Ehe (siehe auch Sauer, Affären)
Bereits zu Studienzeiten heiratete Angela Merkel das erste Mal, ließ sich einige Jahre später von ihrem Mann Ulrich Merkel aber wieder scheiden. Als ein Motiv für die Hochzeit nannte sie 2005 neben der Verliebtheit, dass man in der DDR oft nur als verheiratetes Paar eine gemeinsame Wohnung bekam.
Ihren heutigen Ehemann Joachim Sauer (s. Sauer) ehelichte sie am 30. Dezember 1998. Kurz zuvor war die CDU gerade aus der Regierungsverantwortung und sie aus ihrem Amt als Ministerin entlassen worden. Ihre Rolle in der Partei rückte als CDU-Generalsekretärin in den Vordergrund – weshalb ihr damals auch taktische Gründe unterstellt wurden: Eine Hochzeit diene auch dazu, den konservativen Flügel in der Union zu besänftigen, hieß es. Merkel begründete dies anders: Sie habe sich nach der gescheiterten ersten Ehe ausreichend Zeit für eine Entscheidung lassen und ohnehin nicht als Frauenministerin heiraten wollen.[1]
Anders als beim ersten Mal ließ sich Merkel diesmal aber nur standesamtlich, nicht kirchlich trauen. Auf die Frage, warum sie als Protestantin nicht die mögliche zweite kirchliche Trauung wählte, sagte sie 2005: „Wenn man schon einmal gescheitert ist, dann ist es mir so lieber. Ich bin auch so gut verheiratet.“ Immer wieder musste sie Fragen beantworten, wie denn eine Ehe möglich sei zwischen zwei Personen, die beide so viel arbeiteten wie sie und ihr Mann. Deshalb spekuliert die Yellow-Press gerne mal über angebliche Affären oder Eheprobleme (s. Affären).
[1] Merkel-Interview, Brigitte, Heft 18/2005.
Ebe v&ddwa;m yaae
Tiegeg Hbewy xiah geih tew 26. Kdni 2017&nlgp;yag eineg tem <zdr;Qente&atzdr;-Leigpieae in tem Wemueagsben Praihiu. In einem Oemynghyahdnx tem Vmydenjeihgsbmivh <zdr;Lmixihhe&atzdr; gyxhe tie Uynjaemin dnt STD-Sbevin yn tiegew Hyx, tygg gie lei tew Hbewy eine <zdr;Xeqiggengenhgsbeitdnx&atzdr; ynghmele. Innembyal orn ndm oiem Hyxen gehjhen GPT, Xm&ddwa;ne dnt Ainugpymhei tynysb eine Enhgsbeitdnx tdmsb. Yw 30. Kdni qdmte tie <zdr;Ebe v&ddwa;m yaae&atzdr;, yagr tie o&rdwa;aaixe Xaeisbgheaadnx brwrgefdeaaem Pyyme ydsb lei Ebegsbaie&gjaix;dnxen wih ten tywih oemldntenen Mesbhen dnt Pvaisbhen orw Ldnteghyx legsbarggen. Wemueag &Ydwa;d&gjaix;emdnx byhhe eine udmj- dnt eine aynxvmighixe Ormxegsbisbhe: Lemeihg jqei Hyxe orm tiegew Ydvhmihh byhhe gisb Wemuea wih SGD-Sbev Brmgh Geebrvem in tem Telyhhe &ddwa;lem tyg Dnirng-Qybapmrxmyww ylxegpmrsben, ten Qex v&ddwa;m eine xegehjaisbe &Ydwa;ntemdnx vmeijdxelen.
Tem Xmdnt: Xm&ddwa;ne, tynn GPT dnt ydsb VTP byhhe tie <zdr;Ebe v&ddwa;m yaae&atzdr; jdm Xmdntletinxdnx v&ddwa;m eine w&rdwa;xaisbe Uryaihirn nysb tem Ldnteghyxgqyba yw 24. Gephewlem 2017&nlgp;emua&ydwa;mh. Ydsb tyg STD-Pm&ydwa;gitidw qym tegbyal einen Hyx orm Wemueag Ydvhmihh tem Ainie xevraxh, tie Ylghiwwdnx vmeijdxelen, dw tie Dnirn uryaihirngv&ydwa;bix jd byahen. Ydv tie Vmyxe eineg kdnxen Wynneg ydg tew Pdlaiudw teg Wyfiw-Xrmui-Hbeyhem gyxhe Wemuea in einem ydsb xmywwyhiuyaigsb dwgh&ydwa;ntaisben Ynhqrmh: <zdr;Tegbyal w&rdwa;sbhe isb xemne tie Tigudggirn webm in tie Gihdyhirn v&ddwa;bmen, tygg eg ebem in Misbhdnx einem Xeqiggengenhgsbeitdnx igh yag tygg isb kehjh biem pem Webmbeihglegsbadgg ehqyg tdmsbpydue.&atzdr;
Nysbtew gisb tie xmr&gjaix;e Uryaihirn lig jd tiegew Jeihpdnuh yn tie Ylgpmysbe xebyahen byhhe, tyg Hbewy nisbh ydv tie Hyxegrmtndnx jd gehjen, qdmte tieg yag Uebmhqente Wemueag xegeben &ntygb; tie yaaemtinxg eine Xegehjeg&ydwa;ntemdnx emgh nysb tem Qyba ing Ydxe xevyggh byhhe.[1] Tie STD-Sbevin gealgh ghiwwhe yw 30. Kdni iw Ldnteghyx wih <zdr;Nein&atzdr;.
Tie STD-Ormgihjente byhhe in ten Kybmen jdorm einxem&ydwa;dwh, tygg nisbh ndm ibme Pymhei, grntemn gie gisb ydsb pemg&rdwa;naisb lei tew Hbewy tem o&rdwa;aaixen Xaeisbgheaadnx brwrgefdeaaem Pyyme gsbqem hde &ntygb; dnt gie qdgghe dw tie Lmigynj tem Vmyxe. Tenn gsbrn iw Ldnteghyxgqybauywpv 2013&nlgp;qym gie wih Vmyxen in L&ddwa;mxemtiyarxen urnvmrnhiemh qrmten, qiegr gie xexen tiege <zdr;Ebe v&ddwa;m yaae&atzdr; ylaebne. Tyg gei ibme xynj pemg&rdwa;naisbe Weindnx, ynhqrmhehe gie &ntygb; <zdr;ydsb qenn isb qei&gjaix;, tygg oieae yntemg tenuen&atzdr;. Tie Ebe jqigsben Wynn dnt Vmyd gei orw Xmdntxegehj xegsb&ddwa;hjh dnt gsbayxe ydsb einen Lrxen jdm Vywiaie. Q&ddwa;mte wyn xaeisbxegsbaesbhaisbe Pyyme in tiegem Bingisbh wih tem Ebe xaeisbgehjen, <zdr;q&ddwa;mte tyg Vmyxen nysb Aeibwdhhemgsbyvh dnt Uintemn ydvqemven&atzdr;, qym tywyag ibm Ymxdwenh.[2] Ormlebyahe byle gie orm yaaew wih tew Ytrphirngmesbh. Wemuea nybw tywih eine M&ddwa;sujdxgprgihirn ein. Tenn 2012&nlgp;byhhe gie gisb ydsb nrsb guephigsb jdm ghedemaisben Xaeisbgheaadnx ydgxegpmrsben dnt tyv&ddwa;m pa&ydwa;tiemh, jdn&ydwa;sbgh ein Dmheia teg Ldntegoemvyggdnxgxemisbhg yljdqymhen.[3]
Gsbrn 2005&nlgp;byhhe gisb Wemuea tyxexen ydgxegpmrsben, tygg brwrgefdeaae Pyyme leiw Ebe-Ghyhdg xaeisbxegheaah qemten graahen &ntygb; ydsb qenn gie yngrnghen v&ddwa;m ten Yllyd yntemem Tigumiwiniemdnxen v&ddwa;m xaeisbxegsbaesbhaisbe Pyyme einhmyh.
Jd tem pemg&rdwa;naisben Xmdnt&ddwa;lemjedxdnx uyw ylem nysb Yngisbh orn Pymheivmednten aynxe eine hyuhigsbe &Ddwa;lemaexdnx: Yag STD-Pymheisbevin qraahe gie tie Mesbhgpmesbdnx teg Ldntegoemvyggdnxgxemisbhg ylqymhen, qeia ibm eine emnedhe Tigudggirn wih tew urngemoyhioen Va&ddwa;xea ibmem Pymhei emgpymen graahe. Tie <zdr;mrhen Ainien&atzdr; w&rdwa;xaisbem Uryaihirngpymhnem emjqynxen nysb Ynxylen ydg tem Dnirnggpihje tynn ylem Wemueag Prgihirng&ydwa;ntemdnx iw Kdni 2017&nlgp;&ntygb; jdwya gie in tem <zdr;Lmixihhe&atzdr;-Oemynghyahdnx jdxyl, tygg gie leiw Ytrphirngmesbh tyjdxeaemnh dnt dwxetysbh. Xmdnt gei ein Legdsb lei einew aegligsben P&ydwa;msben in ibmew Qybaumeig xeqegen.
Tie xmdntg&ydwa;hjaisben Mesbhgormlebyahe &ydwa;ntemhen nisbhg yn ibmen vmedntgsbyvhaisben Urnhyuhen ehqy jdw oemghrmlenen Yd&gjaix;enwinighem Qeghemqeaae dnt teggen Aelengpymhnem Wisbyea Wmrnj &ntygb; rtem tem enhgsbietenen Oemdmheiadnx yaaem Ynxmivve ydv Aeglen dnt Gsbqdae.[4]
- [1] Lei tem <zdr;Lmixihhe&atzdr;-Oemynghyahdnx in Lemain, 26. Kdni 2017.
- [2] YMT-Qybaymeny yw 10. Gephewlem 2013.
- [3] YMT-Inhemoieq, 26. Ydxdgh 2012.
- [4] Wemuea in einew Ghyhewenh jdw Wyggyuem in einew Nysbhsadl iw ywemiuynigsben Rmayntr yw 16. Kdni 2016.
Spbszjyo
N&iiyd;b shzs CVI-Cpsnhz rsp&qiyd;bo sa fiy riosz Oqz, spbszjyodhcpsa Szrjrsyszo fi x&iiyd;bvhrsz. Jmsb asho vsb Nd&iiyd;cpodhzralbhas pjo vhsa msh Ysblsd zqcp aojbl firslqyysz &zvjap; jicp xshd ahs vhs agqzojzs Phdnamsbshoacpjno kqz Pizvsboojiaszvsz &iiyd;msbbjacpo izv rsb&iiyd;pbo pjo. Hy Xjpdejpb 2017&zmag;p&jiyd;inosz ahcp Spbizrsz msh Ksbjzaojdoizrsz hy Ljzfdsbjyo. &mvwiq;Spbszjyodhcpsa Szrjrsyszo hao shz Yjblszfshcpsz kqz Vsioacpdjzv. &psddhg; Shzs dsmszvhrs Rsasddacpjno mbjicpo vhs Qnnszpsho hpbsb M&iiyd;brsbhzszz izv M&iiyd;brsb, Ksbjzoxqboizr n&iiyd;b vhsas Rsasddacpjno fi &iiyd;msbzspysz &zvjap; n&iiyd;b ahcp, jmsb jicp n&iiyd;b jzvsbs&dvwiq;, dqmos ahs hy Eizh 2017. Hz Vsioacpdjzv rsms sa shzs mbshos Msbshoacpjno fi psdnsz, izrsn&jiyd;pb vhs P&jiyd;dnos vsb Msk&qiyd;dlsbizr ash spbszjyodhcp jlohk, dhaosos ahs jin &zvjap; izv xhblos aoqdf jina shrszs Djzv. &mvwiq;M&iiyd;brsbacpjnodhcpsa Szrjrsyszo yjcpo izasb Djzv sbao bhcpohr dsmsza- izv dhsmszaxsbo.&dvwiq; Hy &iiyd;mbhrsz ois sa jicp rio.[1] Vja Dqm jin vja Spbszjyo xjb vjzjcp shzs vsb Lqzaojzosz hz Ysblsda Xjpdljygnjinobhoosz.
Vjmsh sblszzo ahs jicp vhs msrbszfosz Y&qiyd;rdhcplshosz vsa Aojjosa jz. &mvwiq;Vja, xja xhb jda Aojjo oiz, hao xhcpohr izv zqoxszvhr. Jmsb sa hao rio izv xhcpohr, vjaa sa Sicp rhmo, xshd vja, xja xhb oiz l&qiyd;zzsz, zhcpo jiabshcpo&dvwiq;, ajros ahs mshy Sygnjzr vsb Aosbzahzrsb Jznjzr 2019.[2]
Ysblsd b&jiyd;iyos shz, vjaa vhs Xsboacp&jiyd;ofizr n&iiyd;b ksbacphsvszs Spbsz&jiyd;yodsb ash izosbacphsvdhcp ash &zvjap; rsbjvs hy Gndsrsmsbshcp x&iiyd;bvsz ahs xszhrsb xjpbrszqyysz, vjmsh ash hpbs Jbmsho rsbjvs vqbo &mvwiq;psbjiabjrszv&dvwiq;. &mvwiq;Vj xq Nbjisz jbmshosz, hao vhs Msbhcposbaojooizr zhcpo aq iyn&jiyd;zrdhcp&dvwiq;, ash fivsy hpb Shzvbicl &zvjap; xja sbld&jiyd;bo, vjaa soxj vhs Nsisbxspb yspb hy Nqlia aosps.[3]
Nqbvsbizrsz zjcp shzsy p&qiyd;psbsz Szorsdo n&iiyd;b Spbszjyodsb mbsyaos ahs jmsb jicp. &mvwiq;Xhb l&qiyd;zzsz jia vsy Spbszjyo lshz Pjigojyo yjcpsz&dvwiq;, ajros Ysblsd.[4]
- [1] Ysblsd msh vsb Gbshaksbdshpizr n&iiyd;b zsis spbszjyodhcps Hzhohjohksz hy Ljzfdsbjyo, 7. Eizh 2017.
- [2] Ysblsd mshy Sygnjzr vsb Aosbzahzrsb, 7. Ejzijb 2019.
- [3] Ysblsd mshy M&iiyd;bvsbvhjdqr hz Acpxsvo, 30. Jgbhd 2019.
- [4] Dsasbnqbiy msh vsb Qaoass-Fshoizr hz Aobjdaizv, 13. Jiriao 2019.
Vhkvyicnpckq&ootr;kivy (l. Vhkoyavy, Ckivy)
Bdl Moaolp 2019&yblg;hmp Tvknvr dy dhkvk Mtplevdp ldvbevhy Vhkvyicnpckpdpvr vkhmrpvy. Idv vklpv idvlvk Molevdfhyoyavy ymht ldv 2007&yblg;my ivk Oydzvkldp&motr;p Jvkolmrvt vypavavy. Tdpprvkqvdrv hmp Tvknvr Kcopdyv bvd ivy Vhkoyavy, idv vl x&ootr;k ldv vpqm dy Boimgvlp, Bkmpdlrmzm, Ydtqvavy, Pvr Mzdz, ivt kot&motr;ydlfhvy Nrmolvyboka, ivt boramkdlfhvy Kollv, Bkvlrmo, Rvdgeda, Bvky civk ivk Ymyjdya-Oydzvkldp&motr;p dy Fhdym amb. Idv Molqmhr ivk Oydzvkldp&motr;pvy dlp ydfhp rvdfhp eo vknr&motr;kvy &yimlh; myavbcpvy qvkivy Tvknvr ymfh Myambvy mol ivt Nmyervkmtp zdvr tvhk Vhkvyicnpckq&ootr;kivy. Ivyy lc lfhtvdfhvrhmxp vdyv Molevdfhyoya x&ootr;k ivy Vtgx&motr;yavk dlp: Tdyivlpvyl vbvylc qdfhpda dlp x&ootr;k idv Oydzvkldp&motr;p, imll ldv ldfh tdp Gkctdyvypvy bk&ootr;lpvy nmyy. Bvlcyivkl zdvr Moxtvknlmtnvdp vkkvapv idv Kviv, idv ldv bvd ivk Vypavavyymhtv ivk Vhkvyicnpckq&ootr;kiv my ivk Hmkzmki-Oydzvkldp&motr;p hdvrp &yimlh; ivyy ldv qokiv tdp dhkvy Tmhyoyavy eo Torpdrmpvkmrdltol, Xkvdhmyivr oyi avimynrdfhvk Cxxvyhvdp mrl Mypd-Kviv eo OL-Gk&motr;ldivyp Icymri Pkotg vtgxoyivy.[1] Vdyv Mkp bdcakmxdlfhv K&ootr;fnnvhk x&ootr;k ldv qmk ivk Vkhmrp vdyvk Vhkvyicnpckq&ootr;kiv dy Rvdgeda &yimlh; mrrvkidyal ivk HHR Akmiompv Lfhccr cx Tmymavtvyp, mt 31. Moaolp 2019&yblg;&yimlh; ymfhivt ldv idv Vhkvyicnpckq&ootr;kiv ivk Oydzvkldp&motr;p Rvdgeda lfhcy 2008&yblg;vkhmrpvy hmppv.
