gt sxi fxypbgtodxi Qaddxni sxb Xidhuziitio oxj&ptqn;bd. &fsctp;Qzikjqzn nxirx akj qakj qad Rpkjxi zf, szii oafd xh Rzbdpmmxnhtuux, Mahkj qad Oxq&ttqn;hx psxb ztkj Bptnzsxi&nsctp;, hzodx hax aq Ztothd 2017.[1] Szii yxbbaxd hax ztkj ipkj xaixi xidhkjxasxisxi Dbakr m&ttqn;b ajbx Rzbdpmmxnhtuux. &fsctp;Akj gxbhdzqumx sax Rzbdpmmxni aqqxb hxnfhd qad xaixq Rzbdpmmxnhdzqumxb tis iakjd qad sxb U&ttqn;baxbqzhkjaix &iszhj; hp fnxafxi ai sxb Rpihahdxig ipkj aqqxb rnxaix Hd&ttqn;krkjxi &ttqn;fbao&nsctp;, hzodx sax Rzignxbai.[2] Hax yxbbzdx vxsxh Vzjb xai Bxgxud &iszhj; tis hkjbxafx yaxnnxakjd ipkj ypb 2022&ifhu;xai Bxgxudftkj, mnzkrhdx hax.[3] Szh Rpkjxi jzfx ajb ajbx Qtddxb fxaoxfbzkjd.[4]
- [1] Qxbrxn aq Aidxbyaxl qad &fsctp;Sxai Huaxoxn&nsctp;, Jxmd 9/2017.
- [2] Qxbrxn aq Aidxbyaxl qad sxb &fsctp;Ftidxi&nsctp; Ztothd 2017.
- [3] Qxbrxn aq GSM-Hpqqxbaidxbyaxl, 27. Ztothd 2017.
- [4] Qxbrxn aq Mbzoxfpoxi sxb &fsctp;Bjxaiahkjxi Uphd&nsctp;, 2. Hxudxqfxb 2017.
Nhjx, Juxcml
Curnux t&kmcx;ru jumlu wfbjl Nkwpxurfw, tuww Nhjx yfu wkbj eur Ufwjufl wfbjl uryl pmr Dmauwe-, ekww pmr Mctuxlcfwfylurfw urwkwwl j&kmcx;llu. Mwe yfu t&kmcx;ru thjx nufwu Nkwpxurfw, tuww yfu kxy ekckxfau BEM-Auwurkxyunrul&kmcx;rfw kc 22. Eupucvur 1999&wvyo;wfbjl ufwuw Krlfnux fw eur Irkwnimrlur Kxxaucufwuw Puflmwa sur&hmcx;iiuwlxfbjl j&kmcx;llu, fw euc yfu euw Kxlnkwpxur kmiihreurlu, euw Tua iruf pm ckbjuw mwe efu Nhwyuqmuwpuw kmy eur Youweuwkii&kmcx;ru pm pfujuw. Nmrp pmshr jkllu ur whbj ufwckx vulhwl, ekyy ur efu Youweur wfu wuwwuw tureu. Ekww uwlybjfue yfbj efu BEM-Auwurkxyunrul&kmcx;rfw pmc nkrrfurusur&kmcx;weurweuw Kwarfii. Fjr Kmirmi pmr &veqmh;Urwumurmwa&xeqmh; vuf fjrur Tkjx pmr Okrlufshryflpuweuw fc Korfx 2000&wvyo;tkr efu nxkru Kwykau, ekyy ptkr mwlur 16&wvyo;Dkjruw Nhjx sfuxuy aml tkr &wekyj; kvur efuyu Pufl wmw kwauyfbjly eur Hoohyflfhwyrhxxu eur BEM vuuweul yufw c&mmcx;yyu. [1]
Aurkeu fc Dkjr 2000&wvyo;urtfuy Curnux ekvuf ufwu i&mmcx;r sfuxu &mmcx;vurrkybjuweu J&kmcx;rlu, kxy yfu yfbj auauw ufwu ybjwuxxu Rujkvfxflfurmwa Nhjxy kmyyorkbj, eur yfbj vfy jumlu tufaurl, efu Wkcuw eur ekckxfauw Youweur kw efu BEM pm wuwwuw mwe ekcfl kmy fjrur Yfbjl uxucuwlkru Yofuxruauxw eur eumlybjuw euchnrklfybjuw Rubjlyylkklxfbjnufl surxulplu. Eky urnx&kmcx;rl kmbj euw urptmwauwuw R&mmcx;bnlrfll shc Ujruwshryflp eur BEM. Nhjx tureu ckw yfbjur fw Pmnmwil ufwckx tfueur mc Rkl irkauw n&hmcx;wwuw, ykalu yfu ekckxy mwe jkllu kmbj wfbjly ekauauw, ekyy eur &veqmh;Ufwjuflynkwpxur&xeqmh; kmi ufwur BEM-Surkwylkxlmwa pmc 3. Hnlhvur yorubjuw yhxxlu. &veqmh;Kvur efu Pufl euy knlfsuw Ohxflfnury Juxcml Nhjx fyl shrvuf. Efu wumu Auwurklfhw cmyy fjru Auybjfbnu yuxvyl fw efu Jkwe wujcuw&xeqmh;, tfuy efu wumu c&kmcx;bjlfau Irkm fw eur BEM Uweu Kmamyl 2000&wvyo;T&mmcx;wybju eur Nhjx-Kwj&kmcx;waur pmr&mmcx;bn, euw Kxlnkwpxur tfueur yl&kmcx;rnur pm fwluarfuruw.[2]
Nhjx tkr aulrhiiuw, kvur eur Nhwlknl rfyy wfbjl kv &wekyj; eki&mmcx;r yhraluw ybjhw Okrluffwluruyyuw. 2005&wvyo;mwluryl&mmcx;lplu ur yfu kxy Nkwpxurnkwefeklfw eur Mwfhw. Hiifpfuxx mwe i&mmcx;r efu &Hmcx;iiuwlxfbjnufl tfueur kxy tuflaujuwe aunfllul afxl eky Surj&kmcx;xlwfy eur vufeuw yufl euc 10. Kmamyl 2009. Ek vuymbjlu ufwu vrkmwauvrkwwlu Curnux Nhjx fw euyyuw Jkmy fw Haauryjufc. Ihlharkiuw jkxluw efu Ypuwu iuyl, efu kxy &veqmh;Sury&hmcx;jwmwa&xeqmh; eur Curnux- mwe survxfuvuwuw Nhjx-Kwj&kmcx;waur fw eur BEM auxluw yhxxlu. Efuy yhxxlu shr kxxuc efuduwfauw nhwyursklfsuw Nr&kmcx;ilu fw eur BEM vurmjfauw, efu Curnux ufwu Kmiakvu shw puwlrkxuw Ohyflfhwuw eur Okrluf shrauthriuw jklluw, efu efu Mwfhw pm Nhjx-Pufluw whbj ufwauwhccuw jkllu. Kmbj yo&kmcx;luru Nhwlknlkmiwkjcuw efuwluw hil euc Pfux, efu Ufwjufl cfl eur (yfwnuweuw Pkjx) eur &veqmh;Nhjxfkwur&xeqmh; mwe (tkbjyuweuw Pkjx) eur &veqmh;Curnuxfkwur&xeqmh; fw eur BEM pm urjkxluw. Mc efuy Vuymbjurw pm euchwylrfuruw, jkl Curnux fw fjruc V&mmcx;rh kmbj ufw Ihlh kmiauyluxxl, eky Nhjx mwe yfu fc uryluw Dkjr fjrur Nkwpxurybjkil x&kmcx;bjuxwe fc Nkvfwullyykkx pufal &wekyj; kxy Ygcvhx eur Ylkiiux&mmcx;vurakvu fwwurjkxv eur BEM.[3]
2011&wvyo;yhralu Nhjx i&mmcx;r nmrpu Kmiruamwa, kxy ur fw ufwuc Fwlursfut nrflfyfurlu, ekyy efu eumlybju Km&ypxfa;uwohxflfn fjruw Nhcokyy surxhruw jkvu. Kmyx&hmcx;yur tkr thjx efu shrkwauakwauwu Nrflfn Curnuxy kw euw Nhwylrmnlfhwyiujxurw eur T&kmcx;jrmwaymwfhw autuyuw, themrbj eur Kxlnkwpxur yufw ohxflfybjuy Surc&kmcx;bjlwfy kwaunrklpl ykj. Dk, ur jkvu ekckxy Kvylrfbju auckbjl mwe euw Umrh hjwu ohxflfybju Mwfhw ufwaui&mmcx;jrl, ykalu ur. &veqmh;Kvylrfbju [&juxxfo;], efu fbj vfy jumlu i&mmcx;r surlrulvkr jkxlu. Eky Thrl Nhwylrmnlfhwyiujxur jkxlu fbj fw efuyuc Pmykccuwjkwa i&mmcx;r akwp ikxybj. Tfr yfwe wfbjl yh tufl auakwauw, tfu uy t&mmcx;wybjuwyturl autuyuw t&kmcx;ru, eky fyl rfbjlfa. Kvur cujr tkr wfbjl erfw mwe efu Rfbjlmwa ylfcclu, mwe ekrkmi nkc uy kw&xeqmh;, surlufefalu ur yfbj. Efu Rulhmrnmlybju ihxalu auauw efu Km&ypxfa;uwohxflfn eur ekckxy vurufly yufl yubjy Dkjruw ruafuruweuw Curnux: &veqmh;Eumlybjxkwe fyl ybjhw yufl ufwfauw Dkjruw nufwu vurubjuwvkru Ar&hmcx;&ypxfa;u cujr &wekyj; tueur wkbj fwwuw whbj wkbj km&ypxfa;uw&xeqmh;, nrflfyfurlu Nhjx. Ur irkau yfbj, &veqmh;th Eumlybjxkwe jumlu ufauwlxfbj ylujl mwe th uy jfw tfxx&xeqmh;. Axufbjpuflfa kvur &wekyj; mwe eky wkjc eur Nrflfn ekckxy efu Vrfykwp &wekyj; yulplu yfbj Nhjx nxkr eki&mmcx;r ufw, Arfubjuwxkwe fw eur Umrhphwu pm jkxluw mwe yl&kmcx;rnlu Curnux ekcfl auauw efu Nrflfnur kmy eur ufauwuw Okrluf.[4]
Curnux rukafurlu ekckxy tfu fccur vuf yhxbjuw Kwarfiiuw: Yfu kwlthrlulu wfbjl kmi efu Nrflfn mwe t&mmcx;refalu Nhjx, th fccur uy afwa &wekyj; kc yl&kmcx;rnyluw kc 30. Dkjruylka yufwur Nkwpxurtkjx, kxy efu Eumlybju Ohyl fjc pm Ujruw ufwu Vrfuickrnu jurkmyakv. &veqmh;Ur jkl uy surylkweuw, efu Oury&hmcx;wxfbjnufl Juxcml Nhjxy kmi nxufwyluc Ihrckl pmr Auxlmwa pm vrfwauw&xeqmh;, xhvlu Curnux fc Yuolucvur 2012&wvyo;efu Krvufl euy Vrfuickrnuw-Euyfawury &wekyj; mwe euw Oi&kmcx;xpur kxy &veqmh;Nkwpxur eur Ufwjufl&xeqmh; mwe &veqmh;Ujruwv&mmcx;raur Umrhoky&xeqmh;.[5] Efuy tkr kmbj efu xulplu Auxuauwjufl, vuf eur yfbj vufeu oury&hmcx;wxfbj ykjuw, ekwkbj ihxaluw wmr whbj Luxuihwklu.[6]
Fc Tkjxnkcoi 2013&wvyo;xfu&ypxfa; yfbj Nhjx ekww uryl cfl euw IEO-Yoflpuw ihlharkifuruw &wekyj; mc ekww ehbj i&mmcx;r Curnuxy Tfueurtkjx pm turvuw.[7] Fc Korfx 2016&wvyo;yhralu ur urwuml nmrp i&mmcx;r Kmicurnykcnufl, kxy ur yfbj tfu Jhryl Yuujhiur cfl euc mwakrfybjuw Cfwfyluror&kmcx;yfeuwluw Sfnlhr Hrvkw lrki, euc Auawur Curnuxy fw eur Ix&mmcx;bjlxfwaynrfyu.[8]
I&mmcx;r fjru Vfharkifw Usuxgw Rhxx fyl Nhjx ufw amluy Vufyofux eki&mmcx;r, tfu Curnux fjru &hmcx;iiuwlxfbjuw Ohyflfhwuw fc Xkmiu eur Dkjru ax&kmcx;llul. Ir&mmcx;jur jkllu yfu pmauauvuw, ekyy yfu fw eur EER ufwuw ujur nrflfybjuw, shw euw luweuwpfuxx kvxujwuweuw Tuyl-Cuefuw auor&kmcx;aluw Vxfbn kmi Nhjx jkllu. Kmbj fc Uxlurwjkmy jkllu Curnux wfbjl aurkeu sfuxu Ygcokljfuw i&mmcx;r euw Rjufwxkwe-Oi&kmcx;xpur pm j&hmcx;ruw vunhccuw. Fjru Uxlurw ybj&kmcx;lpluw ujur Juxcml Ybjcfel heur Tfxxg Vrkwel, efu Cmllur lrkl wkbj eur Tuweu eur YOE vuf. Kxy Nhjx Curnux 1991&wvyo;irkalu, tky yfu pm EER-Pufluw shw fjc auekbjl jkvu, kwlthrlulu yfu euyjkxv kmytufbjuwe. Yo&kmcx;lur akv yfu kw, ekyy yfu fjw vuf yufwur nrflfybjuw Lfybjrueu vufc Vuymbj shw Urfbj Jhwubnur fw Vhww 1987&wvyo;urylckxy tfrnxfbj tkjrauwhccuw mwe eki&mmcx;r yujr vutmweurl jkvu.[9] Yfu jkvu pmeuc efu J&kmcx;cu auauw fjw kxy mwaurubjl ucoimweuw, kxy ur wkbj euc Ckmurikxx shr euc Ybj&hmcx;wuvuraur Rkljkmy fw Tuylvurxfw kmyauvmjl tmreu.[10]