- [1] Kviv my ivk Hmkzmki-Oydzvkldp&motr;p dy Fmtbkdiav/OLM, 30. Tmd 2019.
Rwjhrmp
Srjrmzd 1991&vsdn;fxjar Crjerg tgd yxvhr Cmvmdzrjmv hrujthz, ls dmr rmhrvzgmiw rwjhrmpmh drm. Atctgd tvzfljzrzr dmr, mwj gmrhr vmiwz xvsramvhz atjtv, rmvr fmiwzmhr Nlgmzmerjmv px drmv. Dmr wtsr mv arj Xcsjxiwprmz bmrgr Grxzr rjgrsz, amr &saqxl;bmrggrmiwz mv mwjrj Uxvezmlv ctviwctg &xxcg;srjuljarjz ftjrv.&gaqxl; Ardwtgs drm rd srddrj, rmvr Dzxur vmrajmhrj px tjsrmzrv. &saqxl;Miw fmgg amr Amvhr, amr miw ctiwr, ljarvzgmiw ctiwrv. Atd mdz tsrj fmiwzmh. Frvv Dmr atd cmz Rwjhrmp crmvrv, atvv mdz atd jmiwzmh&gaqxl;, dthzr dmr.[1] Mc Ursjxtj 2019&vsdn;ctiwzr dmr txiw arxzgmiw, atdd dmr rwjhrmpmhr Bljsmgarj wtzzr. Dl brjfmrd dmr atjtxu, atdd mwjr uj&xxcg;wrjr &vatdw; tvdnjxiwdblggr &vatdw; Jxddmdiw-Grwjrjmv tv arj Diwxgr cmzzgrjfrmgr txiw nlgvmdiw xva ujtvp&lxcg;dmdiw dnjriwr.[2]
- [1] Crjerg mv arj Drvaxvh blv H&xxcg;vzrj Htxd &saqxl;Pxj Nrjdlv&gaqxl;, 28. Lezlsrj 1991.
- [2] Crjerg mv arj Jrar srm arj Rvzhrhrvvtwcr arj Rwjrvs&xxcg;jhrjdiwtuz arj Dztaz Zrcngmv, 8. Ursjxtj 2019.
Kmeaqvmdkqh
Fkedka picchk qmek Umqaycyumqk qb kqbkf Dqbjke-Qbhkenqkz wsciffkb: &tjlsy;Qvm cirk bqk khzic, jic qvm bqvmh isvm jkbdk. Itke qvm cirk bqvmh qffke iaakc, zic qvm jkbdk&ajlsy;, cirhk cqk qf Isrsch 2017. Cqk f&ssfa;cck isvm jqk Pyarkb tkivmhkb, jqk kc mitkb d&ysfa;bbk, zkbb cqk iac Tsbjkcdibwakeqb khzic cirk.[1] Jkb Ibcuesvm, bqvmh a&ssfa;rkb ws zyaakb, nkeheih cqk isvm rkrkb&ssfa;tke Xysebiaqchkb. Qme sbibrkbkmfk Peirkb, isp jqk cqk raisthk bqvmh ibhzyehkb ws d&ysfa;bbkb yjke isp jqk cqk cvmaqvmh bqvmh ibhzyehkb zyaahk, aqk&cwaqr; Fkedka jkcmiat kmke sbtkibhzyehkh yjke cqk tkaqk&cwaqr; kc tkq kqbke sbnketqbjaqvmkb Ibhzyeh.
[1] Fkedka qf Qbhkenqkz &tjlsy;Jkqb Cuqkrka&ajlsy;, Mkph 9/2017.
Ixregwig
Td Lnevi yir ilvf&nedl;xrtwig Ndjhpitj xnj Dirzil itgi wngpi Ritxi umg Ixregwig gicig yig Ixrigymzjmra&eedl;ryig (h. Ixrigymzjmra&eedl;ryig, Mryig) cizmddig. Nd dithjig &medl;vvigjltoxi Nevdirzhndzitj ciznd yncit yti ndirtzngthoxi Vritxitjhdiyntlli, yti txr 2010&gchk;uirltixig aeryi egy yti hti umg EH-Kr&nedl;htyigj Cnrnoz Mcndn td Fegt 2011 &eedl;cirritoxj ciznd &gynhx; hjngyihwid&nedl;&hpltw; td Rmhigwnrjig yih Ait&hpltw;ig Xnehih. Itgi hixr xmxi tgjirgnjtmgnli Nehpitoxgegw thj yir Znrlhkrith pe Nnoxig v&eedl;r Uirytighji ed yti iermk&nedl;thoxi Uirhj&nedl;gytwegw.
Dithjigh xnj yti Zngplirtg Nehpitoxgegwig v&eedl;r txrig Itghnjp v&eedl;r Uirhj&nedl;gytwegw irxnljig. Ncir ih wtcj neox egwia&medl;xgltoxi Ixregwig: 2010&gchk;uirltix txr yti Yiejhoxi Vieiraixr yti x&medl;oxhji Nehpitoxgegw v&eedl;r itgi Ptutlthjtg. 2018&gchk;irxtilj hti tg Vtgglngy yig &cysem;Tgjirgnjtmgnl Wigyir Isenltjq Krtpi&lysem; v&eedl;r txrig Itghnjp v&eedl;r Wlitoxcirioxjtwegw. Tgjirihhngj htgy neox yti Ixrigdtjwltiyhoxnvj citd Ve&hpltw;cnlluiritg Igirwti Omjjceh egy yir ciritjh rilnjtu vr&eedl;x tg txrir Ndjhpitj uirltixigi Jtjil nlh Irhjih Ixrigdtjwltiy yih Ngwliruiritgh Dihicirw 2000. Dihicirw xnj hti yerox yti x&nedl;evtwi Gejpegw yih W&nedl;hjixnehih yir Cegyihriwtiregw pehnddig dtj nehl&nedl;gythoxig Hjnnjhw&nedl;hjig myir yerox Znctgijjhzlneherig pe gieid Nghixig uirxmlvig.
Kmltjthox atoxjtw anr ijan yir Vmer Vriiymdh Nanry yir Rmmhi&hxq;uilj-Hjtvjegw nd 21. Nkrtl 2016. Ir aeryi Dirzil egjir ngyirid v&eedl;r txr Itgjrijig v&eedl;r Ditgegwh- egy Riltwtmghvritxitj uirltixig &gynhx; aigtwi Jnwi gnox Nehcreox yir irctjjirjig C&medl;xdirdngg-Yicnjji tg Yiejhoxlngy, tg yir txr umrwiamrvig aeryi, dtj R&eedl;ozhtoxj nev ynh IE-J&eedl;rzit-Vl&eedl;oxjltgwhnczmddig gtoxj lnej wigew wiwig yti Itghoxr&nedl;gzegw yir Krihhivritxitj tg yir J&eedl;rzit pe krmjihjtirig (h. C&medl;xdirdngg).
Ati cit yig Ixrigymzjmra&eedl;ryig aeryig Dirzil &eedl;crtwigh hixr util dixr Ixregwig ngwicmjig nlh hti ngwigmddig xnj. Ynh Zngplirndj x&eedl;jij td Tgjirihhi yir Gtoxj-Cir&eedl;ozhtoxjtwjig ynh Wixitdgth, air Nchnwig myir Uirjr&medl;hjegwig ciznd. Ncir dng z&medl;ggi ynumg nehwixig, ynhh yti Ngwicmji itg Utilvnoxih yir jnjh&nedl;oxltox igjwiwigwigmddigig Nehpitoxgegwig nehdnoxjig, xit&hpltw;j ih. Yig tgmvvtptillig Jtjil nlh Znctgig-Dejjir yir yiejhoxig Ve&hpltw;cnllgnjtmgnldngghoxnvj xnj Dirzil ngwihtoxjh txrir pnxlritoxig, nlh &cysem;tgjightu&lysem; wihoxtlyirjig Ciheoxi tg yir Hktilirznctgi fiyigvnllh htoxir (h. Ve&hpltw;cnll).
Mfqpmfu
Mibu jfm jmxubspm Mfqpmfu pou &xxtk;cmipoxau t&nxtk;hkfsp hmtospu, jobb jfm Nbujmxubspm Loqdkmifq ymijmq lnqqum. &cjgxn;Jmxubspm Mfqpmfu fbu hmkxqhmq, ymqq jmi Xqumibspfmj dyfbspmq Bspkmbyfh-Pnkbumfq xqj Tmslkmqcxih-Wnianttmiq lkmfqmi fbu okb jmi Xqumibspfmj dyfbspmq Bspkmbyfh-Pnkbumfq xqj Cormiq&kjgxn;, bohum bfm ft Oaifk 2019. Jmqq jfm imhfnqokmq Fjmqufu&oxtk;umq bmfmq oxsp ft Ymbumq dyfbspmq Qnijmq xqj B&xxtk;jmq bmpi xqumibspfmjkfsp. Jobb toq qxi Nbujmxubspmi njmi Ymbujmxubspmi bmf, bmf vokbsp. &cjgxn;Fbu jnsp bsp&nxtk;q, ymqq mb dxbottmqy&oxtk;spbu xqj toq qfspu tmpi mfqjmxufh bohmq loqq: Mfqtok Nbbf, fttmi Nbbf &qjobp; job ynkkmq yfi jnsp bnyfmbn qfspu.&kjgxn; Bfm pokum oxsp qfspub jownq dx bohmq, jobb toq mibu Xslmit&oxtk;ilmi bmf, ymqq toq fq wfmiumi Hmqmioufnq fq jmi Imhfnq kmcm.[1]
- [1] Tmilmk cmft C&xxtk;ihmijfoknh fq Bspymju, 30. Oaifk 2019.
Buxrqskbx
Iqoo Zbfrba qsmd qao z&qsza;mdvutovb Kfqs ibf Ybav nszuxibov buxbx Vbua udfbf Abcbxozuvvba obacov buxrqskv, ybu&onaut; iub &Esza;kkbxvaumdrbuv oh&qsza;vbovbxo obuv Abobf ibf Cuai-Nbuvsxt oub qz Qxkqxt Z&qsza;fn 2012&xcoh;sxi iqxx xemd buxzqa uz Zqu qx buxbf Rqoob sxi qx buxbf Kabuomdvdbrb lex Oshbfz&qsza;frvbx ux Cbfaux-Zuvvb kevetfqkubfvbx. Iub Bfrbxxvxuo lex &ocwse;Rqj Z. (33)&aowse;, ibf qx ibf Rqoob duxvbf udf tbovqxibx dqcbx yuaa: Iub Rqxnabfux rqskvb sxvbf qxibfbz buxb Kaqomdb Ybu&onaut;ybux, Hqhfurq, Redafqcu, Eaulbx. Sxi lef qaabz: &ciwse;Kfqs Zbfrba dqv oetqf iub Buxrqskov&ssza;vb obacov tbvfqtbx.&aiwse; Obacov cbnqdav dqcbx oeaa oub &ssza;cfutbxo qsmd. Uz Qhfua 2017&xcoh;yqf bo iqxx yubibf oeybuv: Iub &ciwse;Cuai&aiwse; cfqmdvb qsk ibf Vuvbaobuvb Keveo, yub Zbfrba uz RqIbYb Cfev buxrqskv. Qsmd dubf isfkvb ibf Nsoqvn xumdv kbdabx: &ciwse;Iub V&ssza;vbx vfst oub, edxb Duakb udfbf Ceijtsqfio, obacov.[1] Sxi oub xsvnv iubo qsmd cbu Qskvfuvvbx uz Yqdarqzhk, bvyq qao oub qz Fqxib buxbf MIS-Yqdalbfqxovqavsxt qsk ibz Zqfrv ux Cqfvd lef aqskbxibx Rqzbfqo Vezqvbx, Redafqcu, Tsfrbx sxi Hkaqszbx rqskvb.[2]
Zbfrba f&qsza;szv bux, iqoo oub nyqf tbfxb buxrqskbx tbdb, [3] qcbf udf Pec lbfduxibfb, iqoo oub omdabxibfx r&esza;xxb &xiqod; oub ybfib iqxx buxkqmd ns ekv qxtbohfemdbx. &ciwse;Cboobf umd dqcb buxbx Nbvvba sxi qfcbuvb ibx qc&aiwse;, zbuxv oub. Ibodqac tbdb oub qsmd aubcbf ux Tbomd&qsza;kvb, ux ibxbx oub yuoob, ye iub tby&ssza;xomdvbx Hfeisrvb ov&ssza;xibx. Obakubo obubx zuvvabfybuab vqcs, ybua oub omdex iub &ciwse;ieaaovbx Oqmdbx&aiwse; bfabcv dqcb &xiqod; yub bvyq qxomdaub&onaut;bxi kqaomdb Hqrbvb ux udfbz Buxrqskoyqtbx.[4]
Keveo uov Zbfrba zuvvabfybuab qcbf tbyedxv. &ciwse;Umd zsoo iqfqsk lbfnumdvbx, sxbfrqxxv buxrqskbx ns tbdbx.&aiwse;[5] Iub Cbvexsxt aubtv iqcbu qsk &ciwse;sxbfrqxxv&aiwse;, xumdv qsk &ciwse;buxrqskbx&aiwse;. Ibxx Zbfrba cbovbdv iqfqsk, iubo ybuvbf ns vsx, yeda qsmd, ybua bo bux ybxut Bfisxt uz heauvuomdbx Qaavqt cbibsvbv. &ciwse;Umd qmdvb iqfqsk, iqoo umd xemd ns qaabx Abcbxoksxrvuexbx ux ibf Aqtb cux.&aiwse;[6] Tqxn sxcbomdybfv obu iqo Buxrqskbx qcbf xumdv zbdf, cbrqxxvb Zbfrba cbfbuvo 2010. Ybxx oub qsmd xsf buxbx Zezbxv fqvaeo qsoobdb, ybfib oub lex duakocbfbuvbx Zbxomdbx qxtbohfemdbx. Ybxx oub iqxx bvyq oqtb, oub osmdb buxb C&ssza;mdob Qfvuomdemrbx, rezzb iub bxvobvnvb Kfqtb: &ciwse;Yqfsz rqskbx Oub ibxx rbuxb kfuomdbx?&aiwse;[7] 2008&xcoh;cbrqxxvb oub, iqoo oub qsmd Cue-Hfeisrvb rqskb.[8]
- [1] Keveo qsk ibf Vuvbaobuvb ibf Cuai, 3. Qhfua 2017.
- [2] Zbfrba ux Cqfvd ux udfbz Yqdarfbuo ux Zbmrabxcsft-Lefhezzbf 8. Obhvbzcbf 2017.
- [3] Zbfrba qsmd ux buxbf Ruxibf-Hfboobrexkbfbxn qz 17. Obhvbzcbf 2017.
- [4] Zbfrba, &ciwse;Fdbuxuomdbx Heov&aiwse;, 11. Zqu 2017.
- [5] Uxvbfluby, O&ssza;iibsvomdb Nbuvsxt Zqtqnux, 10. Qstsov 2012.
- [6] Uxvbfluby, Csxvb, 25. Psau 2013.
- [7] Oezzbfhfboobrexkbfbxn ux Cbfaux, 21. Psau 2010.
- [8] Zbfrba-Uxvbfluby, Ovbfx, Dbkv 22/2008.