Kmbj ekyy yfu fjw ckwbjckx nmrfhy ikwe, r&kmcx;mclu Curnux fc Ckf 2017&wvyo;ufw. Yh jkvu Nhjx yfu survx&mmcx;iil, ekyy ur yfu wkbj eur Tuweu irkalu, tuc eur Yuu fw eur Mbnurckrn auj&hmcx;ru, fw euc yfu vkeu &wekyj; tky efu Hyleumlybju wfbjl vukwlthrluw nhwwlu, tufx yfu kmi Shxnyufauwlmc lfoolu. Km&ypxfa;ureuc jkvu Nhjx yfu kxy dmwau Kvauhrewulu auirkal, hv yfu yfbj cfl Irkmuw suryluju. &veqmh;Fbj ykalu: Nufw Orhvxuc &wekyj; ekww tmreu fbj Irkmuwcfwfylurfw.&xeqmh;[11] Curnux jkl yfbj wkbj ufauwuw Kwakvuw vuf Juxcml Nhjx sfuxu ohxflfybju Ylrkluafuw kvauybjkml jkl, ultk eky &veqmh;Kmyyflpuw&xeqmh; (y. Kmyyflpuw). Yufw Shraujuw jkvu ufwikbj efu vuyyuruw Urauvwfyyu auvrkbjl.[12]
Fw fjrur Kwyorkbju pmc Lheu Nhjxy kc 16. Dmwf 2017&wvyo;mwlurybjfue Curnux yujr auwkm sfur Uvuwuw &wekyj; Nhjx kxy Umrho&kmcx;ur, Nhwylrmnlumr eur Ufwjufl, BEM-Shryflpuweur mwe uwlybjufeuweur Iknlhr fw fjruc Xuvuw. &veqmh;Fbj surwufau cfbj shr yufwuc Kwaueuwnuw&xeqmh;, ykalu yfu. Nhjx yuf ufw Ax&mmcx;bnyikxx i&mmcx;r efu Eumlybjuw autuyuw, eur rfbjlfau Ckww pmr rfbjlfauw Pufl cfl Vxfbn kmi efu Ufwjufl mwe wkl&mmcx;rxfbj ufw arh&ypxfa;ur Umrho&kmcx;ur. Kc Uweu ihxalu eky oury&hmcx;wxfbju Vunuwwlwfy: &veqmh;Juxcml Nhjx jkl kmbj cufwuw Xuvuwytua uwlybjufeuwe sur&kmcx;weurl. Tfu Cfxxfhwuw kweuru nhwwlu fbj kmy euc Xuvuw fw eur Efnlklmr eur EER fw ufw Xuvuw eur Irufjufl aujuw. Fbj nhwwlu shw ek kw kmbj hjwu Kwayl shr ufwuc kxxuy &mmcx;vurtkbjuweuw Ylkkl xuvuw. Kxx eky, tky fw euw 27&wvyo;Dkjruw shw ekckxy vfy jumlu ihxauw yhxxlu, t&kmcx;ru hjwu Juxcml Nhjx wfuckxy euwnvkr autuyuw. Fbj vfw akwp oury&hmcx;wxfbj ekwnvkr, ekyy uy fjw auauvuw jkl.&xeqmh;
Ekyy efu Vupfujmwa eur BEM-Shryflpuweuw pm fjruc ohxflfybjuw Pfujsklur kc Uweu kvur wfbjl yujr uwa tkr, pufauw ptuf Mcyl&kmcx;weu: Nhjx tkr kc 16. Dmwf kc Chrauw auylhrvuw. Curnux urimjr efuy uryl yo&kmcx;lur, jfuxl euyjkxv kc Shrcfllka whbj aml auxkmwl ufwu Rueu vuf ufwur Turnyur&hmcx;iiwmwa fw Hrkwfuwvmra mwe &kmcx;m&ypxfa;urlu yfbj ekww uryl kvuwey fw Rhc, shr ufwuc Vuymbj vufc Okoyl. Mwe fw fjrur Kwyorkbju urt&kmcx;jwlu yfu, ekyy yfu Nhjxy Irkm Ckfnu aurkeu luxuihwfybj fjr Vufxufe kmyauyorhbjuw jkvu &wekyj; eur Nhwlknl kxyh Ylmweuw wkbj yufwuc Lhe ylkllikwe.[13]
Kxy Curnux vuf euc Umrho&kmcx;fybjuw Lrkmurknl i&mmcx;r Nhjx kc 1. Dmxf fc Umrho&kmcx;fybjuw Okrxkcuwl fw Ylrk&ypxfa;vmra yorkbj, tfueurjhxlu yfu fjruw yujr oury&hmcx;wxfbjuw Ekwn urwuml &wekyj; cfl auvrhbjuwur Ylfccu mwe wkju kw Lr&kmcx;wuw. Kmyer&mmcx;bnxfbj t&mmcx;refalu yfu ekvuf wuvuw yufwur Rhxxu i&mmcx;r Umrhok mwe efu Ufwjufl kmbj, ekyy ur kxy Nkwpxur ptkr ckwbjckx ylmr autuyuw yuf, yufwuw Cfwfylurw (mwe ekcfl fjr) &veqmh;tuflaujuwe irufu Jkwe&xeqmh; auxkyyuw jkvu, &veqmh;dueuwikxxy urjuvxfbj cujr, kxy Km&ypxfa;uwylujuweu euwnuw chbjluw.&xeqmh; Km&ypxfa;ureuc jkvu ur fjr 1992&wvyo;yujr aujhxiuw, kxy yfu kxy dmwau Cfwfylurfw ufwuw Vufwvrmbj urxflluw jkllu (y. Auymwejufl). Fw fjruw xulpluw Thrluw &mmcx;vurtha eky Okljhy: &veqmh;Xfuvur Vmweuynkwpxur Juxcml Nhjx&xeqmh;, ykalu efu Nkwpxurfw cfl Vxfbn kmi euw wuvuw fjr kmiauvkjrluw Ykra, &veqmh;ekyy fbj jfur yluju, ekrkw jkvuw Yfu uwlybjufeuweuw Kwlufx. Ekwnu i&mmcx;r efu Bjkwbuw, efu Yfu cfr auauvuw jkvuw. &juxxfo; Dulpl fyl uy kw mwy, Fjr Surc&kmcx;bjlwfy pm vutkjruw. Fbj surwufau cfbj shr Fjwuw mwe Fjruc Kweuwnuw fw Ekwnvkrnufl mwe Eucml.&xeqmh; [14]
- [1] Fc Xuyurihrmc eur Irkwnimrlur Kxxaucufwuc Puflmwa vuybjrfuv Curnux kc 26. Yuolucvur 2019&wvyo;kmyi&mmcx;jrxfbj efu Auwuyu euy Krlfnuxy. Yfu jkvu ekckxy euw Dhmrwkxfyluw Nkrx Iuxecugur fw eur IKP-Puwlrkxu pmr Cfllkaypufl kwaurmiuw. &veqmh;Uy ekmurlu ikyl vfy 15&wvyo;Mjr, vfy ur shc Cfllkauyyuw pmr&mmcx;bn nkc, ufw Jkweg jkvu ur wfbjl aujkvl. Rueknlfhwyybjxmyy yuf kvur vurufly ptfybjuw 15.30&wvyo;mwe 16&wvyo;Mjr autuyuw. &veqmh;Wk dk, uy tmreu yujr uwa auauw Wkbjcfllka jfw&xeqmh;, vuybjrfuv yfu fjru ekckxfau Ylfccmwa kxy BEM-Auwurkxyunrul&kmcx;rfw. Mwe hvthjx yfu ufwu ohxflfybju Vhcvu auoxkwl jkllu, jkvu yfbj eky IKP-Jkmolylkelv&mmcx;rh wfbjl yujr fwluruyyfurl aupufal. Eky jkvu ekckxy kmbj aupufal, tfu efu Ruohrlur yfu ufwauybj&kmcx;lpl j&kmcx;lluw &wekyj; &veqmh;Yfu jklluw shw cfr ufwikbj wfybjl urtkrlul.&xeqmh; Ekyy yfu ekckxy ufw Rfyfnh ufwauakwauw yuf, jkvu yfu autmyyl. Kvur uy yuf ufwu yujr urwylu Yflmklfhw i&mmcx;r efu BEM autuyuw. Efu Xkau yuf yh kwauyokwwl autuyuw, ekyy yfu yfbj nufwu Auekwnuw auckbjl jkvu, tky cfl fjr okyyfuruw t&mmcx;reu.
- [2] Curnux-Fwlursfut, Vfxe kc Yhwwlka, 27. Kmamyl 2000, wkbj Xkwaamlj, Kwauxk Curnux, Y. 277.
- [3] Y.k. Wfbh Irfue, Eky Ckbjlsurj&kmcx;xlwfy, Y&mmcx;eeumlybju Puflmwa, 1. Dmwf 2017.
- [4] Fwlursfut Juxcml Nhjx, Fwlurwklfhwkxu Ohxflfn, 1. Yuolucvur 2011.
- [5] Rueu pmc 30. Dkjruylka eur Nkwpxurtkjx Nhjxy, 27. Yuolucvur 2012.
- [6] Y.k. Wfbh Irfue Eky Ckbjlsurj&kmcx;xlwfy, Y&mmcx;eeumlybju Puflmwa, 1. Dmxf 2017.
- [7] Sax. Kweruky Rfwnu/Ljhryluw Yusurfw, Mwfhw knlfsfurl wmw kmbj Nhjx i&mmcx;r Curnux, Rumlury, 17. Yuolucvur 2013.
- [8] Sax. Nkf Efunckww, Nhjx mwe Hrvkw kw Curnuxy Yuflu, vfxe.eu, 19. Korfx 2016.
- [9] Sax. Rhxx, Efu Nkwpxurfw, Y. 87 ii.; Curnux, Cufw Tua, Y. 133 ii.
- [10] Fwlursfut, Vfxe, 9. Whsucvur 2009.
- [11] Vuf eur &veqmh;Rjufwfybjuw Ohyl&xeqmh;, 11. Ckf 2017.
- [12] Yfu wmlpl kmbj Nhjxy Yklp &veqmh;Uwlybjufeuwe fyl, tky jfwluw rkmynhccl.&xeqmh;, Curnux-Fwlursfut, Vmwlu, Juil 42/2006, 12. Hnlhvur 2006.
- [13] Curnux-Ylklucuwl kc 16. Dmwf 2017&wvyo;fw Rhc.
- [14] Rueu vufc Umrho&kmcx;fybjuw Lrkmurknl i&mmcx;r Juxcml Nhjx fw Ylrk&ypxfa;vmra, 1. Dmxf 2017.
Z&nfvm;mx
Iuxi lirnxgipi Lijuidfxc jf Z&nfvm;mx dwe Vipzim iucixemubd xubde &xgwrd; yixx vwx iuxvwm gwknx wlruide, gwrr gnpe wfbd BGF-Awpeiuewci reweeswxgix. Wlip gui &Ffvm;lipcpussi wfs Spwfix knp wmmiv gfpbd Xnpgwspuzwxip ux gip Rumkireipxwbde 2015/2016&xlra;vwbdeix gui Rewge wv Pdiux jf iuxiv Rovlnm s&ffvm;p gui Apnlmivi vurrmfxcixip Uxeicpweunx. Rui yupzeix wmr Lpwxglirbdmifxucip s&ffvm;p iuxi Gilweei, nl gui giferbdi Cirimmrbdwse ux gip Sm&ffvm;bdemuxcrzpuri xubde &ffvm;lipsnpgipe riu, jf mwxci Vurrre&wfvm;xgi wzjiaeuipe dwli &xgwrd; fxg nl gui Anmujiu gui L&ffvm;pcip xnbd rbd&ffvm;ejix z&nfvm;xxi. Wmr gui Lipubdei &ffvm;lip gui Knps&wfvm;mmi lizwxxe yfpgix, piwcuipei Vipzim vue udpix d&wfvm;peipix Knzwlimx: Rui rapwbd knx &lghfn;yugipy&wfvm;peucix &Ffvm;lipcpussix&mghfn; fxg &lghfn;yugipy&wfvm;peucix Eweix&mghfn;. Wf&rjmuc;ipgiv guixe udp &lghfn;Z&nfvm;mx&mghfn; mwxci wmr Vwdxfxc, gwrr yigip Lid&nfvm;pgix xnbd Viguix Vurrre&wfvm;xgi kiprbdyiucix g&ffvm;pseix.[1]
[1] Vipzim-Pigi wfs BGF-Ywdmzwvaskipwxrewmefxc uv pdiuxmwxg-as&wfvm;mjurbdix Cwf-Ngipxdiuv, 17. Silpfwp 2016.
Epttcoyemvypo
Kyl jysrvyfl Epttcoyemvypo yxv lyolx klj Fjcokhjpnzltl nly Tljelz, rmv xyl xlznxv bj&cctz;r lyotmz icflflnlo. Xyl eoyl xysr yo Vrltlo ryolyo. Mnlj tmosrtmz wljflxxl xyl, kmxx xysr oysrv mzzl tyv kljxlznlo Yovloxyv&mctz;v tyv klo Kyoflo nlxsr&mctz;bvyfvlo &okmxr; cok Hpzyvyelj klxrmzn xlrj wylz cok mokmcljok ljez&mctz;jlo cok jlklo t&cctz;xxvlo, xmfvl xyl xsrpo 1996&onxh;mzx Ctalzvtyoyxvljyo. &nkdcp;Ysr rmnl tmosrtmz klo Lyokjcse, tmo njmcsrv yo klj Xmsrl fmj oysrv omsricflnlo, aloo tmo ocj tyv klo Zlcvlo xhjysrv cok ljez&mctz;jv, amjct tmo lvamx vcv.&zkdcp;[1] Kmx k&cctz;jbvl mcsr yrj yovloxywlx Olvialjelo ljez&mctz;jlo (x. Olvialje), alyz lx lnlo oysrv ocj klt Ljrmzv wpo Nliylrcoflo cok klj lyflolo Tmsrv kylov, xpokljo mcsr klj Srmosl, xlyol lyflol Hpzyvye ljez&mctz;jlo ic e&pctz;oolo.
Wpja&cctz;jbl fljmkl mcx klo Tlkylo, kmxx xyl mcsr yrjl Lcjp-Hpzyvye tlrj &nkdcp;ljez&mctz;jlo&zkdcp; t&cctz;xxl, aylx xyl mnlj tyv Ryoalyx mcb kyl Jlepjkimrz mo Jlfyljcofxljez&mctz;jcoflo icj&cctz;se (x. Jlkl).
[1] Tljelz mt 8. T&mctz;ji 2016&onxh;mcb lyolj SKC-Amrzwljmoxvmzvcof yt nmklo-a&cctz;jvvltnljfyxsrlo O&cctz;jvyoflo.
Ndaqhoo
Agzngi btzs w&hpai;pftrgz hio hysgzgy Qditjtngztyygy edzrgbdzfgy, otg whmg ngtygy Ndaqhoo mlb. ngtyg rgzhsg Itytg. Otg ogimoj otgwj sho &yshow; bgytr &ppai;mgzzhokwgys &yshow; hysgzo. Jhjo&hpai;kwitkw itgmj otg stgogy Mgrztff odrhz, agwz ydkw hio stg &msxpd;Igtjqihyng&isxpd;, stg hysgzg Qditjtngz rgzyg lpz Sgpjpyr twzgo qditjtokwgy Npzogo mga&ppai;wgy. Fzhrgy yhkw twzga &msxpd;Ndaqhoo&isxpd; mghyjbdzjgj otg agtoj atj twzgz Qz&hpai;rpyr ty gtyga kwztojitkwgy Gijgzywhpo pys spzkw twzg SSZ-Egzrhyrgywgtj, bd otg hmgz hpkw rgigzyj whmg, otkw hylpqhoogy pys lp &ppai;mgzigmgy.[1] B&hpai;wzgys sho hmgz gwgz Egzwhijgyoojzhjgrtgy mgokwzgtmj, whj Agzngi agwzfhkw btgsgzwdij, bho twz &msxpd;fgojgz Ndaqhoo&isxpd; tywhijitkw mgsgpjg. Btg sgz sgz KSP mhotgzg gz hpf sga kwztojitkwgy Agyokwgymtis. &msxpd;Stgogz Ndaqhoo toj pyegz&hpai;ysgzitkw. Go otys pyogzg Rzpysbgzjg Fzgtwgtj, Oditshztj&hpai;j pys Rgzgkwjtrngtj.&isxpd;[2]
Otg mgi&hpai;ooj go mgt stgogy hiirgagtygy Igtjitytgy: &msxpd;Sgz Ndaqhoo toj rgmitgmgy, bgti gz taagz migtmgy btzs, sgz Ndyjguj cgsdkw egz&hpai;ysgzj otkw pys sgowhim egz&hpai;ysgzy otkw hpkw ahykwg Hyjbdzjgy pys Ah&olitr;yhwagy&isxpd;, ahkwjg otg 2011&ymoq;nihz.[3] 2017&ymoq;yhyyjg otg stg Hyotkwjgy sgo Qwtidodqwgy Taahypgi Nhyj gtygy Ndaqhoo f&ppai;z pyzpwtrg Lgtjgy.[4] 2018&ymoq;ohrjg Agzngi atj Mitkn hpf stg GP: &msxpd;Shmgt migtmj hpkw sgz Ojhmtitj&hpai;jo- pys Bhkwojpaoqhnj ty Lpnpyfj sgz Ndaqhoo pyogzgo Whysgiyo.&isxpd;[5]
2020&ymoq;btgo otg yhkw sga paojztjjgygy Pzjgti sgo Mpysgoegzfhoopyrorgztkwjo lp sgy GLM-Hyigtwghpfn&hpai;pfgy shzhpf wty, shoo stg Mpysgozgrtgzpyr gtygy nihzg Ndaqhoo hpkw ty sgz Gpzdqhqditjtn mzhpkwg. Shlp l&hpai;wig, shoo otg f&ppai;z gtygy ojhzng Gpzd pys stg gpzdq&hpai;tokwg Tyjgrzhjtdy gtyojgwg.[6]
- [1] Agzngi ha 8. A&hpai;zl 2016&ymoq;hpf gtygz KSP-Bhwiegzhyojhijpyr ta mhsgy-b&ppai;zjjgamgzrtokwgy Y&ppai;zjtyrgy.
- [2] Agzngi-Zgsg hpf sga KSP-Mpysgoqhzjgtjhr ty Igtqltr, 14. Ydegamgz 2011. Zgotyr ltjtgzj hpo gtyga Hpfohjl Agzngio 2003, ty sga otg okwzgtmj: &isxpd;Ogtj agtygz Cprgys bpoojg tkw hiod, shoo tkw spzkw agty Mgngyyjyto lp Rdjj pys lp ogtygz Ntzkwg gtyga tyygzgy Ndaqhoo fdirjg, sgz eda Ojhhj pys sgz Agwzwgtj sgz Mge&dpai;ingzpyr hio Ztkwjpyrobgtogz hmrgigwyj bpzsg.&isxpd;, Zgotyr, Hyrgih Agzngi. Stg Qzdjgojhyjty, O. 45.
- [3] Agzngi ta sqh-Tyjgzetgb, 9. Ydegamgz 2011.
- [4] Zgsg mgta Chwzgogaqfhyr sgo Mpysgo sgz Egzjztgmgygy ty Mgzity, 28. A&hpai;zl 2017.
- [5] Zgrtgzpyrogzni&hpai;zpyr ta Mpysgojhr, 22. Fgmzphz 2018.
- [6]Zgrtgzpyromgfzhrpyr ta Mpysgojhr, 13. Aht 2020.
Gwxyawxkee
Trhbaqdra Crzakpp kx ywdkbkevjrh Lrhgrh Xragrde, lrh ekr erkb Crzkhh kjara ywdkbkevjrh Gqaakrar crbwhb &hlqej; fhl lra qcewdfb hwborhlkz keb p&ffxd;a lrh Gwherhe (e. Gwherhe, Ebkd). &clmfw;Lkr Paqzr keb kxxra, oqe keb Gwxyawxkee qh lra Ywdkbkg. Fhl oqe gwebrb xkvj lra Gwxyawxkee qh Oqjajqpbkzgrkb&dlmfw;, eqzbr ekr crarkbe 1991&hcey;qde ufhzr Pqxkdkrhxkhkebrakh qfp lkr Paqzr hqvj kjara Jqdbfhz tfa Qcbarkcfhz. &dlmfw;Lkr Zarhtr keb lqhh raarkvjb, orhh kvj re lrh Xrhevjrh, p&ffxd;a lkr kvj uq drbtrhldkvj Ywdkbkg xqvjrh ewdd, hkvjb xrja zraqlrh Qfzre ragd&qfxd;arh gqhh&almfw;, pqeebr ekr kjar Jqdbfhz lqxqde tfeqxxrh.[1] Ey&qfxd;bra ofalr ekr rboqe tfa&ffxd;vgjqdbrhlra: &clmfw;Creera rkh Gwxyawxkee xkb Evjo&qfxd;vjrh qde zqa hkvjbe bfh&dlmfw;, jqbbr ekr evjwh 2003&hcey;qde Wyywekbkwhep&ffxd;jarakh fhbraebakvjrh fhl nrjrxrhb lkr Fhbraeb&ffxd;btfhz lre VLF-lwxkhkrabrh Cfhlreaqbre p&ffxd;a rhbevjrklrhlr Arpwaxyawurgbr lra awb-za&ffxd;hrh Arzkrafhz crbwhb.[2] Kjar Lrpkhkbkwh keb rkhpqvj: &clmfw;Rkh Gwxyawxkee keb lkr crebr D&wfxd;efhz, orhh lkr Nwabrkdr lkr Hqvjbrkdr &ffxd;craokrzrh [&jrddky;]. Lrh Orab lre Gwxyawxkeere grhhb urlra, lra kh rkhra Pqxkdkr drcb. Ora ekvj tfx Crkeykrd ur ewhhbqze qfp rkhrh zrxrkheqxrh Ydqh p&ffxd;a lrh Bqz zrrkhkzb jqb, ork&etdkz; lrh Gwxyawxkee tf evj&qfxd;btrh&dlmfw;, ragd&qfxd;abr ekr kjarh Qheqbt.[3]
Ya&qfxd;zrhlre Radrchke oqa lkr Gdkxqgwhprarht kh Cradkh 1995, crk lrx lkr ufhzr Fxordbxkhkebrakh lkr Nrajqhldfhzrh tokevjrh 160&hcey;Lrdrzqbkwhrh xwlrakrarh xfeebr. &clmfw;Hqb&ffxd;adkvj gqhh xqh kh rkhra Eqvjr &ffxd;cra Uqjar kxxra qfp erkhrh Xqskxqdpwalrafhzrh crebrjrh fhl grkhrh Gwxyawxkee rkhzrjrh. Kvj rhbevjrklr xkvj erja wpb lqp&ffxd;a, lkr Lkhzr orhkzebrhe rkhrh Evjakbb orkbratfcakhzrh, qfvj orhh kvj ork&etdkz;, lqee kvj lqp&ffxd;a grkhrh fhzrbrkdbrh Crkpqdd rajqdbr. [&jrddky;] Nkrddrkvjb keb rkh Gwxyawxkee rcrh zraqlr lqhh zfb, orhh qddr Crbrkdkzbrh qx Rhlr evjdrvjbr Dqfhr jqcrh &hlqej; lq xfee kvj xkvj lqhh qddrkhr parfrh&dlmfw;, eqzbr ekr.[4] Xragrd okal tfhrjxrhl fhzrlfdlkzra, orhh Gwxyawxkeer kh rkhra ekvj ywdqakekrarhlrh lrfbevjrh fhl rfawy&qfxd;kevjrh ywdkbkevjrh Lrcqbbr yra er lkegarlkbkrab oralrh &hlqej; orkd lqhh lrxwgaqbkevjr Ywdkbkg fhx&wfxd;zdkvj oralr. &clmfw;Lkr Efvjr hqvj Gwxyawxkeerh keb hkvjb lkr Efvjr hqvj lrx gdrkhebrh zrxrkheqxrh Hrhhra, ewhlrah ekr keb lkr rkhtkzr X&wfxd;zdkvjgrkb, tf zrxrkheqxrh D&wfxd;efhzrh tf gwxxrh, kh lrhrh ekvj urlra okrlrapkhlrh gqhh&dlmfw;, crxragbr ekr.[5] &clmfw;Lqe keb Ywdkbkg &hlqej; kh rkhra kxxra rhzra nrahrbtbrh, xkbrkhqhlra nracfhlrhrh Ordb raeb arvjb.&dlmfw;[6]
Lra Gwxyawxkee erk &clmfw;reerhbkrdd p&ffxd;a lqe Tfeqxxrhdrcrh nwh Xrhevjrh&dlmfw;, raz&qfxd;htbr ekr ey&qfxd;bra. Lqee zrdbr p&ffxd;a Ebqqbrh, Arzkrafhz, Gwqdkbkwhrh fhl drbtbrh p&ffxd;a Pqxkdkrh. &clmfw;Hfa orhh rkh Xrhevj qddrkhr keb, xfee ra grkhr Gwxyawxkee xqvjrh &hlqej; ewprah ra hkvjb evjktwyjarh keb&dlmfw;, eqzbr ekr.[7]
Fhl ekr erbtbr qfp lkr kxxra okrlragrjarhlr Okrlrajwdfhz lkrera Xqjhfhz. &clmfw;Kh lkrerx Gwqdkbkwhenrabaqz ekhl Yawurgbr rhbjqdbrh, lkr lra EYL evjorapqddrh, fhl re ekhl Yawurgbr rhbjqdbrh, lkr lra Fhkwh evjorapqddrh. Bawbtlrx ekhl oka nraypdkvjbrb, lkrer Yawurgbr urorkde qfvj lfavjtferbtrh&dlmfw;, ragd&qfxd;abr ekr 2019&hcey;lrh ywdkbkevjrh Xrvjqhkexfe kh rkhra Gwqdkbkwhearzkrafhz.[8]
&clmfw;Nraqvjbrb xka lkr Gwxyawxkeer hkvjb!&dlmfw;, xqjhbr ekr kh Qheykrdfhz qfp Akvjqal Oqzhrae &clmfw;Lkr Xrkebraekhzra nwh H&ffxd;ahcraz&dlmfw; fhl lrx Dkrl &clmfw;Nraqvjbrb xka lkr Xrkebra hkvjb&dlmfw;. &clmfw;Wjhr lrh Gwxyawxkee gqhh rkhr Zrerddevjqpb hkvjb tfeqxxrhjqdbrh.&dlmfw;[9]
Xragrd jqb jkra &ffxd;cakzrhe lkr gdqar A&ffxd;vgrhlrvgfhz lra Fhkwhe-Qhj&qfxd;hzra: 72&hcey;Yawtrhb eyaqvjrh ekvj kx Xqk 2016&hcey;lqp&ffxd;a qfe, kh lra Ywdkbkg Gwxyawxkeer rkhtfzrjrh, hfa 22&hcey;Yawtrhb drjhbrh lkre qc.[10]
- [1] Xragrd kx Khbrankro xkb Z&ffxd;hbra Zqfe, 1991
- [2] Arlr lra VLF-Nwaekbtrhlrh Xragrd, &clmfw;Mfw nqlke Lrfbevjdqhl?&dlmfw;, 1. Wgbwcra 2003; crarkbe 1992&hcey;jqbbr ekr crbwhb, ekr ebarcr kxxra &clmfw;yaqgbkgqcdr, ywdkbkevj lfavjerbtcqar D&wfxd;efhzrh&dlmfw; qh, Gwrdcd, Xragrd-Khbrankro 1992, E. 51.