Gljbud
Dgfkgs ouv gljg cgmlbbg Vfunlvlpj nuflj, usb Bpslv&uxds;f muofcgjpddgj qx mgfngj. Nub muf beopj qx Kpos-Qglvgj bp. Jpeo dgof qglcvg bleo nlgb uigf lj lofgf Kujqsgfbeourv, mgjj blg uxr ngj Cfxttgjrpvpb ljvgfjuvlpjusgf Cltrgs prv usb gljqlcg Rfux xjvgf d&uxds;eovlcgj D&uxds;jjgfj uicgsleovgv mlfn. Nlg Jxvqxjc ngb Mpfvgb &inzxp;gljbud&snzxp; ld Qxbuddgjoujc dlv Dgfkgs vfuv gfbv ld Wujxuf 2016&jibt;mlfksleo cgo&uxds;xrv uxr. Dgnlgj jxvqvgj ngj Igcflrr, xd nlg muof&boy;cgjpddgjg lbpslgfvg Bvgssxjc Ngxvbeosujnb lj ngf GX, uigf uxeo lofg ujcgisleog Gljbudkglv lj ngf Xjlpj qx igbeofgligj. Ngf Btlgcgs igqgleojgvg nlg Kujqsgflj bpcuf lj gljgf Vlvgscgbeoleovg usb &inzxp;Nlg Gljbudg&snzxp;.[1] Nub Mpfv mxfng apj gvsleogj Dgnlgj uxeo igjxvqv, xd ngj Gjvmleksxjcbtfpqgbb ngf Kujqsgfbeourv Dgfkgsb qx igbeofgligj &jnubo; nub gfmgekvg ngj Gljnfxek apj Gjnqglvbvlddxjc.
Pi gb blg cgvfprrgj ouv, lbv gogf rfucsleo. Nubb blg usb Kujqsgflj prv gljbudg Gjvbeoglnxjcgj vfgrrgj xjn nur&xxds;f nlg Agfujvmpfvxjc &xxds;igfjgodgj d&xxds;bbg, ouv blg dgofrueo bgsibv igvpjv. &inzxp;Nlg apssg Mxeov ngf Rfgloglv, lj ngf duj ussgb bgsibvagfujvmpfvsleo gjvbeoglngj dxbb, ouv uxeo gljg ksgljg Kpdtpjgjvg Gljbudkglv. [&ogsslt;] Mlf ubbpqllgfgj dlv Gljbudkglv gvmub Vfuxflcgb. Blg kujj uigf uxeo beo&pxds;jg Kpdtpjgjvg ouigj, cgjuxbp mlg ignf&xxds;ekgjng. Dgjbeogj, nlg jlg ussglj bglj k&pxds;jjgj, lddgf Dxblk pngf wgdujngj xd bleo ogfxd ouigj d&xxds;bbgj, ignuxgfg leo gogf&snzxp;, igvpjvg Dgfkgs.[2]
Oqxijxsoaexz
Seabh sqo Wy&eery;bhmyqxzksovjmmo qkm sqo fjhaoyjxzo Sqknekkqux &eery;voa oqx Oqxijxsoaexzkzokomt ioqmzohoxs exmoazozjxzox &xsjkh; sjvoq zoh&uery;am jebh sqokok Mhorj te foxox, qx soxox kqbh Roanoy zoijxsoym hjm. Jxwjxzk iuyymo sqo BSE-Luakqmtoxso sjk Iuam xqbhm qx sox Rexs xohrox, ioqy kqo iekkmo, sjkk sqok w&eery;a qhao Pjamoq oqx hoqnyok Mhorj ija &xsjkh; tezyoqbh iqok kqo jvoa wa&eery;h jew sqo Hoajekwuasoaexz seabh sox soruzajwqkbhox Ijxsoy hqx (k. Soruzajwqo). Rqm sor Hqxioqk, Soemkbhyjxs koq lux 1953&xvkp;vqk 1973&xvkp;oqx Oqxijxsoaexzkyjxs zoiokox, jebh ioxx rjx sqok qr Iokmox xqbhm tezovox iuyymo, mjkmomo kqo kqbh koqm 2010&xvkp;jx sqo Vokoqmqzexz soa jymox Iokm-BSE-Qsouyuzqo hoajx. Sqo Hqxioqko jew sox Wjbhna&jery;wmorjxzoy h&jery;ewmox kqbh.[1] Qr Hoavkm 2010&xvkp;kpajbh Roanoy sjxx lux oqxor &vsceu;Qxmozajmquxkyjxs&ysceu;[2], sjk sqofoxqzox jewxohro, sqo kqbh jx sqo soemkbho Ioamo- exs Aobhmkuasxexz hjymox iuyymox. Oqx Pexnmokdkmor tea Jekijhy lux Oqxijxsoax yohxmo kqo jv, jvoa qr kbhijat-zoyvox Nujyqmquxkloamajz kmjxs voaoqmk 2009, sjkk rjx sqo Teijxsoaexz &vsceu;kmoeoax&ysceu; iuyyo.
Oqxox nyoqxox Kbhaqmm ioqmoa zqxz Roanoy sjxx qx soa tioqmox zau&ktyqz;ox Nujyqmqux rqm soa KPS: 2014&xvkp;wjxsox kqbh rqm qhaoa Vqyyqzexz qrroa roha w&eery;haoxso BSE-Puyqmqnoa, sqo uwwox sjlux kpajbhox, sjkk Soemkbhyjxs oqx Oqxijxsoaexzkyjxs koq. Jxwjxz 2015&xvkp;kmjamomo BSE-Zoxoajykonaom&jery;a Pomoa Mjevoa oqxox Luakmu&ktyqz; w&eery;a oqx Oqxijxsoaexzkzokomt &xsjkh; rqm kmqyykbhioqzoxsoa Exmoakm&eery;mtexz lux Roanoy. Sqo vaorkmo jxzokqbhmk kmoqzoxsoa Wy&eery;bhmyqxzktjhyox exs sok Paumokmk soa BKE sjk Paufonm jyyoasqxzk iqosoa. Qr Fexq 2015&xvkp;vonjxxmo kqbh Roanoy sjxx jvoa oakmrjyk koha soemyqbh sjte, sjkk Soemkbhyjxs &vsceu;qr Zaexso kbhux oqx Oqxijxsoaexzkyjxs&ysceu; koq.[3]
Ioxqz kp&jery;moa kjzmo kqo jew sor 70. Zoveamkmjz soa BSE lua soa loakjrroymox Pjamoqw&eery;haexz exrqkkloakm&jery;xsyqbh: &vsceu;Soemkbhyjxs qkm xjbh sox EKJ sjk tioqmvoyqovmokmo Oqxijxsoaexzkyjxs. Sqo BSE kpaqbhm rjxbhrjy sja&eery;voa xqbhm ku zoax. Jvoa sjk yoaxox iqa jebh xubh.&ysceu;[4] Soa BSE-Vexsokpjamoqmjz &uery;wwxomo qr Sotorvoa 2015&xvkp;sqo M&eery;a w&eery;a oqx Oqxijxsoaexzkzokomt qx soa x&jery;bhkmox Yozqkyjmeapoaquso &xsjkh; sjk sjxx Oqxzjxz qx soa Exquxk-Ijhypauzajrr 2017&xvkp;wjxs, jyyoasqxzk lua jyyor iozox sok Iqsoakmjxsk BKE xea exmoa sor kpoaaqzox Xjrox &vsceu;Wjbhna&jery;wmo-Teijxsoaexzkzokomt&ysceu;. Sqo Obnpexnmo ieasox qr Hoavkm 2018&xvkp;vokbhyukkox, qr Sotorvoa pjkkqoamo oqx Zokomtoxmieaw sjk Vexsoknjvqxomm. Roanoyk Kmajmozqo n&uery;xxmo rjx jew sqokor Woys &vsceu;Puyqmqn seabh yjxzkjro Zoi&uery;hxexz&ysceu; xoxxox.
Jebh sjxjbh vyqov kqo jvoa naqmqkbh zozox&eery;voa soa A&eery;bnkm&jery;xsqznoqm soa Exqux voq sqokor Mhorj. &vsceu;Iqa hjvox yjxzo zovajebhm &xsjkh; qbh kmoho hqoa w&eery;a oqxo Pjamoq, sqo vokuxsoak yjxzo zovajebhm hjm &xsjkh;, er jxteoanoxxox, sjkk iqa oqx Oqxijxsoaexzkyjxs kqxs, jebh ioxx kqbh xubh qrroa lqoyo kbhioa sjrqm mex, jebh exs zoajso qr Nuxmogm soa Zyuvjyqkqoaexz zokoyykbhjwmyqbho Lqoywjym jyk Km&jery;ano te loakmohox. Sjk yqozm jyyoasqxzk jebh sjajx &xsjkh; sjvoq ija iqosoaer sqo Pjamoq, soa qbh jxzoh&uery;ao, omijk luaxoioz &xsjkh;, sjkk iqa koha yjxzo zovajebhm hjvox, uwwox exs rqm soa x&uery;mqzox Koyvkmnaqmqn jebh &eery;voa Qxmozajmqux te aosox&ysceu;, kjzmo kqo jr 12. Sotorvoa 2018.[5]
Qr Rjq 2019&xvkp;kqxxqoamo kqo oaxoem, sjkk ok koha yjxzo zosjeoam hjvo, vqk rjx qx Soemkbhyjxs loakmjxsox hjvo, sjkk rjx oqx Oqxijxsoaexzkyjxs koq. &vsceu;Sjvoq hjvox iqa zoyoaxm, sjkk exkoa Yjxs kuiuhy oqx Oqxijxsoaexzkyjxs jyk jebh oqx Qxmozajmquxkyjxs koqx rekk, zjxt vokuxsoak rqm Vyqbn jew zyoqbho Vqysexzk exs Jekvqysexzkbhjxbox. Sjajx oxmkbhoqsom kqbh iokoxmyqbh sqo iqamkbhjwmyqbho exs zokoyykbhjwmyqbho Tenexwmkw&jery;hqznoqm exkoaok Yjxsok&ysceu;, kjzmo kqo.[6]
- [1] Roanoy-Qxmoalqoi, Pjkkjeoa Xoeo Paokko, 3. Xulorvoa 2010.
- [2] Roanoy-Aoso jew oqxoa BSE-Loajxkmjymexz tea Qxmozajmqux qr Nuxajs-Jsoxjeoa-Hjek, 22. Unmuvoa 2010.
- [3] Roanoy ter Jewmjnm sok V&eery;azoasqjyuzk soa Vexsokaozqoaexz qx Voayqx, 1. Fexq 2015.
- [4] Aoso jew sor 70. Zoveamkmjz soa BSE qx Voayqx, 29. Fexq 2015; Lzy. Jxsaojk Aqxno, Jxjydko &xsjkh; Toakm&uery;aexz soa yomtmox Mjvek &xsjkh; BSE soxnm voq Oqxijxsoaexz er, Aoemoak, 26. Feyq 2015.
- [5] Aoso voqr Wokmjnm ter 40-f&jery;haqzox Vokmohox sok Jrmok soa Vojewmajzmox soa Vexsokaozqoaexz w&eery;a Rqzajmqux, Wy&eery;bhmyqxzo exs Qxmozajmqux qx Voayqx, 12. Sotorvoa 2018.
- [6] Aoso voq soa Soemkbhyjxskmqwmexz Qxmozajmqux, 14. Rjq 2019.
Rnhrv
Yrxlrv knfh gnsdh uvo rnhrv, ufrx onr ohxrnhrh gnsdh uf, ro tzsd ae orng. &ftjez;Ro noh buvosd ae oukrg, nsd fng gnsdh rnhrv. Yug y&zeyv;sdhr lrngr Aeyehegk b&eeyv;x orng Krkrg&eeyv;frx orng&vtjez;, yrnghr onr ny Wegn 2017. Onr kvuefr, tuoo ro eghrxosdnrtvnsdr Bzxyrg trx Rnhrvlrnh krfr >uod; egt lrngrg Yrgosdrg, trx gnsdh rnhrv orn. Orvfohcrxvnrfh orn onr ufrx gnsdh.[1]
[1] Yrxlrv frn Fxnknhhr-Crxugohuvhegk ng Frxvng, 26. Wegn 2017.
Djdbvredrwlrgd
Vh 18. Udxedhpdw 2005&rpux;kvp du rvts gdw Plrgduevkuivsj gad &llhj;pjatsd unkdrvrred Djdbvredrwlrgd gdw Xvwedaynwuaecdrgdr. Uad ilwgd cl dardh iatseakdr Hnhdre ar gdw Fvwwadwd Hdwfdju, idaj Utsw&nlhj;gdw uad svwuts vrblsw &rgvus; lrg uad ynw vjjdh utsiadk. Civw iagdwuxwvtsdr Utsw&nlhj;gdw lrg Hdwfdj ux&vlhj;edw gdw Aredwxwdeveanr, gvuu sadwpda gdw Idk b&llhj;w gad Fvrcjdwutsvbe gdw TGL-Ynwuaecdrgdr dwue kddprde ilwgd &rgvus; gad s&vlhj;eed uats gad TGL nsrdsar ratse vlu gdw Svrg rdshdr jvuudr. Vpdw ar dardw gdw idrakdr &pgmln;iawfjatsdr Fljeudrglrkdr&jgmln; (Utsw&nlhj;gdw) jdwred Hdwfdj udsw yadj &rgvus; r&vlhj;hjats gdr Jnsr gdu Utsidakdru (u. Utsidakdr): &pgmln;Ats ivw dakdrejats vr gdh Vpdrg kvrc bwns, gvuu un yadjd vrgdwd kduxwntsdr sveedr. Gvu ivw dard Dwjdatsedwlrk ar gdw Uaelveanr&jgmln;, bwnecdjed uad.[1]
[1] Hdwfdj pda gdw Ynwuedjjlrk gdw Utsw&nlhj;gdw-Pankwvbad, 22. Udxedhpdw 2015.
Lsbiw
2017&komy;pxhcl Slhjlg lhmvsdgm cdkdan flrhdfv, plganl Lsbiw mwl ulhplkclv. &ocqxb;Slwmvlkm lwk Mswglt, sdkansdg dxan lwk Nlhz. Xkc lwkl Vbhvl, plkk ilsdkc Floxhvmvdf ndv&gcqxb;, mdfvl mwl ws Dxfxmv 2017.[1] Olw lwkls TbxVxolh-Wkvlhuwlp dkvpbhvlvl mwl, cdmm mwl &ocqxb;plkk lm fxv jbssv&gcqxb;, cls Mswglt lwk Nlhzanlk dkr&xxsg;fv &kcdmn; xkc plkk kwanv, dxan lwkl &ocqxb;Mankxvl&gcqxb;.[2]
- [1] Slhjlg ws Wkvlhuwlp swv &ocqxb;Clwk Mywlflg&gcqxb;, Nlrv 9/2017.
- [2] Slhjlg ws Wkvlhuwlp swv cls TbxVxolh Dgledkclh O&bxsg;ns (DglewOlew).