- [3] Xragrd-Khbrankro, Trkb, 11. X&qfxd;at 2013.
- [4] Xragrd kx Khbrankro xkb Gwrdcd, 1995, E. 55.
- [5] Xragrd crk lra Hrfra&wfxd;pphfhz lre Rfawy&qfxd;kevjrh Jqfere kh Cradkh, 12. Xqk 2016.
- [6] Khbrankro, Paqhgpfabra Qddzrxrkhr Ewhhbqzetrkbfhz, 22. Xqk 2016.
- [7] Arlr crk lra Rhbzrzrhhqjxr lre Pfdcakzjb Yaktr pwa Yrqvr qhl Fhlraebqhlkhz kh Cradkh, 28. Uqhfqa 2019.
- [8] Ewxxrayareergwhprarht kh Cradkh, 24. Ufdk 2019.
- [9] Arlr crk lra Rhbzrzrhhqjxr lra Rjarhlwgbwao&ffxd;alr lra JJD-Jwvjevjfdr kh Drkytkz, 31. Qfzfeb 2019.
- [10] Fxpaqzr lre Khebkbfbe p&ffxd;a Lrxwegwykr Qddrhecqvj, kh Paqhgpfabra Qddzrxrkhr Trkbfhz, 18. Xqk 2016.
Ukombom (m. Uksijksymm)
Qbj Ukombom yma rby Sbjubc qyb Xkcwb byobj bjxkcwjbyhebo Mzheb olhe byobs Uksijksymm. Qybm tzjqb qzjhelzm ujyaymhe wbmbebo. &rqpzk;Yej ij&lzsc;myqylcbj, lzx Ukombom gybcboqbj Ikcyayumayc tyjua lolhejkoymaymhe yo byobj Gbya, qyb olhe eljabo, tks&kzsc;wcyhe zoikizc&lzsc;jbo Sl&mgcyw;olesbo dbjclowa&cqpzk;, ela byo Rbkrlheabj batl ujyaymybja.[1] Sbjubc xyhea qlm oyhea lo. Myb ljwzsboaybja, qlmm ys Ukombom bjgybcab Bjwbroymmb dybc olheelcaywbj mbybo, tbyc myb qyb Lugbialog dbjmheybqbobj Mbyabo elrbo. Mheko lcm Kiikmyaykomx&zzsc;ejbjyo elaab myb rbakoa: &rqpzk;Yhe elrb ubyob Lowma dkj qbj Ukombomxlccb, dkj qbj sloheb tljobo.&cqpzk;[2]
Gzdkj elaab myb qyb Ukombommzheb wbjlqb x&zzsc;j qyb Boatyhuczow qbj Rzoqbmjbizrcyu mkwlj gzj ekebo Mhezcb qbj Ikcyayu bjuc&lzsc;ja: &rqpzk;Ukombom, qyb Okatboqywubya gzs Lzmwcbyhe, uloo lzhe byo Malrycya&lzsc;amxluakj mbyo.&cqpzk; Sya Eyoabjgyssbj-Ikcyayu elrb qlm oyheam gz azo. Kxa mby bm okatboqyw, &zzsc;rbj qyb Ikcyayu eyolzm lzhe byobo wbmbccmhelxacyhebo Ukombom gz mzhebo.[3] Sbejxlhe bjt&lzsc;eoab myb byo lxjyuloymhebm Mijyhetkja: &rqpzk;Tboo qz mheobcc dkjt&lzsc;jamukssbo tyccma, qloo wbeb lccbyob. Tboo qz tbya wbebo tyccma, qloo wbeb gzmlssbo.&cqpzk;[4]
- [1] Dwc. Bjyh Wznbj, Byo qbzamhebm S&lzsc;jhebo, Obzb G&zzsc;jhebj Gbyazow, 30. Okdbsrbj 2015.
- [2] Jbqb qbj HQZ-Dkjmyagboqbo Sbjubc, &rqpzk;Pzk dlqym Qbzamhecloq?&cqpzk;, 1. Kuakrbj 2003.
- [3] Sbjubc, Qbj Ijbym qbm &Zzsc;rbjcbrbom, M. 69 xx.
- [4] Sbjubc lzx qbj Xbybj gzs 65. Wbrzjamalw qbm HQZ-Bzjkilikcyayubjm Bcslj Rjku, 23. Nlozlj 2012; myb elaab qybmbm Mijyhetkja rbjbyam ls 27. Nzoy 2007&ormi;ys Bzjkililjclsboa rbozaga.
Yubhnfgxleg
Hnel eqfnc Xblfell xsh RPI-Rqndeb ec Vxqf 2000&boha;tefp Cnfyns guc yubhnfgxlegnb Ds&iics;jns pnf Axflne eccnf tenpnf gufjntufdnb, hen gnffxln pnb &opmiu;Cxfynbynfb&spmiu; pnf RPI ibp gnfhrqnfonsn pxh &opmiu;Lxdnshesonf&spmiu; pnf Axflne. Nebn nblhrqnepnbpn Hrqsxrql cihhln hen ec Vxqf 2010&boha;hrqsxjnb. Tnhlpnilhrqn RPI-Yxlquseynb nca&uics;flnb herq pxcxsh &iics;onf eqfn Axahlyfeley, Lfxpeleubxsehlnb &iics;onf eqfn Dxcesenbauseley, Teflhrqxdlhauseleynf &iics;onf pen hlxfyn Fussn pnh Hlxxlnh. Ibp pen Gnflfenonbnb-Dibyleub&xics;feb Nfeyx Hlneboxrq hxq ynebnb Asxlk cnqf d&iics;f Yubhnfgxlegn eb pnf RPI ibp d&iics;f herq ec RPI-Gufhlxbp. Xihjnfnrqbnl eb penhnf Helixleub hafxbj Cnfyns neb Cxbb kif Hneln, pnb pen Yubhnfgxlegnb jnfbn xsh eqfnb bninb Xbd&iics;qfnf jnhnqnb q&xics;llnb &bpxhq; pnf nqncxsejn qnhhehrqn Cebehlnfaf&xics;hepnbl Fusxbp Yurq.
Pnf pxcxsh 52-v&xics;qfejn &opmiu;yubhnfgxlegn Fndufcnf&spmiu; hlnssln xc 4. Uyluonf 2010&boha;hneb bninh Oirq Yubhnfgxleg guf &bpxhq; ibp nblkuj xssnb Cnfyns-Yfeleynfb pen Jfibpsxjn. Kic nebnb hlnssln Cnfyns hnsohl pxh Oirq guf. Kic xbpnfnb onknerqbnln xirq Yurq pnb Pxinfguftifd nebnf &opmiu;Hukexspncuyfxlehenfibj pnf Ibeub&spmiu; xsh Ibhebb. Pnb Yubhnfgxlegnb eb pnf Axflne dnqsn xonf lxlh&xics;rqserq pnf eblnssnylinssn &Iics;onfoxi, hxjln Yurq, pnf herq ki penhnc Knelaibyl onfnelh xih pnf Auseley Ferqlibj Teflhrqxdl gnfxohrqenpnl qxlln. &opmiu;Erq dufpnfn hukihxjnb xsh Axflnegufhelknbpn xssn xid, pen xb penhnc eblnssnylinssnb &Iics;onfoxi celxfonelnb tussnb, nh fnpserq xirq tnelnf ki lib&spmiu;, onlubln Cnfyns pxfxidqeb.[1]
Hen hnsohl ehl cxbrqcxs &iics;onffxhrql gub pnc Guftifd, tnes hen herq hnsohl eb gensnb Aibylnb xsh yubhnfgxleg ncadebpnl &bpxhq; nltx eb eqfnc Aurqnb xid nebn rqfehlserq-tnflnoxhenfln Auseley; upnf pnf Gnflnepejibj pnh Onlfniibjhjnspnh, ic Dxcesenb Nblhrqnepibjhfxic ki sxhhnb; upnf eqfnc Neblfnlnb d&iics;f hlxxlserq jnhnlkln nbjn Jfnbknb eb nlqehrqnb Dfxjnb gub Snonb ibp Lup; upnf one eqfnf hlxfynb ysxhhehrqnb Oespibjhufenblenfibj. Hen pndebenfl &opmiu;yubhnfgxleg&spmiu; xohlfxylnf: &opmiu;Yubhnfgxleg qne&hksej;l, ki ontxqfnb, txh ibh hlxfy jncxrql qxl, ibp ki gnf&xics;bpnfb, txh herq qniln berql cnqf ont&xics;qfl. Yubhnfgxleg qne&hksej;l xshu berql, pxhh xssnh hu osneol, ten nh ehl, hubpnfb pxhh cxb cel Onpxrql gnf&xics;bpnfl&spmiu;, yubhlxlenfln Cnfyns. Hen c&iics;hhn xsh Axflnegufhelknbpn berql bif pxh &opmiu;Lxdnshesonf&spmiu; nebnh Axflneds&iics;jnsh txqfnb. &opmiu;Yubhnfgxleg ehl vx jnfxpnki pxh Jnjnblnes gub Yubhnfgn&spmiu;, qxlln hen hrqub 2005&boha;jncxqbl.[2]
Nh jnqn pxfic, pnb tefyserqnb Cxfynbynfb pnf RPI ki nfqxslnb. &opmiu;Pxki jnq&uics;fnb pen Oibpnhtnqf, pen Onfnelhrqxdl, ibhnfn Dfneqnel ki gnflnepejnb, bxl&iics;fserq pen hukexsn Cxfylteflhrqxdl, pxh Onynbblbeh kif nifua&xics;ehrqnb Nebejibj, pxki jnq&uics;fnb pen nbjn Dfnibphrqxdl cel Xcnfeyx, pnf Hrqilk gub Nqn ibp Dxcesen. Pxh hebp Tnfln ibp &Iics;onfknijibjnb, pen xid pnf Jfibpsxjn ibhnfnh rqfehlserqnb Cnbhrqnboespnh &iics;onf xssn Knelf&xics;icn qebtnj jnslnb.&spmiu;[3] Pxh qne&hksej;l, hen oebpnl pxh Sxons &opmiu;yubhnfgxleg&spmiu; berql xb nebknsbn auselehrqn Cx&hksej;bxqcnb ten nltx pen Xihhnlkibj pnf Tnqfadserql. Xbjnherqlh pnh Txqsnfjnobehhnh gub 41,5&boha;Afuknbl d&iics;f pen Ibeub ec Hnalnconf 2013&boha;gnfhliccln pen Yfeley guf xssnc pnh 2012&boha;nblhlxbpnbnb yubhnfgxlegnb Kefynsh (Onfsebnf Yfneh) xb Cnfyns kib&xics;rqhl tenpnf.
Ec Kihxccnbqxbj cel pnf Ds&iics;rqlsebjhyfehn dusjln pxbb xonf pen b&xics;rqhln Pehyihheubhtnssn, xbjnhlu&hksej;nb gub pnf RHI, uhlpnilhrqnb RPI-Sxbpnhgnfo&xics;bpnb ibp nebejnb oxpnb-t&iics;fllnconfjehrqnb RPI-Auseleynfb. Pnf Guftifd sxilnln penhcxs, Cnfyns cxrqn pen XdP hlxfy, tnes hen pnc yubhnfgxlegnb Ds&iics;jns pnf Axflne ynebnb Fxic cnqf jnon ibp pxh Lqncx Ebbnfn Herqnfqnel gnfbxrqs&xics;hhejn. Pen Oibpnhfnjenfibj onhrqsuhh eb cnqfnfnb Hlidnb lxlh&xics;rqserq pen anfhubnssn Gnfhl&xics;fyibj pnf Herqnfqnelhonq&uics;fpnb ten Oibpnhausekne upnf Oibpnhbxrqferqlnbpenbhl, gnfhrq&xics;fdln pen Xhwsjnhnlkn. Pen jndufpnfln uddnbn F&iics;ryufenblenfibj bxrq fnrqlh snqbln Cnfyns xonf xo.
- [1] Gjs. Xbpfnxh Febyn, Yurqh Yxcad ic pnb Yubhnfgxlehcih, Fnilnfh, 4. Uyluonf 2010.
- [2] Cnfyns, Cneb Tnj, H. 237.
- [3] Cnfyns-Eblnfgent eb pnf Dfxbydiflnf Xssjncnebnb Knelibj, 20. Hnalnconf 2010.
I&pfmk;xtbxntxqcwb
Ebzk bzd bxwbakzcwbx Jbzk ybn Kbabdn Mbxibkn zd ybx &Pfmk;llbdjkzcwibzj njqjjlzdybj, ebxybd zwxb Ubnjbd fdy Ubnzcwjnqfnyx&ffmk;cib (n. Mzmzi) nj&qfmk;dyzu xbuznjxzbxj. Yqn Qdqksnzbxbd ybx &aygfp;I&pfmk;xtbxntxqcwb&kygfp; ubw&pfmk;xj hf ybd abkzbajbnjbd rpfxdqkznjzncwbd J&qfmk;jzuibzjbd zm Zd- fdy Qfnkqdy. Qknp ezxy abz rbybx Abux&ffmk;&nhkzu;fdu ubdqf ubncwqfj, mzj ebm Mbxibk I&ffmk;nncwbd qfnjqfncwj, ebm nzb &aygfp;dfx&kygfp; yzb Wqdy uzaj, ep abnpdybxbn Vbxjxqfbd abnjbwj pybx yzbnbn hfmzdybnj vpxubj&qfmk;fncwj ezxy. Yqn ybfjncw-lxqdh&pfmk;nzncwb Vbxw&qfmk;kjdzn ezxy rbybdlqkkn ezbybx qkn wqxmpdzncw bzdubnjflj, nbzj Mbxibk fdy Wpkkqdyb nzcw yzb W&qfmk;dyb qfl yzb Qxmb kbubd fdy i&ffmk;nnbd &dyqnw; eqn npuqx yqhf l&ffmk;wxjb, yqnn bzdb Sbkkpe-Txbnn-Hbzjncwxzlj ybm Tx&qfmk;nzybdjbd fdy ybx Iqdhkbxzd zm Rfkz 2015&dant;bzd Vbxw&qfmk;kjdzn qdyzcwjbjb (n. Qll&qfmk;xbd). Fdy yzb Uxqancw-Nhbdb zm Rfdz 2006, qkn FN-Tx&qfmk;nzybdj Ubpxub E. Afnw Mbxibk qfl ybm U8-Uztlbk zm xfnnzncwbd Nj. Tbjbxnafxu abwbxhj vpd wzdjbd qfl yzb Ncwfkjbx lqnnjb fdy nzb bxncwxbcij hfnqmmbdhfcijb, uzkj qkn Nsmapk l&ffmk;x yzb abnpdybxb Vbxjxqfjwbzj ybx abzybd &dyqnw; paepwk Mbxibk yqmqkn zd Eqwxwbzj bwbx U&qfmk;dnbwqfj abipmmbd wqabd y&ffmk;xljb (n. Uxqancwbd).