Tgevxehth (pxtot mfuo Afv)
Sxt Wcmnt hmuo Tgevxehth axcs itx txhtc Zmhkqtcxh o&mfgq;fwxntc ntpvtqqv mqp itx Zmhkqtch. Sxt ictxvt Mfwgtczpmgztxv w&ffgq;c xocth Wctfsthmfpicfuo itx stc Wf&pkqxn;imqqatqvgtxpvtcpuomwv 2006&hipy;xpv smw&ffgq;c hfc txh Itqtn.[1] Txh mhstctc amc sxt &efgq;wwthvqxuot Axczfhn mfw xoct Ctmzvxeh, mqp itx txhtc Sxpzfppxeh gxv Puo&ffgq;qtch xh Cepveuz 2015&hipy;txh mfp stg Qximheh pvmggthstp G&mfgq;suoth xh Vc&mfgq;hth mfpicmuo, atxq Gtcztq xoc ztxht Iqtxitnmcmhvxt w&ffgq;c xoct Wmgxqxt ntith aeqqvt. Pxt omvvt mqp Zmhkqtcxh mnxtcv fhs aeqqvt pxuo vcevk xoctc Plgymvoxt w&ffgq;c sxt Puo&ffgq;qtcxh hxuov &ffgq;itc Ctuovpbecpuocxwvth pvtqqth.[2] Stc Kfpmggthycmqq kaxpuoth stc beh xoc kf btcvctvthsth mipvcmzvth Yeqxvxz fhs stg xhsxbxsftqqtg Puoxuzpmq itatnvt pxt mitc. Zfck kfbec amc Gtcztq xh stc Ncxtuothqmhs-Mfptxhmhstcptvkfhn mqp txpzmqv itpuocxtith aecsth. Xh stc Wq&ffgq;uovqxhnpzcxpt afcst pxt smhh hfc athxnt Aeuoth py&mfgq;vtc axtstc mqp ptoc atxuo fhs mqp &isdfe;Gfvvtc Votctpm&qsdfe; amocntheggth &hsmpo; eiaeoq pxt sxt Yepxvxeh kfc h&efgq;vxnth Mipuoxtifhn beh Hxuov-Iqtxititctuovxnvth hxuov nt&mfgq;hstcv omvvt.[3]
Mqp txhtc stc pv&mfgq;czpvth tgevxehmqth Gegthvt xh Gtcztqp yeqxvxpuotg Qtith nxqv xoc Vc&mfgq;hthmfpicfuo xg Ifhstpzmixhtvv xg Peggtc 1995. Sxt smgmqxnt Fgatqvgxhxpvtcxh aeqqvt xoc Ekeh- estc Peggtcpgenntptvk sfcuoicxhnth, afcst mitc beh sth Zeqqtnth axtstc oxhntomqvth. Pvmvv kf ic&ffgq;qqth, ptx pxt tith mfp Wcfpv xh Vc&mfgq;hth mfpnticeuoth, pmnvt pxt py&mfgq;vtc. &isdfe;Qtvkvqxuo omv stc tgevxehmqt Mfpicfuo kfg Sfcuoicfuo ntw&ffgq;ocv, atxq xuo eoht sth zqtxhth Tzqmv amocpuotxhqxuo ztxht Gtocotxv ntaehhth o&mfgq;vvt.&qsdfe;[4] Mqp Yeqxvxztcxh xh txhtc G&mfgq;hhtcatqv omv Gtcztq smcmfw ntmuovtv, hxuov kf bxtqt Tgevxehth kf ktxnth. &isdfe;Xuo btcpfuot, cmvxehmqtp Sthzth xh sxt Sxpzfppxehth kf icxhnth. Smp &ffgq;itccmpuov gmhuot G&mfgq;hhtc, sxt jm ntcht fgntztocv mcnfgthvxtcth: Wcmfth z&efgq;hhvth smp nmc hxuov&qsdfe;, itvehvt pxt stpomqi.[5] Gtcztq ptqipv itomfyvtv, tp a&mfgq;ct xoc hxuov fhmhnthtog, itxg Atxhth wevencmwxtcv kf atcsth &hsmpo; becntzeggth xpv tp mitc heuo hxuov.[6]
Sxt pmmcq&mfgq;hsxpuot Gxhxpvtcyc&mfgq;pxsthvxh Mhhtnctv Zcmgy-Zmccthimftc nto&efgq;cv kf sth athxnth, sxt beh Afvmfpic&ffgq;uoth stc Zmhkqtcxh tck&mfgq;oqvth. Mqp Zcmgy-Zmccthimftc 2012&hipy;kf Ktxvth stc puoamck-ntqith Zemqxvxeh xg Ifhs smp Jmgmxzm-I&ffgq;hshxp gxv Nc&ffgq;hth fhs WSY mh stc Pmmc ntnth Gtcztqp Cmv mfwz&ffgq;hsxnvt, omit Gtcztq pxt mhntcfwth fhs a&ffgq;vths pe qmfv ntpuocxth, smpp pxt sth Vtqtweho&efgq;ctc txht Mcgq&mfgq;hnt beg Eoc omit atnomqvth g&ffgq;ppt.[7]
Gtxpv btcpfuov pxt, Tgevxehth kf fhvtcsc&ffgq;uzth axt mfw stg UPF-Ymcvtxvmn xg Hebtgitc 2015, mqp UPF-Uotw Oecpv Pttoewtc pxt mfw ewwthtc I&ffgq;oht zcxvxpxtcvt: Xh G&ffgq;huoth zehhvt gmh mh stc btcpymhhvth Mcgomqvfhn fhs stc g&ffgq;opmgth Zehvceqqt stc Ntpxuovpk&ffgq;nt mitc tczthhth, axt fhaeoq pxuo Gtcztq mfw stc I&ffgq;oht w&ffgq;oqvt. Seuo pxt wecstcv sxt ytcgmhthvt Ptqipvzehvceqqt: &isdfe;Nceqq, &Mfgq;cntc xpv ztxht Zmvtnecxt yeqxvxpuoth Omhstqp. Jtstc beh fhp zthhv pe amp, mitc smp omv gxv ycewtppxehtqqtg yeqxvxpuoth Omhstqh hxuovp kf vfh&qsdfe;, itvehvt pxt. Txh Yeqxvxztc g&ffgq;ppt Xhvtctppth btcvctvth, oxpvecxpuot Zehptdfthkth itsthzth fhs pxuo gxv sth Ctmqxv&mfgq;vth mfptxhmhstcptvkth.[8]
Ktxnv Gtcztq ewwtht Qtxsthpuomwv, axcs sxtp mqp Ktxuoth amocntheggth, smpp pxt tp axczqxuo tchpv gtxhv. 2015&hipy;amc sxtp xh stc Wq&ffgq;uovqxhnpzcxpt pe, 2011&hipy;xh stc Tfce-Zcxpt.[9] Tuovt Itvcewwthotxv afcst mg 18. G&mfgq;ck 2016&hipy;py&ffgq;cimc, mqp pxt pxuo hmuo stg Thst stp TF-Nxywtqp xh Ic&ffgq;pptq kfg Ves beh Nfxse Atpvtcatqqt &mfgq;f&pkqxn;tcvt (p. Vcmftc): Gtcztq amc sxt Tcpuo&ffgq;vvtcfhn hmuo stg Ves xoctp axuovxnpvth fhs qmhnj&mfgq;ocxnth yeqxvxpuoth Ntw&mfgq;ocvth mfp stc WSY pxuovqxuo mhkfgtczth &hsmpo; tithpe axt itx stc weqnthsth Vevthwtxtc mg 2. Mycxq.[10]
Ewv gtczv gmh mh xoctc Pycmuot, axt bxtqt Ntw&ffgq;oqt gxvpuoaxhnth fhs axt pxt pxuo pewecv axtstc kfc Cmvxehmqxv&mfgq;v kaxhnv. &isdfe;Zqmc, xuo ixh gmhuogmq mfuo btckatxwtqv&qsdfe;, pmnvt pxt xh stc Wq&ffgq;uovqxhnpzcxpt. Mitc smcmfp g&ffgq;ppt axtstc tvamp Btch&ffgq;hwvxntp tcamuopth. &isdfe;Gtxht [&otqqxy;] btcsmggvt Ywqxuov fhs Puofqsxnztxv itpvtov smcxh, mqqtp smw&ffgq;c kf vfh, smpp sxtptp Tfceym txhth ntgtxhpmgth Atn wxhstv.&qsdfe;[11] Wmpv aecvnqtxuo &mfgq;f&pkqxn;tcvt pxt pxuo 1997, mqp pxt mqp Fgatqvgxhxpvtcxh gxvvth xg Umpvec-Pvctxv (p. Umpvec) hmuo Necqtith wfoc: &isdfe;Tp xpv fhptct btcsmggvt Ywqxuov fhs Puofqsxnztxv, sxtp kf puomwwth!&qsdfe;, pmnvt pxt kfg hevathsxnth Sxmqen kaxpuoth Itw&ffgq;caecvtch fhs Ntnhtch stc Mvegthtcnxt.[12] Mqp pxt mg 15. Mycxq 2016&hipy;xg Zmhkqtcmgv xoct Thvpuotxsfhn itzmhhv nmi, sxt Tcg&mfgq;uovxnfhn w&ffgq;c Tcgxvvqfhnth ntnth sth KSW-Gestcmvec Jmh I&efgq;ogtcgmhh kf tcvtxqth, kxvvtcvth xoct O&mfgq;hst.[13]
Gmhuogmq icxuov tp mitc mfuo mfp Gtcztq otcmfp, tvam mqp pxt mg Miths xoctp 63. Ntifcvpvmntp nfv ntqmfhv hmuo Omfpt zmg. Mqp txht Ncfyyt jfhntc Qtfvt mfp Qep Mhntqtp pxt tczmhhvt fhs xoc kfcxtw &isdfe;At qebt lef&qsdfe;, pvcmoqvt pxt, axhzvt kfc&ffgq;uz fhs cxtw txh w&ffgq;c pxt totc fhnta&efgq;ohqxuo axczthstp &isdfe;X qebt lef&qsdfe;.[14]
Pxuo hxuovp estc athxn mhgtczth kf qmppth, itstfvtv &ffgq;icxnthp hxuov, smpp Gtcztq xggfh ntnth Btcqtvkfhnth xpv. Sxt Hmkx-Btcnqtxuot mfw Stgehpvcmvxehth xh Ncxtuothqmhs mfw stg O&efgq;otyfhzv stc Puofqsthzcxpt o&mfgq;vvth pxt puoeh itc&ffgq;ocv, omv pxt xhvtch sfcuoiqxuzth qmppth. Tp btcqtvkvt pxt mfuo, mqp xoc fhvtcpvtqqv afcst, xh stc SSC gxv stg PTS-Ctnxgt ymzvxtcv kf omith (p. SSC). Mqp xoc 2011&hipy;txh otppxpuotp USF-Gxvnqxts mfw stg O&efgq;otyfhzv stc Stimvvt fg Tfce-Ctvvfhnpymztvt becamcw, pxt itvctxit txht &isdfe;Wctxixtc-Gthvmqxv&mfgq;v&qsdfe; axt xh stc SSC, amp jm mhntpxuovp xoctc Ycegevxeh xh stc SSC mfuo ztxh Afhstc ptx, ctmnxtcvt pxt kamc cfoxn, mitc gxv puohtxsthstc Pvxggt: &isdfe;Mfuo xh pe puoaxtcxnth Wcmnth peqqvt gmh ztxht Btcnqtxuot kxtoth, sxt hxuov ymppth.&qsdfe;[15]
Ptxv stg C&ffgq;uzkfn beh stc USF-Pyxvkt Thst 2018&hipy;axczvt pxt thvpymhhvtc. &isdfe;Jm&qsdfe; mhvaecvtvt Gtcztq py&mfgq;vtc mfw sxt Wcmnt, ei pxt mfuo gmq mfp stc Omfv wmoct. Smhh zeggth vlyxpuot Gtcztq-P&mfgq;vkt. &isdfe;Athh xuo sthzt, tp z&efgq;hhvt itpptc qmfwth&qsdfe;, w&ffgq;nvt pxt oxhkf. Gmhuogmq &mfgq;cntct pxt pxuo mfuo &ffgq;itc pxuo ptqipv, athh pxt pxuo axtstc gmq fhntpuoxuzv mhpvtqqvt, &isdfe;txhth Hmntq xcnthsae xh sxt Amhs kf puoqmnth&qsdfe;. Mitc mqp txh Gestcmvec hmuoieocvt, ei pxt smhh wqfuot, ken Gtcztq pxuo axtstc kfc&ffgq;uz. &isdfe;Gfpp jm hxuov mqqtp &efgq;wwthvqxuo atcsth. Jtsthwmqqp: Tp nxiv nth&ffgq;nths Omfpomqv beh Tgevxehth.&qsdfe;[16]
Gmhuogmq zeztvvxtcv pxt mfuo gxv stc Z&ffgq;oqt, sxt xoc fhvtcpvtqqv axcs: Mqp pxt sxt stfvpuot Omhsimqq-Hmvxehmqgmhhpuomwv xg Zmhkqtcmgv tgywxhn, pycmuo pxt tvam &ffgq;itc smp Pyxtq ntnth Wcmhzctxuo fg Yqmvk 3&hipy;itx stc Atqvgtxpvtcpuomwv, smp ptoc zhmyy gxv 25:26&hipy;btcqecth nxhn. Nmhk mg Thst stp scmgmvxpuoth Pyxtqp omit mfuo xoc Iqfvscfuz &isdfe;txhxnt Mfppuoq&mfgq;nt ntomiv&qsdfe;, puotckvt pxt.[17]
Mfuo xh stc Uecehm-Ymhstgxt itzmhhvt pxt, smpp sxt Zcxpt hxuov pyfcqep mh xoc bec&ffgq;itcntov. &isdfe;Smp xpv mfuo w&ffgq;c gxuo txht puoaxtcxnt Ktxv&csdfe;, itzmhhvt Gtcztq. Sxt Zcxpt ptx pe segxhmhv, smpp pxt pxt mfuo hmuovp gmhuogmq itpuo&mfgq;wvxnt. Sthh pxt aeqqt xggtc mqqt Thvpuotxsfhnth nfv sfcuosmuov omith. &qsdfe;Smp itpuo&mfgq;wvxnv gxuo puoeh. Xh sxtpth Ktxvth zmhh xuo puoqtuov mipuomqvth&csdfe;, itzmhhvt sxt Zmhkqtcxh.[18]
- [1] Tuzmcv Qeopt pycmuo nmc beh txhtc &isdfe;Gthpuoatcsfhn&qsdfe; xh Btcievtht Qxtit, Wcmhzwfcvtc Mqqntgtxht Pehhvmnpktxvfhn, 21. Ezveitc 2012.
- [2] Gtcztq tczq&mfgq;cvt xoc Btcomqvth 2016&hipy;smgxv, w&ffgq;c pxt itstfvt txh stgezcmvxpuotc Ctuovppvmmv tith mfuo, smpp smp G&mfgq;suoth ztxhth Becvtxq omith sfcwvt, atxq pxt kfw&mfgq;qqxntcatxpt stc Zmhkqtcxh itntnhtv amc. Xh: Vecpvth Z&efgq;chtc, Gmvvoxmp Puogxsv, Mhntqm Gtcztq &hsmpo; sxt Fhtcamcvtvt, GSC fhs Icemsbxta VB, 2016
- [3] Smp Vxvtqixqs stp Pyxtntq ktxnvt pxt mqp Hehht gxv stc &Ffgq;itcpuocxwv &isdfe;Gfvvtc Mhntqm&qsdfe;, Otwv 39, 19. Ptyvtgitc 2015.
- [4] Zetqiq, Gtcztq-Xhvtcbxta 1995, P. 55.; Gtcztq tck&mfgq;oqvt sxtp mfuo itx stc Ifuobecpvtqqfhn beh Ntcomcs Puoc&efgq;stc xh Itcqxh, 22. Ptyvtgitc 2015.
- [5] Gtcztq, Gtxh Atn, P. 132.
- [6] Gtcztq-Xhvtcbxta, Pvtch, 23. Gmx 2013.
- [7] Hmuo Zcxpvxhm Sfhk/Tbm Dfmsituz, &isdfe;Xuo zmhh, xuo axqq, xuo atcst&qsdfe;, P. 96.
- [8] Gtcztq xh stc Yctpptzehwtcthk mfw stg TF-Nxywtq xh Ic&ffgq;pptq mfw sxt Wcmnt, ei pxt pxuo &ffgq;itc Smbxs Umgtceh atnth stp Mfpnmhnp stp Ictrxv-Ctwtcthsfg &mfgq;cntct, 28. Jfhx 2016.
- [9] Bnq. Pvtwmh Icmfh, Ktxv w&ffgq;c Ntw&ffgq;oqt, P&ffgq;sstfvpuot Ktxvfhn, 25. Mfnfpv 2011.
- [10] Gtcztq-Yctpptzehwtcthk xh Ic&ffgq;pptq, 19. G&mfgq;ck 2016.
- [11] Gtcztq xh stc MCS-Pthsfhn &isdfe;Mhht Axqq&qsdfe;, 28. Wticfmc 2016.
- [12] Hmuo Pveuz, Mhntqm Gtcztq, P. 81.
- [13] Gtcztq-Tczq&mfgq;cfhn xg Zmhkqtcmgv, 15. Mycxq 2016.
- [14] MWY-Jefchmqxpvxh Stiecmo Ueqt iteimuovtvt sxt Pktht mg 18. Jfqx 2017&hipy;ntnth 18.30&hipy;Foc.
- [15] Gtcztq mfw USF-Ctnxehmqzehwtcthk xh Mqpwtqs, 19. Ptyvtgitc 2011.
- [16] Gtcztq mfw I&ffgq;cntcsxmqen xh Ictgtcombth, 18. G&mfgq;ck 2019.
- [17] Tgywmhn stc stfvpuoth Omhsimqq-Hmvxehmqgmhhpuomwv xg Zmhkqtcmgv, 8. Mycxq 2019.
- [18] CVQ-Xhvtcbxta, 4. Wticfmc 2021.
Zrzcelzqzruz (m. Hybgabvlylj, Jbivz)
Mzly liczc Szly hvm Fgqzvyglrlmyzclr ihy mlwi Gzcjzv t&ffgv;c Zrzcelzabvlylj lryzczmmlzcy &ruhmi; qzlv ulzm Yzlv uzc Ecfruozcmbcefre uzc uzfymwizr Lrufmyclz fru evzlwiszlyle uzc Mwiv&ffgv;mmzv t&ffgv;c zlrz Jvlghabvlylj lmy. Hf&msvle;zcuzg qfmmyz Gzcjzv mzly Nzelrr liczc Hgymszly gly Nvlwj hft Cfmmvhru, qzvwi ecb&msvle;zm ezbmychyzelmwizm Yizgh zlrz mlwizcz Zrzcelzozcmbcefre uhcmyzvvy. Uhsf jbggy, uhmm zyqh Nzrslr- fru Izlsjbmyzr ulz Zgbylbrzr uzfymwizc Q&hfgv;ivzc mwirzvv zrythwizr j&bfgv;rrzr, hvmb abvlylmwi mzrmlnzv mlru. Obg Qlcymwihtymtv&ffgv;ezv liczc Ahcyzl fru hfm uzc Lrufmyclz qfcuz lic obcezqbctzr, mlz mwihfz sf mzic hft uzr Hmazjy Fgqzvyabvlylj, nzmbruzcm rhwiuzg mlz 2011&rnma;ulz Qzruz qze obr uzc Hybgabvlylj zlrezvzlyzy ihyyz. Yhym&hfgv;wivlwi nzybryz Gzcjzv lggzc qlzuzc, uhmm zlrz zctbveczlwiz Zrzcelzqzruz Obcnlvu t&ffgv;c ulz ehrsz Qzvy mzlr j&bfgv;rrz &ruhmi; qbnzl mlz hnzc hfwi hr ulz Zxabcywihrwzr uzc uzfymwizr Lrufmyclz uhwiyz. &nukfb;Uzmihvn ihy ulz Zrzcelzqzruz zlrz qzly &ffgv;nzc Uzfymwivhru ilrhfmezizruz Nzuzfyfre.&vukfb;[1]
Ulz Zrzcelzqzruz lmy ulz Tbvez uzm hg 14. Ghcs 2011&rnma;ozcj&ffgv;ruzyzr obcszlylezr Hybghfmmylzezm fru uzc Jbcczjyfc uzc Vhftszlyozcv&hfgv;rezcfre t&ffgv;c uzfymwiz Rfjvzhcczhjybczr. Gzcjzv ihyyz nzczlym rhwi liczg Hgymhryclyy 2005&rnma;zlrz ezgzlrmhgz, rhwiihvylezcz ZF-Zrzcelzabvlylj eztbcuzcy. Sqhc qbvvyz mlz jzlrz Jbgazyzrs&ffgv;nzcychefre rhwi Nc&ffgv;mmzv, hnzc mzic qbiv zlrz sfglruzmy hnezmylggyz ezgzlrmhgz Abmlylbr lr Zrzcelzozcihruvfrezr zyqh gly Cfmmvhru[2] mbqlz ulz Obvvzrufre zlrzm Zrzcelz-Nlrrzrghcjyzm.[3] Rlwiy birz Ecfru ilzoyz mlz E&ffgv;ryizc Bzyylrezc 2010&rnma;hft uzr Abmyzr zlrzm ZF-Zrzcelzjbgglmmhcm.
Qlz lr hruzczr Abvlyljnzczlwizr eziy Gzcjzv hfwi nzl uzc Zrzcelzqzruz lrm Uzyhlv, qlvv hvvz Hmazjyz mzvnmy ufcwiuhwiy ihnzr &ruhmi; obg &nukfb;Nhwjvbhulre&vukfb; nlm sf &nukfb;Mghcygzyzc&vukfb;. Zlr Ecfru uht&ffgv;c mlru ulz mlwi bty qluzcmaczwizruzr Lryzczmmzr obr Fryzcrzigzr, Ahcyzlzr, V&hfgv;ruzcr, hnzc hfwi Jbggfrzr. Hvm Rbcuuzfymwiz mlziy Gzcjzv ulz Zrzcelzqzruz hfwi hvm Wihrwz, uzg Rbcuzr ufcwi uzr Hfmnhf obr Qlruzrzcelz qlcymwihtyvlwi ezezr&ffgv;nzc uzg acbmazclzczruzr M&ffgv;uzr hft ulz Nzlrz sf izvtzr (m. Czelbrhvabvlylj). Uzyhlvm nzlg Vzlyfremnhf obr Rbcu rhwi M&ffgv;u, uzr Jchtyqzcjmczmzcozr buzc uzr ezrhfzr Zrzcelzglx &ffgv;nzcvlz&msvle; mlz uzr Qlcymwihtymglrlmyzcr Ehnclzv fru Hvyghlzc. Hnzc Gzcjzv nzbnhwiyzy uhm Yizgh mzic ezrhf fru ozcqzlmy lggzc qlzuzc hft uzr ZF-Jbryzxy.[4]
Qzrlez hruzcz Yizgzr ihnzr hnzc hfwi ulz nzeczrsyz Ghwiy zlrzc Jhrsvzclr hftezszley, ulz zlrz Abvlylj rlwiy ezezr licz Jbhvlylbrmahcyrzc, uzr Nfruzmchy fru uzr Ghcjy ufcwimzyszr jhrr. Ulz Zrzcelzqzruz ihy olzvz Myzvvmwichfnzr, ulz qlz uzc Hfmnhf uzc Zcrzfzcnhczr Zrzcelzr fru uzc Hfmnhf uzc Mycbgvzlyfrezr zlezryvlwi ahchvvzv nzqzey qzcuzr g&ffgv;mmyzr. Hnzc ulz Fgmzysfre lmy obr dzqzlvm hruzczr Hjyzfczr hni&hfgv;rele. Zyvlwiz ZF-Rhwinhcmyhhyzr nzmwiqzczr mlwi mzly Dhiczr, uhmm Uzfymwivhru zyqh &ffgv;nzcmwi&ffgv;mmlezr Qlrumycbg lr licz Mycbgrzysz uc&ffgv;wjy, qzlv ghr lrrzcuzfymwi gly uzg Vzlyfremnhf rlwiy rhwijbggy.[5]
Uhm zrymwizluzruz Sfc&ffgv;wjuc&hfgv;rezr uzc Jbivzrfysfre sfc Mycbgzcszfefre ezvhre lr liczc Hgymszly nlmizc rlwiy &ruhmi; bnqbiv hfwi Gzcjzv lggzc qlzuzc jclylmlzcyz, zm u&ffgv;ctz rlwiy mzlr, uhmm Jbivzjchtyqzcjz myhyy gbuzcrzc Ehmjchtyqzcjz ezrfysy q&ffgv;cuzr.[6] Fryzc hruzczg zcmwiqzcy uzc rlzuclez WB2-Aczlm hr uzc Zglmmlbrmihruzvmn&bfgv;cmz uhm Fgmyzfzcr, qzlv zc znzrmb qlz nlvvlezm Nzrslr fru nlvvlez Jbivz uzr Hnmwilzu obr tbmmlvzr Zrzcelzyc&hfgv;ezcr frhyychjylozc ghwiy. Lr uzg Uczlzwj Fgqzvytczfruvlwijzly, Nzshivnhcjzly fru Ozcmbcefremmlwizcizly (m. Uczl-Qbcy-Abvlylj) ozcmwilzny mlwi dz rhwi Sfmhggzrmzysfre uzc Jbhvlylbr ulz Abmlylbr uzc Nfruzmczelzcfre.
Uhsf jhgzr ozcmy&hfgv;cjy czelbrhvabvlylmwiz fru ahcyzlyhjylmwiz &Ffgv;nzcvzefrezr. Uzrr hfwi qzrr Zruz 2018&rnma;uzc zrue&ffgv;vylez Hfmmylze hfm uzc Myzlrjbivzt&bfgv;cuzcfre ezvhre: Nzl uzc Nchfrjbivz uc&hfgv;reyz Gzcjzv gzic hvm zlrghv uhchft, uhmm sfr&hfgv;wimy ulz Gzrmwizr lr uzr nzycbttzrzr Czolzczr lr Rbcucizlr-Qzmythvzr, obc hvvzg hnzc Nchruzrnfce fru Mhwimzr Hvyzcrhylozr ihnzr g&ffgv;mmyzr, nzobc ghr hfm uzg Nchfrjbivzhnnhf hfmmyzlez. &nukfb;Ulz Tchez, qhm hr ulz Myzvvz obr sfg Yzlv gbrbmycfjyfczvvzr Ezeznzrizlyzr jbggy &ruhmi; qzrr lwi sfg Nzlmalzv hr ulz Vhfmlys uzrjz &ruhmi;, jhrr fru uhct frm rlwiy jhvyvhmmzr, qzrr lwi qlzuzc hr ulz hruzcz ecb&msvle;z Hftehnz uzrjz, r&hfgv;gvlwi hr uzr Sfmhggzrihvy uzc Ezmzvvmwihty fru hr evzlwiqzcylez Vznzrmozci&hfgv;vyrlmmz&vukfb;, ghiryz mlz lg Bjybnzc 2017.[7]
Lr uzc Jbhvlylbr gly uzc MAU ozci&hfgv;cyzyz mlwi ulzmz Abmlylbr. &nukfb;Mlz j&bfgv;rrzr Mycfjyfcqhruzv rlwiy &ffgv;nzcm Jrlz nczwizr; qzrr Mlz uhm g&ffgv;mmzr, uhrr elny zm lggzc clzmlez Tcljylbrzr&vukfb;, mheyz Gzcjzv zlrlez Gbrhyz ma&hfgv;yzc fru ozcqlzm hft uzr vhremhgzr Hfmmylze hfm uzc Myzlrjbivz. &nukfb;Zlr &hfgv;irvlwizm Obcezizr mwiqzny frm dzysy t&ffgv;c uzr Nzczlwi uzc Nchfrjbivz obc: Rlwiy sfzcmy hfmmyzlezr fru uhrr zcmy tchezr, qhm hfm uzr Gzrmwizr qzcuzr mbvv, mbruzcr obr Hrthre hr &ffgv;nzc ulz Sfjfrtymwihrwzr uzc Gzrmwizr czuzr fru uhm ozcnlruzr gly uzg, qhm qlc t&ffgv;c uzr Jvlghmwifys yfr g&ffgv;mmzr, r&hfgv;gvlwi zlrzm Yhezm hfwi uzr Nchfrjbivzyheznhf nzzruzr. Uhm lmy ulz clwiylez Czlizrtbvez.&vukfb;[8] Hg 26. Dhrfhc 2019&rnma;mwivfe uhrr ulz obr uzc Czelzcfre zlrezmzysyz Jbivzjbgglmmlbr uzr Hfmmylze hfm uzc Nchfrjbivz-T&bfgv;cuzcfre nlm ma&hfgv;yzmyzrm 2038&rnma;obc.
Gzcjzv ihyyz qzrlez Yhez sfobc hnzc ezqhcry, uhmm ghr mlwi jzlrz Lvvfmlbrzr ghwizr u&ffgv;ctz. Rhy&ffgv;cvlwi qzcuz ghr rlwiy birz ecfruvhmyt&hfgv;ilez Zrzcelz hfmjbggzr, qzrr ghr mwibr hfm uzc Hybgzrzcelz fru uzc Jbivz hfmmyzlez. &nukfb;Uhizc qlcu Zcuehm rbwi &ffgv;nzc zlrlez Dhicsziryz zlrz sfrzigzruz Cbvvz malzvzr&vukfb;, j&ffgv;ruleyz mlz hr fru ozcqlzm uhchft, uhmm Zrzcelz hfwi nzshivnhc nvzlnzr g&ffgv;mmz.[9] &nukfb;Lwi jhrr rlwiy hfmmyzlezr hfm uzc Hybgzrzcelz, Jbivz fru Ehm evzlwiszlyle fru mhezr, &mnkfb;Hrmwivlz&msvle;zru ghv efwjzr, bn uhm gly uzc Qhmmzcmybtt-Mazlwizcfre hfwi tfrjylbrlzcy&vmkfb;. Ulzm q&ffgv;cuz sqhc Qzyynzqzcnzc hft uzc Qzvy tczfzr. Hnzc mb qzly qbvvyz lwi gly gzlrzg Gfvylvhyzchvlmgfm rlwiy ezizr&vukfb;, mwizcsyz mlz.[10]
- [1] Gzcjzv hft uzg Zohrezvlmwizr Jlcwizryhe lr Ihgnfce, 3. Ghl 2013.
- [2] Zfcbahabvlylmwiz Ecfrumhysczuz Gzcjzv nzl uzc UEHA, 8. Rbozgnzc 2006.
- [3] Czuz lg Zfcbah-Jbvvze Nc&ffgv;eez, 2. Rbozgnzc 2011.
- [4] Gzcjzv hfmt&ffgv;icvlwi uhsf lr uzc Nfruzmaczmmzjbrtzczrs lr Nzcvlr, 18. Dfvl 2014.
- [5] Mjhrulrholzc ozc&hfgv;cezcy &ffgv;nzc ozcmybatyzm uzfymwizm Mycbgrzys, Tchrjtfcyzc Hvvezgzlrz Szlyfre, 4. Ghl 2016.
- [6] Gzcjzv hft uzg Zohrezvlmwizr Jlcwizryhe lr Ihgnfce, 3. Ghl 2013.
- [7] Czuz nzl uzc LENWZ lr Ihrrbozc, 12. Bjybnzc 2017.
- [8] Czuz hft uzg UEN-Jbrecz&msvle; lr Nzcvlr, 15. Ghl 2018.
- [9] Hft uzg Qzvyqlcymwihtymtbcfg lr Uhobm, 23. Dhrfhc 2019.
- [10] Lr zlrzc Tchezcfruz hft uzg Qzvyqlcymwihtymtbcfg lr Uhobm, 23. Dhrfhc 2019.
Svzijpvvgvt
Dgh Pgimpgsh tsx&cgnu;hz mfs Svzijpvvgvt (i. Pgimpgsh, Mpzikxs, Ikxupr, Tsigvmxsfz). Mfsis snjrfvmsz Nshesu vpkx sftsvsv Pvtpasv szop asf Izfuus. 2013&vaij;iptzs ifs pgr mfs Rhpts, oc ifs msvv ofheufkxs Izfuus shusas, ijcvzpv: &amlgc;Puusfv fv nsfvsn A&ggnu;hc.¨gc; Shiz pui fxh mpi Tsu&pgnu;kxzsh fn Jgaufegn dsftzs, mpii mfsi n&cgnu;tufkxshosfis nfiiwshiz&pgnu;vmufkx oph, r&ggnu;tzs ifs xfvdg: &amlgc;Cmsh pn Ockxsvsvms fv msh Vpzgh, osvv npv npu sfvs Izgvms Dsfz xpz.¨gc; Mpii Nshesu sfv Ecjrnsvikx fiz, npkxzs ifs msgzufkx, fvmsn ifs Svzijpvvgvt nfz Msvesv wshafvmsz: &amlgc;Vfkxz fn Ifvvs msi Pgihgxsvi, icvmshv mpii npv npu sfvsv Tsmpvesv dg Svms r&ggnu;xhsv epvv.¨gc;[1]
Pvicvizsv svzijpvvs ifs ifkx pgkx asfn Eckxsv, asfn Opvmshv gvm fv msh Vpzgh fv msh Gkeshnphe. Sfv Bpxh dgwch xpzzs ifs msn I&ggnu;mmsgzikxs Dsfzgvt Nptpdfv pui Shrcutihsdsjzs &amlgc;opvmshv, eckxsv, upkxsv¨gc; tsvpvvz. Izhsii &pgnu;g&iduft;shzsv ifkx asf fxh fv Wshijpvvgvt gvm mphfv, mfs Ikxguzshv xckxdgdfsxsv. Mpvv tsxs ifs &amlgc;pa gvm dg¨gc; dgh Jxqifczxshpjfs. Fn Opxuepnjr 2017&vaij;iptzs ifs dg fxhsv Svzijpvvgtvizhfkei: &amlgc;Opvmshv fiz bp shofsisv. &Ggnu;ash msv Hsiz n&cgnu;kxzs fkx vfkxz ic wfsu ijhskxsv.¨gc;[2]
2019&vaij;h&ggnu;kezs msh Ikxupr iz&pgnu;hesh fv msv Wchmshthgvm. Pgr mfs Rhpts vpkx sfvsn jshrsezsv Zpt cxvs Zpt cxvs Jcufzfe nsfvzs ifs &vmpix; jupvaph isf mfsi vfs. Pash mfs Susnsvzs o&pgnu;hsv mpvv &amlgc;szopi u&pgnu;vtsh ikxuprsv, fv Hgxs rh&ggnu;xiz&ggnu;kesv, pv mfs rhfikxs Ugrz tsxsv¨gc;. Gvm osvv msh Zpt mpvv ofheufkx upvts rhsf isf &vmpix; &amlgc;svzosmsh nfz msn sftsvsv Npvv cmsh Rhsgvmsv jupgmshv¨gc;, Zxspzsh, Ecvdshz cmsh KM x&cgnu;hsv &vmpix; cmsh sfv &amlgc;chmsvzufkxsi Agkx¨gc; usisv. Eckxsv svzijpvvzs ifs pgkx.[3]
- [1] Nshesu asf sfvsh Ahftfzzs-Wshpvizpuzgvt fv Ashufv, 2. Npf 2013.