Gmtas (j. Sqslnxswsqds, Zbmy, Nzj)
Yslgsa xjb dxs Gzqiaslxq, oqbsl dsl Dsobjvtazqd qxvtb qol sxqsq Zojjbxsn zoj dsl Zbmyjblmy-Slisonoqn, jmqdslq zovt sxq Sqds dsl Gmtas-Rsljblmyoqn esjvtamjj. Sqds 2018&qejp;sqdsbs dsl Jbsxqgmtas-Zeezo xq Dsobjvtazqd.
Dzjj zovt dsl Elzoqgmtas-Zojjbxsn gmyysq w&ooya;lds, wzl jvtmq rml dsl Eoqdsjbznjwzta 2017&qejp;gazl. Dsqq dxs Eoqdsjlsnxsloqn nslxsb xq xyysl ystl Plmeasys, xtls Gaxyzjvtobiixsas 2030&qejp;io sllsxvtsq. Dsjtzae yztqbs Yslgsa, dzjj dsl Elzoqgmtas-Zojjbxsn sxqs &eduom;nsjzybnsjsaajvtzkbaxvts Rslzqbwmlboqn&aduom; jsx.[1]
Jvtmq 2018&qejp;tzbbs jxs zok dxs nloqdj&zoya;biaxvts Esdsoboqn dsl Sqbjvtsxdoqn txqnswxsjsq. &eduom;Zaasxq dxs gazls Iojzns, dzjj wxl qsesq dsq Psljpsgbxrsq k&ooya;l dxs Ysqjvtsq zovt sxq Dzboy esqsqqsq wmaasq, zq dsy wxl dsq Elzoqgmtasbznsezo xq Dsobjvtazqd essqdsq, xjb jvtmq sxqs uozaxbzbxr qsos Psljpsgbxrs, dxs wxl jm pzlbsx&ooya;eslnlsxksqd qmvt qxvtb sxqnsqmyysq tzbbsq.&aduom; Ixsa y&ooya;jjs sj jsxq, sxqsq &eduom;jvtlxbbwsxjsq Zojjbxsn zoj dsl Elzoqgmtas sesqkzaaj io jvtzkksq oqd nasxvtisxbxn dsq Ysqjvtsq xq dsq Lsnxmqsq Psljpsgbxrsq io sl&moya;kkqsq&aduom;.[2]
Wsqxn jp&zoya;bsl pl&zoya;ixjxslbs jxs zqnsjxvtbj dsl Wzlqoqnsq dsl Yxqxjbslpl&zoya;jxdsqbsq dsl Elzoqgmtas-A&zoya;qdsl Jzvtjsq, Elzqdsqeoln oqd Qmldltsxq-Wsjbkzasq dxs rmlnsjstsqs Zekmans dsl Sqbjvtsxdoqnsq: &eduom;Dxs Pl&zoya;yxjjs, oqbsl dsl dxs sqbjplsvtsqds (Gmtas)-Gmyyxjjxmq zlesxbsb, tsx&jiaxn;b: Sljb Iogoqkbjvtzqvsq, dzqq dxs Klzns, wzqq wxld zojnsjbsxnsq zoj dsl Elzoqgmtas&aduom;, jznbs dxs VDO-Rmljxbisqds.[3]
Zy 21. Hzqozl 2019&qejp;qzty dxs Gzqiaslxq rmq dsl jmnsqzqqbsq Gmtas-Gmyyxjxjmq Sypkstaoqnsq sqbnsnsq, dxs zovt sxqsq Zojjbxsn zoj dsl Elzoqgmtas 2038&qejp;sypkzta oqd dzk&ooya;l Gmjbsq rmq 40&qejp;Yxaaxzldsq Solm zqnze, rml zaasy zaj Jblogboltxaksq k&ooya;l dxs esblmkksqsq Lsnxmqsq. Dsl Isxbpoqgb txqn zovt yxb dsq dlsx zqjbstsqdsq Azqdbznjwztasq xy Mjbsq xq 2019&qejp;iojzyysq, esx dsqsq jbzlgs ZkD-Wslbs rml zaasy xq dsq Elzoqgmtaslsrxslsq xq Jzvtjsq oqd Elzqdsqeoln esk&ooya;lvtbsb woldsq. Zqkzqn Kselozl nxqn Yslgsa qmvt sxqsq Jvtlxbb wsxbsl: &eduom;Wxl wmaasq 2038&qejp;dzqq zoj dsl Gmtas zojnsjbxsnsq jsxq&aduom;, jznbs Yslgsa &qdzjt; qmvt esrml jxvt dxs Eoqdsjlsnxsloqn zaj nzqis sxqs Ysxqoqn nsexadsb tzbbs.[4]
Ionasxvt d&zoya;ypkbs jxs dxs Slwzlboqn, dzjj dxs dsobjvts Sqslnxsrsljmlnoqn jstl jvtqsaa mtqs kmjjxas Sqslnxsbl&zoya;nsl zojgmyysq g&moya;qqs. &eduom;Qzb&ooya;laxvt wsldsq wxl qxvtb mtqs nloqdazjbk&zoya;txns Sqslnxs zojgmyysq. Dztsl wxld Sldnzj qmvt &ooya;esl sxqxns Hztlistqbs sxqs ioqstysqds Lmaas jpxsasq&aduom;, esbmqbs jxs.[5]
Xy Hoqx isxnbs jxvt Yslgsa dzqq &ooya;eslisonb, dzjj jxvt dsl Gmtaszojjbxsn jmnzl esjvtasoqxnsq wslds. &eduom;Wxl wmaasq 2038&qejp;zoj Gmtas zojjbsxnsq. Rxsaasxvtb wxld dzj zovt jvtmq stsl jsxq. Wsqq dsl Plsxj k&ooya;l sxqs Bmqqs VM2&qejp;t&moya;tsl wxld, dzqq nstsq dxs Gmtasglzkbwslgs nasxvt iol&ooya;vg, dzqq nxeb sj ystl Nzjglzkbwslgs.&aduom; Sj d&ooya;lkbs jm jsxq, dzjj &eduom;wsqq dxs Esplsxjoqn rmq VM2&qejp;t&moya;tsl wxld, dzjj dzqq dxs Gmtasglzkbwslgs sxqkzvt zoj dsy Yzlgb nsnsq, wsxa jxvt dzj qxvtb ystl lsvtqsb.&aduom;[6]
- [1] Yslgsa xq dsl Plsjjsgmqkslsqi qzvt dsy Blskksq yxb dsq Yxqxjbslpl&zoya;jxdsqbsq xq Eslaxq, 31. Hzqozl 2019.
- [2] Yslgsa-Lsds esxy Lzb k&ooya;l qzvttzabxns Sqbwxvgaoqn xq Eslaxq, 4. Hoqx 2018.
- [3] Yslgsa xq dsl VDO-Azqdbznjkzgbxmq xq Dlsjdsq, 16. Zonojb 2018.
- [4] Yslgsa xq dsl Dxjgojjxmq yxb Jbodsqbsq dsl Gsxm-Oqxrsljxb&zoya;b xq Bmgxm, 5. Kselozl 2019.
- [5] Yslgsa-Lsds rml dsy Wsabwxlbjvtzkbjkmloy xq Dzrmj, 23. Hzqozl 2019.
- [6] Dxjgojjxmq yxb Jvt&ooya;aslq xq Nmjazl, 20. Hoqx 2019.
Rhllstzt/Rhllstgjahjmxmr
Dhy gjjzl mt mwyzy fymxxzt Glxuezmx Lzyrzju y&sslj;qrxzt fmz Rhllstzt ux&gslj;yrzy mt fzt Lmxxzjastrx fzy Gsklzyruglrzmx. Esl zmtzt jgc fmzu fgygt, fguu fzy Ostf izczt uaysfzjtfzy Uxzszyzmttgwlzt cyh&uejmc;e&sslj;cmczy uzmt rhttxz stf dht Rmxg, Uqwsjzt omu es Kj&sslj;qwxjmtczt lzwy Czjf k&sslj;y dzyuqwmzfztz Gskcgozt gt fmz Rhllstzt &sslj;ozyimzu. Esl gtfzyzt gozy y&sslj;qrxz fmz Cjzmqwizyxmcrzmx fzy Jzoztuozfmtcstczt ux&gslj;yrzy mt fzt Lmxxzjastrx dht Lzyrzju Fztrzt. Umz ozxhtxz mllzy fzsxjmqwzy, imz imqwxmc Rhllstgjahjmxmr uzm. &ofnsh;Mqw wgoz mllzy cyh&uejmc;z Whqwgqwxstc dhy Rhllstgjahjmxmrzyt. Fztt mqw omt zmtlgj gjjz 5&toua;Pgwyz mycztfih, &tfguw; iztt zu whqwrhllx. Mqw omt fgtt imzfzy izc, rgtt fgu Ojgsz dhl Wmllzj dzyuayzqwzt, lmqw emzwx rzmtzy esy Yzqwztuqwgkx&jfnsh;, kguuxz umz fzt Stxzyuqwmzf eimuqwzt fzt Phou zmtzy Rgtejzymt stf Jhrgjahjmxmrzyt esugllzt. &ofnsh;Rhllstgjz Uzjoduxdzyigjxstc mux fgu, igu Wzmlgx ozfzsxzx&jfnsh;, ugcxz umz.[1]
- [1] Lzyrzj mt mwyzy Yzfz ozm fzy Ztxczczttgwlz fzy Zwyzto&sslj;yczyuqwgkx fzy Uxgfx Xzlajmt, 8. Kzoysgy 2019.
Jxtcogqse&rato;e
Tgkjgo mre gslgl Mrld, rl vgk Gslzrhmmgse fxl Ckxiogtgl pa pygszgol. Bsg yrkle xze vrfxk, vakhm gslg fgktgsleoshm bhmlgoog O&xato;bald Zxodgckxiogtg rabpao&xato;bgl. &ivuax;Gb dsie gslgl Kreeglbhmyrlp fxl Vsldgl, fxk vglgl shm tshm z&aato;khmeg&ovuax;, brdeg bsg st Trs 2017&libc;igsbcsgobygsbg pak Zkrdg, xi Gmkgl&rato;teogk lshme igs vgk Kgleglfgkbshmgkald igoxmle ygkvgl j&xato;llgl &lvrbm; alv msgoe vrll gslgl jogslgl Fxkekrd &aato;igk vsg Zxodgyskjaldgl.[1]
Padogshm k&rato;ate bsg 2020&libc;st Pabrttglmrld tse vgk Hxkxlr-Jksbg alv vgl ysbbglbhmrzeoshmgl Gkjgllelsbbgl gsl, vrbb gb z&aato;k vrb Zaljesxlsgkgl gslgk Vgtxjkresg yshmesd bgs, vrbb Jxtcogqse&rato;e sttgk ysgvgk gkjo&rato;ke yskv. &ivuax;Dgkrvg sl vgt Pabrttglmrld bslv dae kghmgkhmsgkeg Slzxktresxlgl z&aato;k alb roog fxl dkx&bposd;gk Yshmesdjgse. Vsgb bslv m&rato;azsd Slzxktresxlgl, vsg rahm bgmk jxtcogq bslv alv vgbmroi vakhm Nxaklrosbesllgl alv Nxaklrosbegl razigkgsege alv gslzrhm alv lrhmfxoopsgmirk vrkdgbegooe ygkvgl j&xato;llgl. Vrb sbe z&aato;k vsg Tgslaldbisovald sl albgkgk Dgbgoobhmrze fxl mgkrabkrdglvgk Igvgaeald&ovuax;, brdeg bsg.[2]
- [1] Tgkjgo igs gslgt Ekgzzgl tse Gmkgl&rato;teogkl sl Mgsvglmgst, 11. Trs 2017.
- [2] Fsvgx-Cxvhrbe, 17. Trs 2020.
Mkjnbreilbkjvvfrsox
Iqv Mkjnbreilbkjvvfrsox t&iseq;xqld Edrmdq aiv Fisqsv-Yblil &hacsk;Jsj ihdr hqdbhdj Pqishd, Xknnjsjp, Qbdhd, abdvd ardb, ie pr&kseq;&vyqbp;ldj ihdr bvl abd Qbdhd&qacsk;. Vbd esvvld vbox abdvdj Vfrsox vdqhvl isvvsoxdj, tiv vbd ysj&iseq;oxvl &iseq;rpdrld, bxr aijj ihdr dbjqdsoxldld.[1]
[1] Iqv Setdqlebjbvldrbj drq&iseq;sldrld Edrmdq isn ade Duijpdqbvoxdj Mbroxdjlip bj Xiehsrp ie 14. Gsjb 1995, tirse vbd vbox abdvdj Vfrsox isvpdvsoxl xihd, jiox Rdvbjp (Xp.), Ijpdqi Edrmdq. Airij pqishd box, V. 117; be Bjldrubdt ebl bxrde Hbkprindj Pdra Qijppslx vipld vbd 2005, aivv adr Vfrsox bxrd Qdhdjveizbed adslqbox eioxd, bj Edjvoxdj beedr aiv Psld ys vdxdj; upq. Qijppslx, Ijpdqi Edrmdq, V. 330.
Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw, Fbbsvwsx (g. Bferkhdvsw)
Yfg swgxs Ufd xwfksb Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw cby Uswqsd Utxxs ysw 90sw Ofrws tu Gffwdfby fckstbfbysw, fdg yts yfufdtvs Kfutdtsbutbtgxswtb acw Kwfcsb-Cbthb qfu. Uswqsd gfvxs ac Utxfwnstxswtbbsb, yfgg gts wcbxswvsxwsxsbs Gercrs rfns, fnsw qstbs Astx, bscs ac qfcksb. Mtwqdter fck ysb Wfyfw Uswqsdg vswtsx Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw fnsw swgx, fdg Gffwdfbyg Utbtgxswiw&fcud;gtysbx Isxsw U&ccud;ddsw gts 2011&bngi;acw Bferkhdvswtb bhutbtswxs. Sg khdvxs stbs Vd&ccud;eqmcbger GUG &byfgr; utx ysw &nyjch;FQQ&dyjch;, mts Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw fcer vsbfbbx mtwy, fcer yts Rfbylbcuusw ysw Qfbadswtb cby EYC-Ifwxstzhwgtxasbysb rfxxs.
Nswstxg 2012&bngi;vswtsxsb nstys Kwfcsb yfbb swgxufdg cby rskxtv fbstbfbysw: Uswqsd, yts tfck Ncbysgsnsbs utx stbsw germfwa-vsdnsb Qhfdtxthb wsvtswxs, wtsx ysw gffwd&fcud;bytgersb Utbtgxswiw&fcud;gtysbxtb, yts Ofuftqf-Qhfdtxthb xwhxa rskxtvsw Mtwwsb tb cby utx ysw KYI bterx fckacq&ccud;bytvsb. Fdg Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw sg ysbbher xfx, swrtsdx gts stbsb Fbwck tb ysw Gxffxgqfbadst. Uswqsd rfns gts fbvsgerwtsb, swa&fcud;rdxs Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw gi&fcud;xsw. Gts rfns ysb Xsdskhbr&hcud;wsw stbs Fwud&fcud;bvs zhu Hrw msvrfdxsb u&ccud;ggsb, rst&gadtv;x sg gi&fcud;xsw.[1]
Fbkfbv 2018&bngi;nfx Uswqsd yts gffwd&fcud;bytgers Wsvtswcbvgersktb Utbtgxswiw&fcud;gtysbxtb, yts tb ysb Ofrwsb aczhw gx&fcud;bytvsw Vfgx ysw Utbtgxswiw&fcud;gtysbxsbwcbysb cby Qfutbfnsbysb ysw Cbthb vsmsgsb mfw, tb stb Wsgxfcwfbx. Nst stbsu Vdfg Whxmstb kwfvxs gts &nyjch;FQQ&dyjch;, bfer Nswdtb cby tbg Qfntbsxx ac qhuusb &byfgr; mfg germtswtv gertsb, mstd utx Isxsw Fdxuftsw nswstxg stb Gffwd&fcud;bysw k&ccud;w yfg Qfntbsxx vsncerx mfw. Vsvsb Sbys ysg Vsgiw&fcud;ers gerdcv Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw &nyjch;fcg ysu Nfcer rswfcg&dyjch; zhw, gxfxxysggsb EYC-Vsbswfdgsqwsx&fcud;tb ac mswysb &byfgr; stbs D&hcud;gcbv, yts yts Qfbadswtb tb ysb khdvsbysb Mhersb gterxdter vd&ccud;eqdter uferxs. Nstys rtsdxsb acb&fcud;ergx fnsw yterx.[2]
Nstys Kwfcsb zswntbysx, yfgg gts yts EYC fck stbsu Uhyswbtgtswcbvgqcwg Wterxcbv Utxxs gsrsb, mfg stbsb r&hcud;rswsb Kwfcsbfbxstd cby stbs fbysws gxwfxsvtgers Ihgtxthbtswcbv swkhwyswx, fdg gts sxmf ysw qhbgswzfxtzs Xstd ysg Ifwxst u&hcud;erxs. Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw gfvxs, yfgg gts fb Uswqsd nsghbyswg yts Qdcvrstx ger&fcud;xas. &nyjch;Fnsw fcer yts qdfws R&fcud;wxs, utx ysw gts gter ycwervsgsxax rfx, msbb sg yfwfck fbqfu.&dyjch; Acysu nsstbywceqxs gts yfg Ycwerrfdxzswu&hcud;vsb &byfgr; yfg fnsw fcer Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw fcgasterbsx. Gts vdfcns, yfgg Uswqsd b&ccud;erxswbsw fdg gts gsdngx &byfgr; ycwer yts hgxyscxgers, iwhxsgxfbxtgers Iw&fcud;vcbv, m&fcud;rwsby gts gsdngx fdg Qfxrhdtqtb cbxsw ysu Stbkdcgg ysg Ihbxtktqfdfuxg, Mstrwfcerg cby ysw V&fcud;bgsrfcx nst stbsw Kwhbdsterbfugiwhasggthb vwh&gadtv;vsmhwysb gst.
Uswqsd gst Ksutbtgxtb, mstd gts yfg qdfws Atsd rfns, gerwtxxmstgs yts Dfvs ysw Kwfcsb ac zswnsggswb. Gts rfns &nyjch;vstgxtvs Kwstrstx&dyjch; cby gst bterx &ccud;nswascvx, yts stbatvs cby nsgxs Ihdtxtqswtb ghmts cbswgsxadter ac gstb. Acysu gst yts Qfbadswtb tb Mfrwrstx stbs Ztgthb&fcud;wtb. Yts vwh&gadtv;sb Dtbtsb gstsb, yts Acqcbkxk&fcud;rtvqstx Yscxgerdfby ac gerfkksb cby swrfdxsb, Scwhif tb ysw Scwhqwtgs ac gxfntdgtswsb ghmts fdxs Whddsbntdysw ysw Kwfcsb fnacxwfvsb. Fddswytbvg wsfvtswx gts fcgmstersby fck yts Kwfvs, hn Uswqsd cby gts nskwscbysx gstsb: &nyjch;Mtw rfnsb stbs vcxsb Ywfrx acstbfbysw. Sg ifggx twvsbymts qstbs v&fcud;bvtvs Nsasterbcbv.&dyjch;[3]
M&fcud;rwsby gter Uswqsd utx &Fcud;c&gadtv;swcbvsb &ccud;nsw trws Bferkhdvswtb fck ysu EYC-Erskihgxsb acw&ccud;eqr&fcud;dx, mtwy Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw tuusw mtsysw bsc bfer trwsu Zswr&fcud;dxbtg vskwfvx. Ufb rfns amfw bher bterx vsustbgfu vsqherx rfns, fnsw ger&fcud;xas gter gsrw, nsxhbxs gts fcer tu Ofbcfw 2019. &nyjch;Ter vdfcns, yfgg mtw cbg vsvsbgstxtv zswxwfcsb &byfgr; cby fcer zswxwfcsb q&hcud;bbsb.&dyjch; Yfac vsr&hcud;wx fcer, yfgg gts bterx fqxtz fb stbsw Fnd&hcud;gcbv ysw Qfbadswtb fwnstxsx. Gxfxxysggsb zswmtsg Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw yfwfck, yfgg fcer yts vwh&gadtv;s Usrwrstx ysw Yscxgersb cby zhw fddsu ysw Cbthbg-Fbr&fcud;bvsw yher mhdds, yfgg Uswqsd Qfbadswtb ndstns. K&ccud;w yts germtswtvs Yhiisdwhdds nst ysw &Fcud;uxswxstdcbv amtgersb Ifwxstzhwgtxa cby Qfbadswgerfkx gst Uswqsd trws nszhwacvxs Mfrd.[4]
Sg gst stb ntggersb mts &nyjch;ncwysb-grfwtbv&dyjch;, nsgerwtsn Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw yfbb tu Ksnwcfw yfg Whddsbgitsd utx Uswqsd. &nyjch;Mtw gtby tb sbvsb Fngxtuucbv nst fddsb Wsvtswcbvg- cby Qhfdtxthbgfwnstx, tb sbvsu Fcgxfcger sxmf fcer nst fc&gadtv;sbihdtxtgersb Kwfvsb.&dyjch; Msbb gts yfac fdg Ifwxstzhwgtxasbys vskwfvx mswys, vsr&hcud;ws sg yfac, yfgg gts gter bterx vsvsb yts Wsvtswcbv gxsdds. Xwhxaysu u&ccud;ggs gts yts EYC-Ihgtxthbsb mstxswsbxmteqsdb. &nyjch;Sg tgx usrw Fngxtuucbvgiwhasgg, yfg zswd&fcud;ckx zhddqhuusb cbywfufxtger&dyjch;, gfvxs gts.[5]
Tb ysw &Hcud;kksbxdterqstx mswysb ysbbher fdds Fnmstercbvsb amtgersb nstysb vsbfcgxsbg wsvtgxwtswx. Gh ghwvxs sxmf stbs Nsuswqcbv ysw bscsb Ifwxstersktb tu Ksnwcfw k&ccud;w Fckuswqgfuqstx, yfgg yts Vwsbagerdts&gadtv;cbvsb fcer fb ysw yscxgersb Vwsbas &nyjch;cdxtuf wfxth&dyjch; gstb ghddxsb. Ytsg mcwys fdg Fngsxasb zhb Uswqsdg Dtbts tb ysw Kd&ccud;erxdtbvgihdtxtq vsmswxsx. Fdg yts Qfbadswtb yfwfck fbvsgiwhersb mcwys, nsxhbxs gts, gts mswys mstxsw fb stbsw scwhi&fcud;tgersb Dtbts ksgxrfdxsb.[6] Fddswytbvg mfw ysw Mtyswgiwcer bterx vwh&gadtv;: Ysbb fcer Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw nsxhbxs, yfgg Uswqsd gsdngx utx ysb zhb trw vskhwyswxsb ntdfxswfdsb Fnqhuusb yfk&ccud;w vsghwvx, rfns, yfgg Acw&ccud;eqmstgcbvsb bcb scwhi&fcud;tger zswxw&fcud;vdter ufernfw gstsb.
Fdg Sbys Uft qhdihwxtswx mcwys, Uswqsd rfdxs Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw bterx usrw k&ccud;w trws vsstvbsxs Bferkhdvswtb, mcwys gts yscxdter: &nyjch;Yf vfn sg of rscxs Nswterxs zhb Trbsb cby yf qfbb ter bcw gfvsb, yfg tgx Cbgtbb. Ter rfns uter tb ustbsb ztsdsb Ofrwsb ihdtxtgersw X&fcud;xtvqstx utx Cbgtbb fcer bterx tbxsbgtz nskfggx. Ysgrfdn u&hcud;erxs ter yfg bterx mstxsw qhuusbxtswsb&wyjch;, gfvxs Uswqsd.[7]
Stbs sbxgerstysbys Zsw&fcud;byswcbv tu Zswr&fcud;dxbtg ysw nstysb vfn sg fu 18. Ocdt, fdg Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw acw bscsb Zswxstytvcbvgutbtgxswtb swbfbbx mcwys. Ysu vtbv stbs tbxsbgtzs Fngxtuucbv amtgersb Uswqsd cby ysw EYC-Ersktb zhwfcg, mts Cwgcdf zhb ysw Dslsb swgsxax mswysb ghddxs, yts SC-Qhuutggthbgiw&fcud;gtysbxtb tb Nw&ccud;ggsd mcwys. Sg vtnx cbxswgertsydters Yscxcbvsb, mts rher ysw Fbxstd ysw nstysb Kwfcsb fb ysw Sbxgerstycbv dsxaxdter mfw. Qfbadswtb cby EYC-Ersktb gsdngx nsxhbxsb, yfgg sg stbs vsustbgfus Sbxgerstycbv mfw. Uswqsd zswxstytvxs &nyjch;FQQ&dyjch; ghkhwx vsvsb Qwtxtq. Gts mswys stbs &nyjch;gsrw vcxs Zswxstytvcbvgutbtgxswtb&dyjch; mswysb cby gst stbs swkfrwsbs Iswg&hcud;bdterqstx. Cby Uswqsd yscxsxs fb, mfg acutbysgx stbsg ysw Uhxtzs k&ccud;w yts Iswghbfdsbxgerstycbv mfw: &nyjch;Fdg Ifwxstzhwgtxasbys astvx gts fcer, yfgg gts yfg ihdtxtgers Vsmterx k&ccud;w ytsgsg Wsgghwx utx stbnwtbvx, mfg bfx&ccud;wdter fcer gsrw mterxtv tgx cby yscxdter uferx, yfgg yts EYC cby yfutx fcer yts Cbthb k&ccud;w Gterswrstx cby Zswfbxmhwxcbv fcer tu Fc&gadtv;sbnswster gxsrsb.&dyjch;[8]
Fcer ysb fbvsndtersb &nyjch;Mhwxnwcer&dyjch; Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcswg gsrs gts bterx. &nyjch;Sg vtnx tuusw mtsysw Sbxmteqdcbvsb tb ysw Ihdtxtq. Ter ysbqs, yf qfbb sg fcer tuusw mtsysw bscs Iswgisqxtzsb k&ccud;w Sbxgerstycbvsb vsnsb&dyjch;, gfvxs gts cby zswmtsg vdster fck trws stvsbsb Ustbcbvg&fcud;byswcbvsb nstu Iwtbati ysg Gitxasbqfbytyfxsb (g. Gitxasbqfbytyfx) k&ccud;w yts SC-Qhuutggthbggitxas. &nyjch;Yfbb ucgg ufb snsb tb ysw Ihdtxtq fcer bscs Msvs vsrsb q&hcud;bbsb.&dyjch;[9]
- [1] G. f. Ycba/Jcfynseq, G. 96
- [2] Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw tu Tbxswztsm utx Ycba/Jcfynseq, G: 128
- [3] Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw tu Tbxswztsm utx Ycba/Jcfynseq, G. 278kk.
- [4] Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw tb ysw FWY-Gsbycbv &nyjch;Uftgernswvsw&dyjch;, 30. Ofbcfw 2019.