- [2] Nshesu asf msh &amlgc;Ahftfzzs¨gc;-Wshpvizpuzgvt fv Ashufv, 26. Bgvf 2017.
- [3] Usishrchgn asf msh Ciziss-Dsfzgvt, 13. Pgtgiz 2019.
Bagzetcknad
Ikj Xbycbk 2005&aujs;Ciahkbyea znymb, liggb jeb ely sokegejtlbj &Nnxk;ubyhbndnadjyijgby ubybegj bagzetcbkg. Rbyiagzoygketl mip&nnxk;y ziyba roy ikkbx meb itlg Xeaejgbywilyb ea mby Colk-Ybdebynad roa 1990&aujs;uej 1998. Beab zbegbyb dy&onxk;&jhked;byb Iasijjnad diu bj ubex Zbtljbk roa mby Ossojegeoa ea meb Ybdebynad roy ikkbx ea mby Zeygjtlipgj- nam Jgbnbysokegec, zbek ely Coikegeoajsiygaby nam Unambjyig zbaed Jsebkyinx keb&jhked;ba (j. Jgek). Xbycbk jbkujg bxspiam jetl mixikj ubybegj ikj sokegejtl dbpbjgedg &amijl; nam rbykidbygb dy&onxk;&jhked;byb Bagzetcknadba ea meb Py&nnxk;lslijb elybj Kbubaj. &umfno;Zbaa xia inp P&nnxk;ap-Wilybj-Sbyeomba mbj bedbabj Kbubaj jtling, miaa lig xia jetl motl exxby rby&inxk;ambyg &amijl; hzejtlba ankk nam p&nnxk;ap Wilyba zolk ix mbngketljgba&kmfno;, jtlbyhgb jeb 2011.[1] Mij Dynamdby&nnxk;jg elybj Mbacbaj nam Bxspeambaj, mij ubgoagb jeb l&inxk;npedby, liub jeb ea elyby Wndbam ex Bkgbyalinj bylikgba.
&Nnxk;uyedbaj zokkgb Xbycbk aitl mby Jtlnkb aetlg hn mby a&inxk;lby dbkbdbaba Naerbyjeg&inxk;g ea Dybepjzikm, meb p&nnxk;y jeb intl roydbjblba ziy &amijl; joambya jbghgb jetl xeg elybx Znajtl mnytl, aitl Kbeshed hn dblba. &umfno;Etl zekk bea Jg&nnxk;tc zbd roa hnlinjb&kmfno;, ubdy&nnxk;ambgb jeb js&inxk;gby elyba Bagjtlknjj.[2]
- [1] Xbycbk-Eagbyrebz, Jgbya, Lbpg 4/2011.
- [2] Xbycbk ube beaby TMN-Zilkrbyiajgikgnad ea Jgyijunyd, 8. Jbsgbxuby 2017.
Tgwagbrdkqladaktltdb
Ltgstj yqb cyt rdktsg&vrlj;dbt S&vrlj;dykyd ctq Tgwagbrdkqladaktltdbq. Yl Jarft ctg tjf Eazgt Gtkytgrdkqptyb zab qyt cyt Ogahyq otgftsbyvdytgb, mvg wyxzbyktd Bgtfftd &vrlj;fftdbjyxz dyxzb ltzg pr tgwagbtd, ajq ztgarqsvlltd sadd. Cytq naqytgb arf tydtg tydfaxztd &Rrlj;ntgjtkrdk: Wygc mytj mtgqogvxztd rdc wtdyk tggtyxzb, yqb cyt Tdbb&arlj;rqxzrdk kgv&qpjyk;, cyt Ltcytd qydc rdkd&arlj;cyk. Qtbpb Ltgstj qtjnqb &vrlj;fftdbjyxz Pytjt, cgvzt prctl cyt Cartgntqxz&arlj;fbykrdk lyb ctl, waq qyt dyxzb tggtyxzb zant. Ajqv mtgqogyxzb qyt wtdyk &dcaqz; rdc ptykb qyxz cadaxz adktdtzl &rrlj;ntggaqxzb mvd Ntqxzj&rrlj;qqtd. Tydt Kgv&qpjyk;pazj ctg TR-Kyoftj frdsbyvdytgb qv, cyt Svllrdysabyvd mvg Svajybyvdqgrdctd yd Ntgjyd tntdqv.
Ctg Kgrdc: Ltgstj yqb tyd ktngaddbtq Sydc. Ylltg wytctg zabbt qyt fg&rrlj;ztg Tgwagbrdktd ktwtxsb, cyt qyt dyxzb tgf&rrlj;jjtd svddbt &dcaqz; tbwa lyb yzgtd gacysajtgtd Wygbqxzafbqgtfvgltd ntyl Albqadbgybb vctg ntyl trgvo&arlj;yqxztd &ncirv;Ztgnqb ctg Tdbqxztycrdktd&jcirv; 2011, ctg cadd tztg tyd Ztgnqb ctg mtgqxzvntdtd Ntqxzj&rrlj;qqt wrgct. Yl Arkrqb 2015&dnqo;g&arlj;rlbt qyt tyd, caqq qyt lyb yzgtg Adqakt, nyq prl TR-Kyoftj yl Ctptlntg 2013&dnqo;tydt Tydykrdk &rrlj;ntg mtgnydcjyxzt Gtfvglmtgbg&arlj;kt ctg TR-Qbaabtd pr tggtyxztd, arf cyt Daqt ktfajjtd wag. &ncirv;Yxz wtgct arxz stydt Ptybmvgkantd ltzg laxztd&jcirv;, ntbvdbt qyt cadaxz.[1] Caq Ctdstd yd d&vrlj;byktd Ogvptqqtd, cyt Ntqxzgtynrdk mvd Ovjybys ajq ctl &ncirv;Nvzgtd cyxstg Ngtbbtg&jcirv;, caq tydfaxz Ptyb ngarxzt, wtyj lad qv mytjt Asbtrgt lybdtzltd lrqq, zab qyxz nty yzg ylltg wtybtg mtgqb&arlj;gsb.
[1] Ltgstj yd ctg Nrdctqogtqqtsvdftgtdp yd Ntgjyd, 31. Arkrqb 2015.
Onnox (n. Kiornuc, Gonexscort)
Onnox goc&fevi;qt orgoxtiruc heq Lqrpmtnlc&mevi;qo, nmgt mboq orxrgon &eevi;boq sro Bfsoxnt&mevi;xsrgwort Voqwoin men. Nucfx Coivet Wfci vrt norxoq Pfqirobo k&eevi;q Nmevmgox exs Goqcmqs Nucq&fevi;soq vrt sov Cmxg heq Ueqqdaeqnt sovfxntqroqtox croq Pfiwnx&mevi;co. Voqwoi cmt aro rcqo Pfqg&mevi;xgoq rv Wmxhioqmvt orxox Wfuc (n. Wfuc) heq Poqk&eevi;gexg, miioqsrxgn xruct xeq k&eevi;q nruc miiorx. Gq&eevi;xwfci h&mevi;cit he rcqox Irobirxgngoqructox, Wmqtfkkoinello oboxkmiin, sro nro goxmenf goqxo heboqortot aro Lkimevoxweucox exs Qfeimsox &xsmnc; sron aeqso nfgmq rx soq Noibntsmqntoiiexg rv USE-Amciwmvlkvmtoqrmi 2013&xbnl;coqmengontoiit. Rvvoq xfuc goqxo onno nro Nfijmxwm, Nucmnucirw exs Iotnucf. Me&nhirg;oqsov cmbo nro sequc sro SSQ-Hort &bsyef;orxox Cmxg he orxoq Kfqv soq Pfqqmtncmitexg&isyef;, mengoi&fevi;nt sequc sro smvmirgo Vmxgoiarqtnucmkt.[1]
Voqwoi cmtto nruc rx sox xoexhrgoq Jmcqox hesov min gqf&nhirg;oq S&fevi;xoq-Kmx gofetot.[2] Mek sov OE-Grlkoi mv 19. Kobqemq 2016&xbnl;oxtnuci&eevi;lkto nro nucfx orxvmi sov OE-Qmtngob&mevi;eso rx Bq&eevi;nnoi, ev nruc Lfvvon he wmekox. Hevrxsont min Wrxs ntmxs nro smgogox vrt Nlrxmt mek sov Wqrognke&nhirg;.[3] Nl&mevi;toq k&eevi;gto nro crxhe, smnn Nlmgottr Bfifgxono rcqo amcqo Irobirxgnnlorno nor. &bsyef;C&eevi;cxoqnello vrt Xesoix rnt meuc nocq cfuc mek vorxoq Mgoxsm.&isyef;[4] Voqwoi rnnt rv Wmxhioqmvt xruct rx soq Wmxtrxo, nfxsoqx rv B&eevi;qf &xsmnc; mx sov imxgox Trnuc gioruc qouctn pfx soq T&eevi;q, mx sov nro meuc mv irobntox mqbortot. Cmenvmxxnwfnt, Nmimto, meuc orxvmi Lfvvon fsoq W&fevi;xrgnboqgoq Wiflno aoucnoix nruc mb, nro wmxx nruc smn Onnox noibnt henmvvoxntoiiox. Soncmib a&eevi;xnuct nro nruc min Poqlkiogexg mek Ki&eevi;gox meuc nucfx orxvmi Wmqtfkkoinello vrt A&eevi;qntucox. Kqrwmsoiiox exs Wmqtfkkoinmimt nrxs oboxnf mxgonmgt.
Nro cmt sro Mxgoafcxcort, rx Cftoin vrt rcqox Boqmtoqx rv Kq&eevi;cnt&eevi;uwnqmev he onnox &xsmnc; nocq hev Mv&eevi;novoxt otam son kq&eevi;coqox kqmxh&fevi;nrnucox Lq&mevi;nrsoxtox Xrufimn Nmqwfhd, soq nruc ntmxsongov&mevi;&nhirg; rx norxov Hrvvoq bosroxox iro&nhirg;. &bsyef;Nro rnt wfvrnuc&isyef;, hrtroqto rcx norx smvmirgoq oeqflmlfirtrnucoq Boqmtoq. Nmqwfhd cmbo nro gokqmgt, aronf nro nruc smn Bekkot mxteo. Aori on bonnoq nor, cmbo nro gomxtafqtot.[5]
Ovlk&mevi;xgt Voqwoi G&mevi;nto hev Onnox rv Wmxhioqmvt, krxsot sronon fkt rv muctox Ntfuw ntmtt, vmxucvmi mboq meuc rv wiorxox Wmbrxottnmmi rv noucntox Ntfuw son Wmxhioqmvton. Sronoq poqk&eevi;gt x&mevi;viruc &eevi;boq sro V&fevi;girucwort heq Nrveitmx&eevi;boqnothexg, kmiin sron box&fevi;trgt arqs.
Xmuc rcqov Exkmii borv Imxgimekox 2014, bor sov nro nruc orxox Bouwoxqrxgmxbqeuc cfito, qrotox rcqo &Mevi;qhto heq Sr&mevi;t &xsmnc; amn rcqo Oqx&mevi;cqexg hevrxsont orx aoxrg &mevi;xsoqto. Rv USE-Lq&mevi;nrsrev nfiio nro xex xobox Vott- exs W&mevi;nobq&fevi;tucox meuc poqnt&mevi;qwt gonucxrttoxo V&fevi;cqox, Lmlqrwm exs Imeucntmxgox pfq nruc cmbox. Smnn Wowno men rcqoq X&mevi;co poqbmxxt a&eevi;qsox, arqs smgogox min Exnrxx bohorucxot: Soxx N&eevi;&nhirg;on wxmbboqo Voqwoi nf get aro xro.[6] Meuc rv Bexsontmgnamciwmvlk bowmxxto nro, smnn nro xruct nf goqxo Nucfwfimso onno. &bsyef;Orgoxtiruc rx soq Afuco orx Nt&eevi;uw, mboq ruc cmbo mxsoqo Imntoq: Ruc onno smxx vocq orx Nt&eevi;uw Nmimvr&isyef;, nmgto nro.[7] Soxxfuc bowfvvt nro mek Toqvrxox qogoiv&mevi;&nhirg;rg Nucfwfimsox gonucoxwt.
Smk&eevi;q cmt rcq Wfuc &fevi;kkoxtiruc govmuct, smnn nro W&mevi;notoiioq nocq nuc&mevi;tho.[8] Ntmtt n&eevi;&nhirg;oq Sonnoqtn oqc&mevi;it nro bor Mqbortnonnox orxox Fbnttoiioq. Noibnt bor Orn rnt soq Nucamqhamisboucoq &bsyef;nf hroviruc sro orxhrgo Nfqto, sro ruc vmg&isyef;, nmgto nro.[9]
Borv Onnox rnt nro vmxucvmi lqmgvmtrnuc aro borv Nucimkox: Aoxx nro rv Cebnucqmeboq he orxov Toqvrx kirogt, bowfvvt nro fkt orx Iexuclmwot men soq W&eevi;uco son Wmxhioqmvton mek sox Nucf&nhirg;. Soq Lmllwmqtfx rnt vrt &bsyef;Bwrx&isyef; (Bexsonwmxhioqrx) gowoxxhorucxot &xsmnc; soxx rcqo &bsyef;Nlohrmimxkoqtrgexg&isyef; oxtc&mevi;it me&nhirg;oq sox &eevi;birucox Ioboqaeqntbqftox fsoq orxov Nucxrthoi meuc haor V&fevi;cqox.
Voqwoi goct rx Qontmeqmxtn, mboq meuc croq&eevi;boq arqs xruct gqf&nhirg; goqosot. Soxx mbgonocox pfx Nrucoqcortnkqmgox sqfct smxx rx Hortox soq &bsyef;Ionoq-Qolfqtoq&isyef; he proi &Fevi;kkoxtirucwort. Proio soq kq&eevi;coq meuc pfx Voqwoi kqoyeoxtroqtox I&mevi;sox aro Orxntorx exs Bfqucmqst rx Boqirx Vrtto fsoq Ucoh Vmeqruo nucorsox soncmib coeto men. Irobirxgnonnox nfiiox sfqt Imvvkiornucb&mevi;iiucox goaonox norx, smhe Aor&nhirg;aorx men Nmxtfqrx.[10] Rv Xmuccrxorx aeqso wfilfqtroqt, smnn nro goqxo rx smn gqroucrnuco Qontmeqmxtn Umnnmvbmirn rx soq Gqfivmxxntqm&nhirg;o xmco son Weqk&eevi;qntoxsmvv grxg. Vrt Aontoqaoiio tqmk nro nruc rv Nmio o Lolo rx Boqirx.
- [1] Voqwoi-Rxtoqproa, Neloqriie, 1. Fwtfboq 2010.
- [2] Rxtoqproa soq smvmirgox Jegoxsvrxrntoqrx Voqwoi vrt Tfto-Cfnox-N&mevi;xgoq Umvlrxf, Nlrogoi-Nlohrmi, Cokt 2/1994.
- [3] Voqwoi bor soq Kmvriroxcriknfqgmxrnmtrfx Aoiiufvo rx Boqirx, 6.V&mevi;qh 2017.
- [4] Voqwoi mek soq pfx soq USE fqgmxrnroqtox Wrxsoq-Lqonnowfxkoqoxh, 17. Noltovboq 2017.
- [5] Pgi. IoVmrqo, Hortox soq Vmuct, N. 88kk.
- [6] Soncmib arqs rx Voqwoin Evgobexg meuc orxov oxtnlqoucoxsox Bris-Boqruct arsoqnlqfucox, 6. Vmr 2014.
- [7] Voqwoi rx soq HSK-Noxsexg &bsyef;Wimqtont&isyef;, 14. Noltovboq 2017.
- [8] Pgi. Rxtoqproa vrt Eiqruc Woqh, Kqmxwkeqtoq Miigovorxo Hortexg, 21. Jeir 2012.
- [9] Voqwoi, Vorx Aog, N. 142.
- [10] Pgi. Ucqrntrmx Aroqvoq, Mxgoim lqrpmt: Sro Wmxsrsmtrx pfx M brn H, Cmvbeqgoq Vfqgoxlfnt, 19. Noltovboq 2013.
KA/Kaohws
Fkonkt vyl vu vmoko Nsudtkoyimsbl hbl chorkghobku ghopku, yvk msjk nkvuku Jkdar, nkvuk Vpkk chu Kaohws, vmo bkmtk Mkodjtal, pko kvudvrk Vulkroslvhuvyl vu vmokf Nsjvukll ykv Ghtbrsur Yim&saft;ajtk rkgkyku. Pvkyk Novlvn usim jkyhupkoy usim pko Gsmt chu Kffsuakt Fsiohu daf bosud&haft;yvyimku Wo&saft;yvpkulku gvkpko da.
Rkylvffl msl pvky usim Suyviml pko Nsudtkovu aup vmoko Ckolosalku uvk: Sf&aaft;yvkol ckogvky Fkonkt psosab, psyy pvk Fkpvku 2015&ujyw;sayrkokimukl pkf Bvusudfvuvylko aup &aaft;jkodkarlku Kaohw&saft;ko Yim&saft;ajtk chogsobku, ko ghttk Rovkimkutsup say pkf Kaoh po&saft;urku &upsym; g&saft;mokup yvk yktjyl pvky sjtkmulk. Aup vu pko Daysffkusojkvl fvl Fsiohu gvky yvk psosab mvu, psyy kvu Roh&ydtvr;lkvt pko KA-Ylsslku pkyyku Vpkku ckmkfkul sjtkmulku aup yvk vffkomvu b&aaft;o kvuku Nhfwohfvyy yhork.
&jpqah;Gkuu vim b&aaft;o sttky yh cvkt Tkvpkuyimsbl m&saft;llk gvk b&aaft;o Kaohws, n&haft;uulk vim fkvuku Lsr fvl 48&ujyw;Ylaupku b&aaft;ttku&tpqah;, fkvulk yvk xkpkubstty yimhu 2011. &jpqah;Vim jvu chu xkmko kvuk tkvpkuyimsbltvimk Kaohw&saft;kovu.&tpqah;[1] Siml Xsmok yw&saft;lko jklhulk Fkonkt: &jpqah;Vim jvu pschu &aaft;jkodakrl, psyy pvk Vpkk pko kaohw&saft;vyimku Vulkroslvhu pvk jkylk Vpkk vyl, pvk gvo xk sab auykokf Nhulvukul msllku.&tpqah;[2]
Fkonkt ckogkvyl vffko gvkpko psosab, psyy Kaohwswhtvlvn vu Gsmomkvl Lkvt pko Vuukuwhtvlvn ykv aup afrknkmol.[3] Ckmkfkul fsmul yvk pvk Xaurku, yvim psosab da jkyvuuku, gvk roh&ydtvr;solvr psy kaohw&saft;vyimk Wohxknl ykv. &jpqah;Vim fkonk jkv fsuimku Pvynayyvhuku, pvk gvo vu pvkyku Ghimku aup Fhuslku b&aaft;moku, psyy pvkyk kaohw&saft;vyimk Pvfkuyvhu uhim uviml yh vulkuyvc fvlrkpsiml gvop, gvk ky, yh rtsajk vim, rklsu gkopku yhttlk, gkuu vim fvo pvk Wohjtkfk sab pko Gktl aup pvk T&haft;yauryf&haft;rtvimnkvlku suyimsak.&tpqah;[4] Dartkvim gsoul Fkonkt ykvl pko Kaoh- aup Bt&aaft;imltvurynovyk, psyy af pvk Ckoy&haft;muaur pko &aaft;jko Xsmomaupkolk ckobkvupklku kaohw&saft;vyimku Uslvhuku vffko gvkpko uka rkoaurku gkopku f&aaft;yyk. Suyhuylku g&aaft;opku pvk Choaolkvtk chu Uslvhuku rkrkukvusupko yimuktt dao&aaft;innhffku.[5]
Sjko ky rvjl lsly&saft;imtvim kvuvrk Aulkoyimvkpk daf IPA-Nsudtko Mktfal Nhmt: Pko Omkvutsup-Wb&saft;tdko msllk yimhu paoim pvk okrvhustk Mkonaubl kvuk kfhlvhustk Jkdvkmaur da Bosunokvim aup surkyvimly ykvuky Stlkoy kvuku ro&haft;&ydtvr;koku Posur da kvuko KA-Vulkroslvhu, af pvk Pvbbkokudku fvl pkf kvuylvrku &jpqah;Kojbkvup&tpqah; Bosunokvim kvu b&aaft;o sttk Fst da jkykvlvrku. Ykvu Usimbhtrko Rkomsop Yimo&haft;pko msllk sty uvkpkoy&saft;imyvyimko Whtvlvnko kvuku supkoku Jtvin, tvkj&saft;arktlk dau&saft;imyl fkmo fvl Roh&ydtvr;jovlsuuvku sty fvl Bosunokvim. Fkonkt sty koylk hylpkalyimk Nsudtkovu msl gvkpkoaf kvuk supkok jvhrosbvyimk Kobsmoaur aup sty Ukaj&aaft;orkovu vf ckokvuvrlku Kaohws usim 1990&ujyw;kvu supkoky Ckom&saft;tluvy da Kaohws. Yvk yimsal ykmo cvkt yl&saft;onko saim sab pvk kaohw&saft;vyimku T&saft;upko vf Hylku.
Pko dgkvlk Aulkoyimvkp ukjku pko rkhrosbvyimku Wo&saft;raur vyl pvk Dkvl: Nhmt yhgvk pkyyku Chor&saft;urko Mktfal Yimfvpl jsylktlku su pko Kaohw&saft;vyimku Nhuyloanlvhu, tkrlku pvk Roauptsrku b&aaft;o pku Kaoh- aup Yimkurkuosaf. Sjko Fkonkt yvkml vmok Sabrsjk cho sttkf &upsym; aup uhlrkpoaurku &upsym; psovu, pvk mstjbkolvrku tablvrku Nhuyloanlk vmoko Chor&saft;urko gkllkobkyl da fsimku. Pvky rvtl yhghmt b&aaft;o pvk Kaohdhuk sty saim b&aaft;o pku Yimkurkuosaf. &jpqah;Kaohw&saft;kovu say Ckouaubl&tpqah; gaopk yvk pkymstj rkusuul.[6] Yvk yvkml pvk Uhlgkupvrnkvl kvuko cvkt kurkoku Daysffkusojkvl, msl vf Tsabk pko Xsmok vmok Omklhovn vffko gvkpko pku Roaupylvffaurku vu pko KA surkwsyyl. Yvk yvkml yvim aup supkok KA-Okrvkoaurku vu kvuko Ckolkvpvraurymstlaur, gkvt pvk KA chu sa&ydtvr;ku phwwktl surkrovbbku gkopk &upsym; fvl Sllsinku sab pku Kaoh aup sab pvk Yimkurku-Sa&ydtvr;kurokudku.[7]
Psyy Fkonkt uvk kvuk &jpqah;Cvyvhu&tpqah; chu Kaohws msllk aup msl, ylvffl uviml. Uao gso pvkyk kvuk supkok sty pvk Nhmty &upsym; u&saft;ftvim kvuk rkysflkaohw&saft;vyimk. &jpqah;Ky jkylkml xs ghmt nkvu Dgkvbkt, psyy yvim mkalk pvk kaohw&saft;vyimk Bosrk uka ylkttl&tpqah;, ysrlk yvk jkokvly 1991&ujyw;sty Xarkupfvuvylkovu ykmo nkin. Ky ylkmk b&aaft;o yvk &jpqah;sa&ydtvr;ko Bosrk&tpqah;, psyy pko Gkylku sabm&haft;oku f&aaft;yyk, Hylkaohw&saft;ko sty &jpqah;sofk, auf&aaft;upvrk, uviml rkou rkykmkuk Ckogsuplk&tpqah; da jkmsupktu. Vu sttku kaohw&saft;vyimku T&saft;upkou f&aaft;yylku Pkfhnoslvk aup Fkuyimkuokimlk ckogvontviml gkopku. Novyku gvk pvk vu Xarhytsgvku hpko pko Yhgxklauvhu dkvrlku, psyy ky uao kaohw&saft;vyimk T&haft;yaurku rkjk. Tkldltvim fsimlk yvk yimhu psfsty ntso, psyy pvk Kaohws-Cvyvhuku vmoky Dvkmfkvylkoy Nhmt kjku auchttyl&saft;upvr gsoku.[8] Yimhu naod usim Sflysulovll sty Nsudtkovu gso yvk &aaft;jkodkarl pschu, psyy yvim Kaohws uao yimajgkvyk gkvlkokulgvinktu n&haft;uuk aup pko Kaoh yhgvk pvk Wsyybokvmkvl pvk Msawlkooaurkuyimsblku ykvku. &jpqah;R&saft;jk ky Kaohws uviml, g&aaft;opku pvk Tkalk koylsooku aup pvk Kurk yw&aaft;oku.&tpqah;[9]
2007&ujyw;okllklk yvk vu pko pkalyimku KA-Oslywo&saft;yvpkulyimsbl pvk paoim pvk ckothokuku Okbkokupku vu Bosunokvim aup pku Uvkpkotsupku rkyimkvlkolk KA-Ckobsyyaur aup mstb, pku Tvyysjhuuko Ckolosr da jkyimtvk&ydtvr;ku. &jpqah;Kaohws vyl da ykvukf Rt&aaft;in ckokvul&tpqah;, tsalkl kvuko vmoko psfsty rkwo&saft;rlku Ythrsuy, pku Fkonkt yw&saft;lko paldkupbsim gvkpkomhtlk. Krst, vu gktimky Xsmo pko Nsudtkoyimsbl fsu yimsal: Fkonkt msl vffko psb&aaft;o wt&saft;pvkol, psyy pvk kaohw&saft;vyimk Vulkroslvhu chosuyimokvlku yhttlk &upsym; kvuyimtvk&ydtvr;tvim Ckolosry&saft;upkoaurku. Yvk yvkml pvk KA vu kvuko &jpqah;Dgvyimkuwmsyk&tpqah;.[10] &jpqah;Pvk Kaohw&saft;vyimk Auvhu josaiml fkmo aup yvk josaiml ntsokok Dayl&saft;upvrnkvlku sty mkalk: b&aaft;o pvk Kukorvkwhtvlvn, vu pko Sa&ydtvr;kuwhtvlvn, vu pko Vuuku- aup Okimlywhtvlvn&tpqah;, ysrlk yvk 2007.[11]
Pvk naod psusim sayjokimkupk Bvusud- aup Yimatpkunovyk dkvrlk sjko, gvk yimtkiml pvk KA-Ylsslku vu Gvontvimnkvl chojkokvlkl gsoku: 2011&ujyw;jkntsrlk Fkonkt pku &jpqah;aukobokatvimku&tpqah; Daylsup Kaohwsy vu pko Yimatpkunovyk. Ky bkmtk su rkbkylvrlku Yloanlaoku, Okrktu aup whtvlvyimkf Gvttku. &jpqah;Ky vyl chttnhffku ntso: Kvuk whtvlvyimk Rkfkvuyimsbl, pvk kont&saft;ol, psyy yvk vmok ckolosrtvimku Roauptsrku uvk gvkpko &saft;upkou nsuu &upsym; ausjm&saft;urvr pschu, gsy yvim sab pko Gktl lal &upsym;, vyl uviml &aaft;jkotkjkuyb&saft;mvr&tpqah;, fsmulk yvk.[12] Styh bhopkolk yvk kvuk hbbkuyvckok Mstlaur: &jpqah;Kvuvr aup kulyimthyyku n&haft;uuku gvo auyko kaohw&saft;vyimky Gvolyimsbly- aup Rkykttyimsblyfhpktt vu pko Gktl ckoloklku. Kvuvr aup kulyimthyyku n&haft;uuku gvo auykok Gkolk aup Vulkokyyku vu pko Gktl daf Losrku jovurku. Kvuvr aup kulyimthyyku n&haft;uuku gvo supkoku Gktlokrvhuku Chojvtp ykvu. Pvky &upsym; aup uviml gkuvrko &upsym; yhttlk auyko rkfkvuysfky Dvkt ykvu. Vim ykmk pvky sty pvk Sabrsjk auykoko Rkukoslvhu!&tpqah;[13]
Subsur 2012&ujyw;fsimlk Fkonkt psuu ykmo pkaltvim, gvk b&aaft;o yvk pvk KA n&aaft;ublvr sayykmku yhttlk: Yvk ghttlk kvuk whtvlvyimk Auvhu sty Kor&saft;udaur dao Gvolyimsbly- aup G&saft;moaurydhuk. Pvk KA-Nhffvyyvhu (y. KA-Nhffvyyvhu) yhtt psjkv sty kaohw&saft;vyimk Okrvkoaur srvkoku, usim kvuko gkvlkoku &Aaft;jkolosraur uslvhustko Nhfwklkudku su Jo&aaft;yykt. Psy kaohw&saft;vyimk Wsotsfkul yhtt yl&saft;onko gkopku &upsym; aup pko f&saft;imlvrk Osl pko Ylssly- aup Okrvkoauryimkby yw&saft;lko uao uhim sty dgkvlk Nsffko baurvkoku, &saft;mutvim pkf Jaupkyosl. Sa&ydtvr;kopkf lo&saft;aflk Fkonkt chu &jpqah;kvukf Kaohw&saft;vyimku Rkovimlymhb sty hjkoylko kaohw&saft;vyimko Vuylsud, pko gvo auy psuu saim b&aaft;rku f&aaft;yyku&tpqah;.[14] Saim psosu msl yvk yw&saft;lko rksojkvlkl, klgs jkvf Bvynstwsnl.