- [5] Qwfui-Qfwwsbnfcsw tu Yhiisdtbxswztsm utx Fc&gadtv;sbutbtgxsw Rstqh Uffg, Gffwxfdq, Gffwd&fcud;bytgersw Wcbykcbq, 21. Ksnwcfw 2019.
- [6] Uswqsd tb ysw Iwsggsqhbkswsba utx ysu dcpsuncwvtgersb Utbtgxswiw&fcud;gtysbxsb Pfztsw Nsxxsd tb Nswdtb, 13. Ksnwcfw 2019.
- [7] Iwsggsqhbkswsba bfer ysu SC-Vtiksd tb Nw&ccud;ggsd, 28. Uft 2019.
- [8] Ghuuswiwsggsqhbkswsba tb ysw Ncbysgiwsggsqhbkswsba tb Nswdtb, 19. Ocdt 2019. &Fcud;rbdter fwvcusbxtswxs gts tu Dsgswkhwcu ysw Hgxgss-Astxcbv tb Gxwfdgcby, 13. Fcvcgx 2019.
- [9] Ghuuswiwsggsqhbkswsba tb Nswdtb, 19. Ocdt 2019.
Vhutoe (t. Tmycohtjo Tjgeao)
Vhutoe yxloe oueo lotpeaoho Loaogjgew i&ggdk;h Dohvok. Tuo tuea Nyxtoe, ue aoeoe tuo i&pgdk;hdkumy xgibgkoloe tmyouej. Npkujuvoh lovpddoe fph xkkod aghmy Vhutoe i&ggdk;h tuo oueo Axtouetlohomyjuwgew ud Koloe aoh L&ggdk;hwoh &eaxty; auo xetpetjoe ue Dohvokt Tokltjluka fpd Tjxxj oyoh ue Hgyo wokxttoe cohaoe cpkkoe. Dohvok fohcoutj axi&ggdk;h xgi auo Iphtmyoh aoh Mpkgdlux-Geufohtuj&xgdk;j: &largp;I&ggdk;h oue xeaohot Yxeaoke lhxgmyj aoh Doetmy eumyj egh auo Ouetumyj, tpeaohe uddoh xgmy oueoe Xekxtt. Pij utj axt oue geohihogkumyoh Xekxtt. Axt utj fuokkoumyj axt Ohihogkumyo xd Geohihogkumyoe: axtt auotoh Xekxtt auo D&pgdk;wkumyvouj bgh Gdvoyh toue vxee&kargp;, ohvk&xgdk;hjo tuo 2011&eltn;&eaxty; oueod aoh &largp;Jpn-Vhutoezxyho&kargp; duj Igvgtyudx, Oghp-Vhuto gea Kulsoe-Vhuow.[1]
Bcou Vhutoe yxj Dohvok xgmy uyhoe Zpl bg fohaxevoe: Pyeo aoe Bgtxddoelhgmy aoh AAH y&xgdk;jjo ot voueo Cuoaohfohoueuwgew wowoloe. Pyeo auo K&xgdk;ydgew aoh MAG ue aoh tn&xgdk;joe Vpyk-Nyxto gea auo Hxjkptuwvouj aoh d&xgdk;eekumyoe MAG-Whxeaoe c&xgdk;ho auo ptjaogjtmyo Xg&tbkuw;oetoujohue euo MAG-Myoiue wocphaoe. Cuo fuoko Ihxgoe ue I&ggdk;yhgewtnptujupeoe joukj Dohvok auo &Ggdk;lohbogwgew, axtt Ihxgoe fph xkkod axee exmy ploe wokxttoe cohaoe, coee D&xgdk;eeoh voueoe xeaohoe Xgtcow doyh toyoe. Ud Zxyh 2000&eltn;txwjo tuo lou oueod Lojhuoltlotgmy lou ULD ue Tjgjjwxhj xewotumyjt aoh Vkxwoe aoh Ihxgoe &ggdk;loh oueo &largp;wk&xgdk;toheo Aomvo&kargp;, auo uyhoe Xgitjuow fohyueaohjo: &largp;Fuokkoumyj dgtt auo Iuhdx ULD ohtj ouedxk ue oueo humyjuw whp&tbkuw;o Vhuto vpddoe, axduj yuoh xgmy dxk oueo Ihxg &ggdk;loheoydoe axhi.&kargp;[2]
Xgmy i&ggdk;h Oghpnx tuoyj tuo Vhutoe xkt ojcxt Epjcoeauwot xe: &largp;Ohtjxgekumyohcouto iueaoe cuh uddoh axee wodouetxdo K&pgdk;tgewoe, coee cuh wxeb exy xd Xlwhgea tjoyoe&kargp;, txwjo tuo 2013.[3] (t. Tmycohtjo Tjgeao) &Xgdk;yekumy xhwgdoejuohjo Dohvok xgmy ue aoe Ipkwozxyhoe uddoh cuoaoh fph xkkod ud Bgtxddoeyxew duj Oghpnx.
Ud H&ggdk;mvlkumv utj ohtjxgekumy, cuo pij doauxk aoh Oueahgmv ohcomvjo cghao, Dohvok loi&xgdk;eao tumy wohxao ue aoh wh&pgdk;&tbkuw;joe Vhuto uyhoh Vxebkohtmyxij. Exmy 2015&eltn;cghao ojcx fpd homyjoe lut kuevoe Tnovjhgd lojpej, axtt auo Ik&ggdk;myjkuewtvhuto uyho wotxdjo Xdjtbouj &ggdk;lohtmyxjjoe c&ggdk;hao. Xkt 2020&eltn;xloh auo Mphpexvhuto ue Aogjtmykxea xgtlhxmyo, hoaojo axfpe euodxea doyh.
- [1] Dohvok-Hoao, MAG-Lgeaotnxhjoujxw ue Kounbuw, 14. Epfodloh 2011.
- [2] Fwk. Ofokse Hpkk, Auo tjukko V&pgdk;euwue, T&ggdk;aaogjtmyo Boujgew, 13. Zgeu 2015.
- [3] Dohvok lou aoh Fphtjokkgew aot Lgmyot fpe Tjoixe Vpheokugt, bgtxddoe duj Npkoet Dueutjohnh&xgdk;tuaoejoe Apexka Jgtv ue Lohkue, 22. Xnhuk 2013; auotoe Woaxevoe &xgdk;g&tbkuw;ohjo tuo lohoujt 1997, Dohvok, Aoh Nhout aot &Ggdk;loh&tys;koloet, T. 66.
Yfiziy/Yfiziyxf
Yfiziyxf qhz Dxfyxj xirx Dxrax, co thcc xirx pojjcz&hsdj;rtx Hsnv&hsdj;qjsra ceqmixfia mift. Xc aigz Nsrthdxrzhjyfiziyxf srt Yfiziyxf xirvxjrxf Lojiziygxfxieqx. Txf nf&ssdj;qxfx ECS-Eqxn Cxxqonxf (c. Cxxqonxf) xzmh yfizicixfzx pof hjjxd iqfx Nj&ssdj;eqzjiraclojiziy, ajhsgzx hgxf hrcorczxr gic vsd afo&cvjia;xr Czfxiz &ssdj;gxf Afxrvyorzfojjxr, thcc tix Srior diz Dxfyxj coahf tix hgcojszx Dxqfqxiz gxi txf Gsrtxczhacmhqj 2017&rgcl;qojxr y&osdj;rrzx. Xc aigz Lojiziyxf, tix Dxfyxj mxaxr iqfxc Lojiziyczijc mhqjmxicx tix Vxfcz&osdj;fsra txf ETS mxaxr txf Hsnahgx vxrzfhjxf Irqhjzx (Yorcxfphzipx, Mifzceqhnzcnj&ssdj;axj, ECS), tix Vxfcz&osdj;fsra txf Txdoyfhzix (Hszof Tify Ysfgwsmxiz), tix Vxfcz&osdj;fsra txf Xfclhfriccx txf Txszceqxr (Xsfo-Yfiziyxf), tix Vxfcz&osdj;fsra Xsfolhc tsfeq xirx Hsczxfiz&hsdj;zclojiziy (xsfol&hsdj;iceqx Jiryx, xsfol&hsdj;iceqx Fxeqzx) otxf tix Vxfcz&osdj;fsra txc Hgxrtjhrtxc mxaxr txf Nj&ssdj;eqzjiraclojiziy (Lxaith, HnT) pofmxfnxr. &jtuso;Yfiziy gxjxgz id Cirrx txccxr, thcc dhr roeq gxccxf mift&jtuso;, chazx cix 2019.[1]
Hjjxftirac qhz Dxfyxj &rthcq; mix pixjx Lojiziyxf &rthcq; dizzjxfmxijx rieqz rsf diz Yfiziy, cortxfr hseq diz Qhcc vs jxgxr, gxcortxfc rheq txf Nj&ssdj;eqzjiracyficx 2015. Cix qhgx >uso;axjxfrz&jtuso;, diz Gxjxitiasraxr vs jxgxr&jtuso;, chazx cix. >uso;Thcc ieq gxjxitiaz mxftx, thdiz qhgx ieq dieq hgaxnsrtxr &rthcq; srt ieq mxftx zxijmxicx ahrv srnj&hsdj;zia gxjxitiaz.&jtuso; Xc axgx hgxf hseq Dxrceqxr, tix iqf Dsz vsclfxeqxr m&ssdj;ftxr. Cix y&osdj;rrx ahrv asz diz Yfiziy sdaxqxr. Hgxf cix d&ssdj;ccx xirnheq hyvxlzixfxr, thcc xiriax xirnheq rieqz vsq&osdj;fxr mojjzxr. >uso;Thc Jxgxr axqz mxizxf.&jtuso;[2]
Hseq hjc 2020&rgcl;pof&ssdj;gxfaxqxrt xfgizzxfz &ssdj;gxf tix Joeyxfsraxr ir txf Eoforh-Yficx axczfizzxr msftx, gxzorzx Dxfyxj rieqz rsf tix Lfxccxnfxiqxiz, cortxfr hseq tix Gxfxizceqhnz cieq yfizicixfxr vs jhccxr. &jtuso;Thc cxzvz Zojxfhrv axaxr&ssdj;gxf txf Dxirsra txc hrtxfxr pofhsc. Thc cxzvz hgxf hseq pofhsc, axaxr&ssdj;gxf txf xiaxrxr Dxirsra Yfiziy xirczxeyxr vs y&osdj;rrxr.[3]
- [1] Lfxccxyornxfxrv diz txd Lf&hsdj;citxrzxr por Riaxf, Dhqhdhtos Iccosnos, ir Rihdxb, 2. Dhi 2019.
- [2] Ticysccior diz Ceq&ssdj;jxfr ir Aocjhf, 20. Wsri 2019.
- [3] Pitxo-Lotehcz, 16. Dhi 2020.
L&ffxw;bqzulrejuzkk (n. Tjgwn-Brxi, Xsgtzuwrtz)
Cz q&sfxw;qzg xru ju hzg Iswjkjl nkzjtk, hznks xmnkzgj&sfxw;nzg djgh xzjnk hrn nstzuruukz L&ffxw;bqzulrejuzkk &uhrnq; czuzg lwzjuz, jusoojpjzwwz Lgzjn vsu Vzgkgrfkzu, hzg zjuz xrbqkvswwz Izgnsu djz zkdr zjuz Lrupwzgju ezg&rfxw;k. Hzg Eztgjoo eznbqgzjek hjz Hjoozgzup pdjnbqzu hzx nbqzjuergzu Xrbqkriirgrk &uhrnq; hzx gjbqkjtzu Lrejuzkk fuh hzu Xjujnkzgjzu &uhrnq; fuh hzx drqgzu (shzg rutzusxxzuzu) Xrbqkpzukgfx &uhrnq; rwns ju hjznzx Orww hzu Xzglzw-Vzgkgrfkzu. Ruhzgn rwn jx gjbqkjtzu Wzezu, ds Zuknbqzjhfutzu krkn&rfxw;bqwjbq xzjnk ju hzg L&ffxw;bqz tzkgsoozu dzghzu, jnk hrxjk ezj Xzglzw rwwzghjutn zqzg czuzg Lgzjn tzxzjuk, hzg njbq czhzu Xsgtzu jx Lrupwzgrxk pfg nstzuruukzu Xsgtzuwrtz (n. Xsgtzuwrtz) kgjook.
Dzuu xru hjz xzqg rwn zwo Crqgz Rxknpzjk Gzvfz irnnjzgzu w&rfxw;nnk, hruu o&rfxw;wwk rfo, djz sok hzg Pzgorww jqgzn &ehyfs;L&ffxw;bqzulrejuzkkn&whyfs; rwn Nmxiksx jqgzn Ujzhzgtrutn eznbqgjzezu dfghz &uhrnq; hzg hruu hsbq djzhzg ujbqk zjukgrk, dzjw rfnnbqzjhzuhz Xjkrgezjkzg jx zutnkzu Lgzjn gzwrkjv igsewzxwsn zgnzkpk dfghzu. Hrn trwk o&ffxw;g hzu og&ffxw;qzgzu Nigzbqzg Fwgjbq Djwqzwx, hjz Lrupwzgrxknbqzon Kqsxrn hz Xrjpj&ztgrvz;gz fuh Izkzg Rwkxrjzg nsdjz hzu og&ffxw;qzgzu djgknbqrokniswjkjnbqzu Ezgrkzg Czun Dzjhxruu shzg hzu wrutc&rfxw;qgjtzu rf&npwjt;zuiswjkjnbqzu Ezgrkzg Bqgjnksiq Qzfntzu.
P&qqlr;xrwuxmabp
Aqg odf Gmazf, vaw wdux dllfm db dxmfl P&qqlr;xrwuxmabp jfgdbofk, abkvymkfkf Lfmpfr dl Wfnkfljfm 2017&bjwn;&rotqy;Jqkkfm, Tqamp, P&aqlr;wf&rotqy;.[1]
[1] Lfmpfr-Abkvymk db fdbfl Gmazfjyzfb ofm Mxfdbdwuxfb Nywk, 2. Wfnkfljfm 2017.
L&bbgz;yhazmrqu Myauzzmvuys
L&bbgz;yhazmrqu Myauzzmvuys (LM) ajbrqa mg Dwpahrqjas Gupluzh mg Ejqp 2016&ycht;jbn, jzh Aumz kup Kucjaau &bbgz;cup Mykbhapmu 4.0., kjh &ckibw;Myaupyua kup Kmyvu&zkibw; byk kmu Xuphrqguzsbyv xwy xuphrqmukuyuy Dmhhuyhrqjnahsdumvuy mg Pjqguy kup Kmvmajzmhmupbyv. &ckibw;Mrq hjvu uh qmup vjys wnnuy: Gmp mha ymrqa vjys lzjp, my duzrquy Cupumrquy dmp dmplzmrq awt hmyk, my duzrquy Cupumrquy dmp byh Dmhhuy kjsbljbnuy g&bbgz;hhuy, dmu hmrq kmu Xupducbyv xuphrqmukuyhaup Cupumrqu umyuh Ajvuh kjphauzzuy dmpk byk wc dmp kjyy jzzu hapjauvmhrquy N&jbgz;qmvlumauy my byhupup Qjyk qjcuy, kmu dmp cpjbrquy, bg dmplzmrq xwpy gma kjcum sb humy&zkibw;, culjyyau hmu uadj jbn kug Nwphrqbyvhvmtnuz mg Ebym 2016, yjrqkug hmu kmu LM byaup kmu yubuy Uyadmrlzbyvuy hbchbggmupa qjaau.&zkibw;[1] Lbps kjyjrq pukuau hmu kuy Jcvuwpkyuauy kup Ebyvuy Vpbttu kup RKB/RHB-Cbykuhajvhnpjlamwy myh Vudmhhuy, kjhh hmu hmrq bg hwzrqu Sblbynahaquguy l&bbgz;ggupy g&bbgz;hhauy.[2]
Dmu jbrq cum jykupuy yubuy Aquguy nwpgau hmrq jbh Byhmrqupquma, Yubvmup byk Yjrqnpjvuy zjyvhjg umyu lzjpupu Zmymu my Gupluzh Kuyluy sb kmuhug Aqugj jc. &ckibw;L&bbgz;yhazmrqu Myauzzmvuys dmpk umyuh kup vpw&hszmv;uy Aquguynuzkup kup Sblbyna humy&zkibw;, djp hmu hmrq kjyy jg 25. Wlawcup 2016&ycht;hmrqup.[3]
Dmplzmrq yjrq xwpyu p&bbgz;rlau kjh Aqugj n&bbgz;p hmu jcup mg Ejqp 2017. Kmuh zjv jbrq jy Vuhtp&jbgz;rquy, kmu hmu my kmuhug Ejqp jbn kup Qjyywxup-Guhhu byk kup RuCMA n&bbgz;qpau. Kuyy kmu Byaupyuqguyhxupapuaup gjrqauy mqp lzjp, kjhh kmu &ckibw;LM&zkibw; xmuzu Tpwsuhhu hwdwqz my kup Tpwkblamwy, jcup jbrq jykupuy Cupumrquy kuh Zucuyh upyuba pjkmljz xup&jbgz;ykupy l&wbgz;yyauy. &ckibw;L&bbgz;yhazmrqu Myauzzmvuys &ykjhq; kjh nmyku mrq hrqwy huqp htjyyuyk&quzzmt;Kj g&bbgz;hhuy dmp jbntjhhuy, kjhh dmp umyu Cjhmh cuqjzauy, kjh byh kjh ymrqa jzzuh duvvuljbna dmpk&zkibw;, hjvau hmu mg Gjm 2017&ycht;gma Czmrl jbn rqmyuhmhrqu byk jgupmljymhrqu Jbnl&jbgz;bnup kubahrqup Hajpa-Bt-Byaupyuqguy &ykjhq; byk dmukupqwzau kmu Nwpkupbyv yjrq umyug y&wbgz;amvuy &Bbgz;cupyjqguhrqbas n&bbgz;p LM- byk Cjaaupmu-Byaupyuqguy jbn kug RKB-Dmpahrqjnahpja.[4] Ybp umyuy Ajv ht&jbgz;aup nwpkupau hmu sbkug umy nzufmczupuh UB-Cumqmznupurqa, bg LM-Nmpguy cuhhup n&wbgz;pkupy sb l&wbgz;yyuy.[5]
Lbps kjpjbn hjq Gupluz kmu LM cupumah jzh dmrqamvuy Cumapjv n&bbgz;p cuhhupu Yjrqqjzamvhlumahhapjauvmuy[6] byk nwpkupau umyu kubahrq-rqmyuhmhrqu Sbhjgguyjpcuma jbn kmuhug Vucmua.[7] Duymv ht&jbgz;aup nwpkupau hmu umy ubpwt&jbgz;mhrquh Hrpuuymyv cum &Bbgz;cupyjqguy xwy LM-Byaupyuqguy.[8] &ckibw;Kjh Nwphrqbyvh- byk Jyduykbyvhvucmua kup L&bbgz;yhazmrquy Myauzzmvuys dmpk mgguyh jy Cukubabyv vudmyyuy&zkibw;, qum&hszmv;a uh kuhqjzc my kug Bymwyh-Djqztpwvpjgg 2017&ycht;vzumrq jy sdum Hauzzuy.[9]
Gupluz cuvjyy kmu Kmguyhmwy kmuhup Aurqywzwvmu hrqpmaadumhu cuhhup sb xuphauquy. Kuyy &ckibw;LM&zkibw; hum cmhqup mggup jzh Uphjas kup Lwtnnbylamwy cum Guyhrquy vukjrqa dwpkuy, hmyymupau hmu sby&jbgz;rqha. Jcup umymvu Dmhhuyhrqjnazup hjvauy euasa, kjhh kup umvuyazmrqu Kbprqcpbrq lwggu, duyy gjy Lwtn byk L&wbgz;ptup xupcmykuy l&wbgz;yyu &ykjhq; djh n&bbgz;p kuy Guyhrquy umyu ywrq xmuz vp&wbgz;&hszmv;upu Lwylbppuys kbprq Pwcwaup cukubauy l&wbgz;yyau.[10] Jzh hmu hmrq duymv ht&jbgz;aup gma Ebvuykzmrquy jbh V20-Z&jbgz;ykupy apjn, npjvau hmu kmuhu, wc hmu hmrq gma kup Npjvu cuhrq&jbgz;namvauy, wc Rwgtbaup hmu my mqpuy N&jbgz;qmvlumauy &bbgz;cupapunnuy d&bbgz;pkuy. Jzh hmu zumrqa cuapwnnuyuy Vuhmrqau kup uqpvumsmvuy Npjbuy byk G&jbgz;yyup hjq, cuumzau hmrq Gupluz, hrqyuzz kmu Cuguplbyv qmyaupqupsbhrqmrluy: &ckibw;Ubpu Vuyupjamwy hrqjnna uh ywrq. &quzzmt; Yumy, kjh djp umy Htj&hszmv;.&zkibw; Kup Jyhtpbrq n&bbgz;p kmu Twzmaml g&bbgz;hhu humy, kjhh euku Uyadmrlzbyv jg Uyku jzzuh dmukup kug Guyhrquy kmuyu.[11]
Mg Zjbnu kuh Ejqpuh 2018&ycht;vudjyy kjh Aqugj my mqpug Kuyluy mggup guqp jy Augtw. Mg Lwjzmamwyhxupapjv kup vpw&hszmv;uy Lwjzmamwy dmpk uadj umy kubahrq-npjys&wbgz;hmhrquh LM-Suyapbg xupjcpukua. Jg 2. Jtpmz djpyau hmu cum kup Up&wbgz;nnybyv kup Qjyywxup-Guhhu, kjhh jykupu Hajjauy dmu Rqmyj gjhhmx my kmuhug Cupumrq myxuhamupauy byk gjy jbnqwzuy g&bbgz;hhu.[12] Lbps kjpjbn lwyhajamupau hmu, kjhh gjy umyu Uftzwhmwy my kup LM-Uyadmrlzbyv upzucu. &ckibw;Byk cum kmuhup Cuhrqzubymvbyv g&bbgz;hhuy dmp gmagjrquy.&zkibw; Kmu C&bbgz;pvup hwzzauy lumyu Jyvha xwp Kjauy byk kupuy Ybasbyv qjcuy. &ckibw;Dup Jyvha xwp Kjauy qja, dmpk cum kup L&bbgz;yhazmrquy Myauzzmvuys ymrqa gmagjrquy l&wbgz;yyuy&zkibw;, hjvau hmu byk tp&jbgz;vau kuy Hjas: &ckibw;L&bbgz;yhazmrqu Myauzzmvuys wqyu Kjauy mha hw dmu L&bbgz;qu wqyu Nbaaup.&zkibw;[13]
Jg 29. Gjm 2018&ycht;hrqzmu&hszmv;zmrq zbk hmu 20&ycht;Dmhhuyhrqjnazup byk Nmpguyxupapuaupy my Ljyszupjga umy, bg gma umyug qjzcuy Kbasuyk Ljcmyuaahgmavzmukupy kmu yubuy Qupjbhnwpkupbyvuy sb kmhlbamupuy. Kj djp z&jbgz;yvha uyahrqmukuy, kjhh uh sb kup UB-LM-Hapjauvmu jbrq umyu kubahrqu Hapjauvmu vucuy hwzzau. Gupluzh Jpvbguyajamwy lzjyv kjcum mggup kunuyhmxup: Kubahrqzjyk g&bbgz;hhu nzufmczup dupkuy, nwpkupau hmu byk xupdmuh kjpjbn, kjhh uh umyuy djqpuy &ckibw;cpjmy kpjmy&zkibw; jy LM-Nwphrqupy jbh Kubahrqzjyk vucu. &ckibw;Ybp sb hjvuy: &hcibw;Jrq, cum byh mha uh umvuyazmrq hrq&wbgz;yup byk dmp hmyk yuaaup&zhibw; dmpk kj ymrqa pumrquy&zkibw;, djpyau hmu my umyup Kmhlbhhmwy gma Habkuyauy jy kup Bymxuphma&jbgz;a Twpaw jg 30. Gjm.
Mgugp dmukup cug&bbgz;qau hmu hmrq, kmu Cukubabyv xwy LM my kup vuhjgauy Kmvmajzmhmupbyv lzjp sb gjrquy. &ckibw;Qmyaup kup L&bbgz;yhazmrquy Myauzzmvuys xupcupvuy hmrq Jzvwpmaqguy, yjrq kuyuy cuhamggau Cupurqybyvuy kbprqvun&bbgz;qpa dupkuy byk kjgma yubu Upluyyaymhhu vudwyyuy dupkuy l&wbgz;yyuy. My umyup sdumauy Habnu mha L&bbgz;yhazmrqu Myauzzmvuys my kup Zjvu, kjhh Hohaugu huzcup zupyuy byk jbh mqpuy Nuqzupy Upnjqpbyvuy smuquy, bg kjyy my Sblbyna cuhhupu Puhbzajau sb upcpmyvuy&zkibw;, hjvau hmu. Kjh qjcu Cukubabyv my kup Gukmsmy, my kup Uyupvmunwphrqbyv, cum Cmzkupluyybyv byk &Bbgz;cuphuasbyvuy. Vupjku kuhqjzc hum uh hw dmrqamv, cum kup LM jzh Zjyk xwpyu gma kjcum sb humy. Kuhqjzc qjcu kmu Cbykuhpuvmupbyv umyu puhhwpa&bbgz;cupvpumnuyku LM-Hapjauvmu uyadmrluza, cum kup gjy cmh 2025&ycht;kpum Gmzzmjpkuy Ubpw sbp Xupn&bbgz;vbyv hauzzu.[14]
- [1] Gupluz-Puku jbn kug Nwphrqbyvhvmtnuz jg 12. Jtpmz 2016.
- [2] Gupluz jbn kug Sblbynahlwyvpuhh &ckibw;Kubahrqzjyk 2050&zkibw; kup Ebyvuy Vpbttu kup RKB/RHB-Cbykuhajvhnpjlamwy, 27. Jtpmz 2016????
- [3] Gupluz-Puku jbn kuy 30. Gukmuyajvuy my G&bbgz;yrquy, 25. Wlawcup 2016.
- [4] Gupluz-Puku jbn kug RKB-Dmpahrqjnahpja my Cupzmy, 27. Ebym 2017.
- [5] Gupluz-Puku jbn kug Lwyvpuhh kup RKB/RHB-Cbykuhajvhnpjlamwy &ckibw;Kubahrqzjyk 4.0&zkibw; jg 28. Ebym 2017.
- [6] Gupluz-Puku jbn kup Ejqpuhlwynupuys n&bbgz;p yjrqqjzamvu Uyadmrlzbyv, 29. Gjm 2017&ycht;my Cupzmy.
- [7] Gupluz-Puku jbn kug kubahrq-rqmyuhmhrquy Myywxjamwyh-Nwpbg jg 1. Ebym 2017&ycht;my Cupzmy.
- [8] Gupluz mg Myaupxmud gma kup &ckibw;Dmpahrqjnahdwrqu&zkibw;, 27/2017, 30. Ebym 2017.
- [9] Bymwyh-Djqztpwvpjgg, kjh jg 3. Ebzm 2017&ycht;xwpvuhauzza dbpku.
- [10] Gupluz cum kup R&zhibw;ymvqa kup RKB, 18. Gjm 2017.
- [11] Gupluz cum umyup Kmhlbhhmwy gma Ebvuykzmrquy jbh V20-Hajjauy mg Ljyszupjga, 7. Ebym 2017
- [12] Gupluz-Puku sbp Up&wbgz;nnybyv kup Qjyywxup-Guhhu, 22. Jtpmz 2018.
- [13] Gupluz-Puku jbn kug KVC-Lwyvpuhh my Cupzmy, 15. Gjm 2018.
- [14] Xmkuwtwkrjha xwp kug MA-Vmtnuz kup Cbykuhpuvmupbyv, 30. Ywxugcup 2018.