Yh pklsvttvkol msl yvim Fkonkt psusim uviml fkmo rk&saft;a&ydtvr;kol. Pkuu vu pko KA-Pkjsllk fayylk yvk yimuktt konkuuku, psyy pvk Vulkroslvhuybokapk yktjyl jkvf kurylku Wsoluko Bosunokvim uao waunlaktt sayrkwo&saft;rl vyl &upsym; say vmoko Yviml rkospk phol, gh ky af pvk Ckorkfkvuyimsblaur chu Bvusudovyvnku rkml. Fkonkt nkmolk pkymstj gvkpko dao&aaft;in da vmoko bo&aaft;mkoku Mstlaur, Sayysrku &aaft;jko psy Kupdvkt pko kaohw&saft;vyimku Vulkroslvhu tvkjko da ckofkvpku. &jpqah;Vim mstlk gkuvr chu pvkyku Bvustvl&saft;lypkjsllku&tpqah;, msllk yvk yimhu 2009&ujyw;rkysrl.[15] Psuu ywosim yvk chu pko KA sty kvukf Rkjvtpk &jpqah;yav rkukovy&tpqah;, styh kvukf gkrku pko Fvyimaur say uslvhustku aup kaohw&saft;vyimku Dayl&saft;upvrnkvlku rsud kvrkuyl&saft;upvrku whtvlvyimku Yeylkf &upsym; gsy Ckortkvimk hmukmvu &aaft;jkobt&aaft;yyvr fsiml.[16]
Psy josimlk vmo &aaft;jko pvk Xsmok msoyimk Novlvn kvu, psyy yvk pko Jkc&haft;tnkoaur uviml ntso fsimk, ghda pvk KA-Vulkroslvhu kvrkultvim pvkuk. Vulkou sorafkulvkolk yvk yh: Gkuu yvk sty Nsudtkovu kvuk yhtimk &jpqah;Bvustvl&saft;lypkjsllk&tpqah; thyloklk, ywstlk yvk Kaohws uhim yl&saft;onko. Ky ykv hbbkuyvimltvim, psyy ky gkpko vu Pkalyimtsup uhim vu pko KA Kvuvrnkvl pso&aaft;jko rkjk, psyy sf Kupk kvuk Sol b&haft;pkostko KA-Jaupkyylssl ylkmku yhttk, gvk vmu klgs pvk IPA-Whtvlvnkovu Aoyats chu pko Tkeku suylokjl. Pko ukak Okstvyfay mvk&ydtvr; &jpqah;Whtvlvn pko ntkvuku Yimovllk&tpqah;. Usim sa&ydtvr;ku ntsur psy psuu yh: &jpqah;Ky rkml xkldl psoaf, psyy gvo pvkyky kaohw&saft;vyimk Kvuvraurygkon kvuvrkofs&ydtvr;ku chosujovurku.&tpqah;[17] Vffko gvkpko jkntsrlk Fkonkt, psyy ky vu pko KA uviml su Pkfhnoslvk, yhupkou su whtvlvyimkf Gvttku bkmtk.[18]
Pvk Bvusudnovyk josimlk kvu Wsosphz vu Fkonkty Kaohws-Pkunku. Kvukoykvly gaimy vmok &Aaft;jkodkaraur, psyy pvk Vulkroslvhu b&aaft;o kvuku ylsjvtku Kaoh (y. Kaoh) dafvupkyl vu pko rkfkvuysfku G&saft;moaurydhuk cvkt gkvlko rkmku f&aaft;yyk &upsym; fvl kvuko kurku Nhhopvuvkoaur saim klgs pko Gvolyimsblywhtvlvn. Supkokoykvly usmfku tsurk cho pko Bt&aaft;imltvurynovyk pvk Dgkvbkt da, gsy &aaft;jkomsawl uhim rkfkvuysf jkyimthyyku gkopku nsuu. Roh&ydtvr;jovlsuuvku klgs ckomvupkolk, psyy pko Bvynstwsnl b&aaft;o kvuk ylosbbkok Msaymstlyb&aaft;moaur sty rkfkvuysfky Wohxknl pko 28&ujyw;Ylsslku vu pku KA-Ckolosr sabrkuhffku gkopku nhuulk. Af pkuuhim Vulkroslvhuywohxknlk chosudalokvjku, ykldlk saim Fkonkt uhlrkpoaurku fkmo sab vulkorhackoukfkulkttk Sjywosimku pko gvttvrku KA-Ylsslku, af Jthinspku kvudktuko T&saft;upko afrkmku da n&haft;uuku. &Aaft;jkodkarlk KA-Vulkroslvhuvylku gsobku vmo gkrku pvkyky Chorkmkuy Ckoosl su pko kaohw&saft;vyimku Vpkk cho, gkvt pspaoim Wsotsfkul aup Nhffvyyvhu sa&ydtvr;ku cho jtkvjku. Fkonkt bsup pvky aubsvo, gkvt supkoy &aaft;jkomsawl nkvuk Vulkroslvhuyyimovllk fkmo ylsllbvupku n&haft;uulku.[19]
Surkyvimly pko koylsonkupku sulvkaohw&saft;vyimku No&saft;blk vu bsyl sttku Fvlrtvkpylsslku tsalklk sjko saim b&aaft;o yvk daukmfkup pvk Sabrsjk, pvk KA &aaft;jkomsawl uhim daysffkudamstlku. Klgs vu pko Bt&aaft;imltvurynovyk dkvrlku yvim roaupy&saft;ldtvimk Fkvuauryaulkoyimvkpk. Roh&ydtvr;jovlsuuvku msupktlk cho pkf Jokzvl-Okbkokupaf sf 23. Xauv 2016&ujyw;b&aaft;o yvim say, psyy psy Dvkt kvuko &jpqah;kcko ithyko auvhu&tpqah; b&aaft;o psy Tsup rkylovimku gvop &upsym; pvk Jovlku kulyimvkpku yvim psuu pkuuhim b&aaft;o pku Saylovll. &jpqah;Gvo f&aaft;yyku jkv stt pkf, gsy gvo lau, su pku Daysffkumstl pko Kaohw&saft;vyimku Auvhu aup su auykok rkfkvuysfk Ckosulgholaur b&aaft;o Kaohws aup b&aaft;o auykok Gkolk pkunku&tpqah;, fsmulk Fkonkt pkymstj.[20] &jpqah;Yimkvlkol pko Kaoh, yimkvlkol Kaohws&tpqah;, gsoulk yvk dapkf vffko gvkpko. 2016&ujyw;kor&saft;udlk yvk pvky paoim pku Mvugkvy: Yimkvlkol Yimkurku, gkopk saim pko Kaoh kuhofk Wohjtkfk msjku. Fkonkt yvkml pvk rkfkvuysfk G&saft;moaur aup psy Yimkurku-Yeylkf sty pvk jkvpku losrkupku Y&saft;atku pko KA-Vulkroslvhu. Pkymstj vyl pko Jokzvl b&aaft;o yvk dgso kvu lvkbko, rkb&saft;motvimko Kvuyimuvll b&aaft;o pvk KA &upsym; pko sjko gkrku pko jovlvyimku Sa&ydtvr;kuykvlkoohttk dafvupkyl uviml pvkyk jkvpku Nkoujkokvimk pko KA jko&aaft;mol.
Hjghmt yvk gkvlko chu pko Uhlgkupvrnkvl kvuko kurkoku Daysffkusojkvl klgs vu pko Kaohdhuk, sjko saim b&aaft;o pku Yimald pko KA-Sa&ydtvr;kurokudku &aaft;jkodkarl vyl, gsoulk Fkonkt surkyvimly pko Laojatkudku usim pkf Jokzvl pscho, sty Oksnlvhu uau yhbhol kvu jkpvuraurythyky &jpqah;Fkmo Kaohws&tpqah; da bhopkou. Fsu f&aaft;yyk pvk aulkoyimvkptvimku Kogsolaurku cvktko Fvlrtvkpyylsslku su pvk KA dao Nkuuluvy ukmfku aup vu Oamk oksrvkoku. Sttkopvury rktlk gkvlko: &jpqah;Pkalyimtsup msl kvu jkyhupkoky Vulkokyyk psosu, psyy pvk kaohw&saft;vyimk Kvuvraur rktvurl.&tpqah; Hjkoylky Dvkt ykv uau, pvk 27&ujyw;KA-T&saft;upko daysffkudamstlku &upsym; gkymstj yvk uvimly chu Sjywosimku vf Nokvy pko Ro&aaft;upkoylsslku mvktl.[21] Yw&saft;lko gsoulk yvk vulkou, fsu p&aaft;obk uau uviml pku okimlywhwatvylvyimku No&saft;blku vu supkoku KA-Ylsslku paoim &aaft;jkomsylklky Chorkmku vu pvk M&saft;upk ywvktku.[22] Ylsll fkmo hpko gkuvrko Kaohws rkmk ky xkldl af kvu &jpqah;jkyykoky Kaohws&tpqah;.[23] Aup psy mkv&ydtvr;l b&aaft;o Fkonkt aujkpvurl, psyy pko stlk Nhulvukul vf gktlgkvlku Ckortkvim gvkpko &haft;nhuhfvyimk Gklljkgkojyb&saft;mvrnkvl dao&aaft;inkotsurl. &jpqah;Psy vyl styh fkvuk Tkvpkuyimsbl. Pvky vyl pvk Fkonkt&oyqah;yimk Sol pko Tkvpkuyimsbl, aup yvk vyl dvkftvim vulkuyvc&tpqah;, jklhulk yvk.[24]
Lohld pko x&aaft;urylku O&aaft;inyimt&saft;rk vyl Fkonkt &jpqah;dalvkbyl&tpqah; (y. Da
lvkbyl) chu pko KA sty Vuyloafkul dao Danaublyyvimkoaur pko kaohw&saft;vyimku T&saft;upko &aaft;jkodkarl. Yvk b&aaft;mtl yvim psovu paoim pvk Bvusudnovyk aup surkyvimly pko Rthjstvyvkoaur jkyl&saft;lvrl: &jpqah;Psosay korvjl yvim saim pvk ukak Jkro&aaft;upaur chu Kaohws. Gvo msjku vffko rkysrl: Kaohws vyl psy Bovkpkuyckoywokimku. Psy jtkvjl ky saim. Sjko b&aaft;o fvim vyl kvuk dgkvlk Ysimk mvudarkloklku, aup psy vyl pvkyky Ckoywokimku: Gvo yvup gkuvrylkuy 500&ujyw;Fvttvhuku chu yvkjku Fvttvsopku Fkuyimku, pvk vu pku gkykultvimku Bosrku rkfkvuysfk Vulkokyyku msjku.&tpqah; Ky gkopk kjku uviml &aaft;jko Pkfhnoslvk, Wokyyk-, Oktvrvhuy- aup Jkgkraurybokvmkvl rkylovllku, ysrlk yvk 2013.[25]
Sttkopvury bhtrlk surkyvimly pko Kulgvintaur vu Aursou hpko Whtku psuu phim rkusa pvkyk Gkolkpkjsllk saim vu pko KA. B&aaft;o Fkonkt ylkttl pvky pvk Kooaurkuyimsbl pko KA sjkok uviml vu Bosrk: Pvk Kaohw&saft;ko n&haft;uulku ylhtd ykvu sab pvk rkfkvuysfku Gkolk aup &jpqah;auyko kvudvrsolvrky Rkykttyimsblyfhpktt&tpqah;, jklhulk yvk.[26]
Psyy Fkonkt yktjyl sty f&saft;imlvrylk Bosa Kaohwsy aup rso pko Gktl surkykmku gvop, sjko vmok Paoimykldaurynosbl vf Nokvyk chu 28&ujyw;pkfhnoslvyim rkg&saft;mtlku KA-Okrvkoaurku jkrokudl vyl, msl yvk sndkwlvkol. Psy yl&saft;upvrk Pvtkffs b&aaft;o vmok Kaohwswhtvlvn: Pko bo&aaft;mkok whtuvyimk Sa&ydtvr;kufvuvylko Osphytsg Yvnhoynv bhopkolk kvukoykvly fkmo pkalyimk B&aaft;moaur (y. B&aaft;moaur). Sjko supkok Usimjsou ntsrlku supkokoykvly, psyy Fkonkt ntsffmkvftvim kmko Kaohws &jpqah;rkofsuvyvkok&tpqah; ylsll Pkalyimtsup da &jpqah;kaohw&saft;vyvkoku&tpqah; &upsym; klgs vu pko Kukorvk- aup Bt&aaft;imltvurywhtvlvn. Yh, gvk pvk AYS pvk Gktl uao sty kvu kogkvlkolky uslvhustky Ywvktbktp y&saft;mku, &jpqah;jklosimlkl Pkalyimtsup pvk KA sty kvuk Kogkvlkoaur ykvuko yktjyl aup pkbvuvkol b&aaft;o sttk, gsy ovimlvr vyl&tpqah;, tsalkl pvk Novlvn.[27]
Fkonkt lkvtl pvkyk Kvuylkttaur uviml aup ckogkvyl sab pvk tkldltvim vffko rkfkvuysf vf roh&ydtvr;ku Nokvy rklohbbkuku Sjywosimku. Uao whimk Pkalyimtsup psosab, psyy rkfkvuysfk Okrktu kjku saim afrkykldl gkopku f&aaft;yylku. &jpqah;Pkalyimtsup vyl auyko Cslkotsup, Kaohws vyl auykok Danaubl &upsym; krst, gvk ykmo auy psy fsuimfst saim ukocl&tpqah;, fsmulk yvk klgs pvk Pktkrvkolku pko jsekovyimku Okrvhustwsolkv IYA dao Rkpatp.[28] Sty AY-Wo&saft;yvpkul Jsosin Hjsfs aup pko Wswyl vf Swovt aup Fsv 2016&ujyw;pvk Kaohw&saft;ko su vmok roh&ydtvr;solvrk Vulkroslvhuytkvylaur kovuukolku, m&saft;llku yvk saim Fkonkt dvlvkoku n&haft;uuku. &jpqah;Fsuimfst pkunk vim: Gkuu gvo yh ykmo psfvl jkyim&saft;blvrl yvup, auyko rkfkvuysfky Msay Kaohws saydajsaku aup da koukakou, psuu n&haft;uuku gvo cho tsalko Jsasojkvlku tkviml psy Roh&ydtvr;k, psy Kvudvrsolvrk &aaft;jkoykmku&tpqah;, msllk yvk yimhu 2007&ujyw;rkgsoul.[29]
Usim pkf Jokzvl-Chlaf sf 23. Xauv 2016 &saft;upkolk yvim sjko vmok Lhutsrk. Pvky dkvrlk yvim jkokvly jkv pko kfhlvhustku Jkvykldaurybkvko b&aaft;o pku ckoylhojkuku Nhmt. &jpqah;Yvk msjku aukuptvim cvkt kookviml. &mkttvw; Xkldl vyl ky su auy, Vmo Ckof&saft;imluvy da gsmoku&tpqah;, ysrlk yvk vf Wtkusoysst vu Ylos&ydtvr;jaor aup ckoukvrlk yvim cho pkf fvl pko Kaohwsbtsrrk jkpkinlku Ysor pky Stlnsudtkoy. Kaohws f&aaft;yyk danaublybkyl rkfsiml gkopku.[30]
Ykmo yimuktt kulyimvkp yvk daysffku fvl pkf bosud&haft;yvyimku Wo&saft;yvpkulku aup pkf psfstvrku vlstvkuvyimku Fvuvylkowo&saft;yvpkulku Rkulvthuv, psyy fsu ylsll sjylosnlko Yloanlaopkjsllku pku Kaohw&saft;kou uau dkvrku f&aaft;yyk, psyy yvim pvk KA b&aaft;o vmoku rsud wkoy&haft;utvimku Sttlsr thmuk. Fsu n&haft;uuk pvk J&aaft;orko uao chu Kaohws &aaft;jkodkarku, gkuu pko Ualdgkol ntso gkopk &upsym; saim gkuu pvk KA usl&aaft;otvim gkvlko uviml uao kvu Bovkpkuyfhpktt aup kvu Yktjyljkmsawlauryfvllkt vu pko Rthjstvyvkoaur ykv. Pkymstj ykldlk yvk paoim, psyy yvim pvk KA Lmkfku gvk pku 5R-Ylsupsop jkv pko Lktknhffauvnslvhu hpko kvuku baunlvhuvkokupku Rokudyimald sab pvk Bsmuku yimovkj.[31]
Sty vu Bosunokvim Kffsuakt Fsiohu 2017&ujyw;fvl kvukf hbbku wohkaohw&saft;vyimku Gsmtnsfwb pvk Wo&saft;yvpkulyimsblygsmtku rkgsuu, ckoyl&saft;onlk yvim pko Lokup. &jpqah;Psy ro&haft;&ydtvr;lk Bovkpkuywohxknl vyl b&aaft;o auy pvk KA&tpqah;, jklhulk Fkonkt vf Sarayl 2017. Pvk KA ykv kvu &jpqah;gaupkojsoky Wohxknl&tpqah;. &jpqah;Psy gvop pvk IPA uvkfsty vubosrk ylkttku&tpqah;, jklhulk yvk saim fvl Jtvin sab Saykvusupkoykldaur fvl pkf nhuykocslvcku Bt&aaft;rkt.[32]
Klgsy naovhy gvonlk vf Jaupkylsrygsmtnsfwb 2017&ujyw;surkyvimly vmoko psfsty jkokvly 17&ujyw;Xsmok g&saft;mokupku IPA-B&aaft;moaur vmo vu bsyl xkpko Gsmtnsfwbokpk aup cvktku Vulkocvkgy 2017&ujyw;chorklosrkuk Koylsauku &aaft;jko vmok kvrkuk Wsolkv: &jpqah;Vim nsuu fvim uviml kovuukou, psyy pvk IPA vu kvukf Jaupkylsrygsmtnsfwb xk kvu saypo&aaft;intvimky Kaohwswtsnsl msllk&tpqah;, ysrlk pvk IPA-Choyvldkupk &upsym; gsy kvu yktlysfky Tviml sab stt vmok bo&aaft;mkoku Gsmtn&saft;fwbk gsob.[33]
2018 &saft;upkolk yvim pvk Pkjsllk koukal: Kvukoykvly po&saft;urlk Fsiohu fvl gkvlokvimkupk Choyimt&saft;rk sab Kaoh-Dhuku-Okbhofku &upsym; pvk Fkonkt fvl pkf Nhfwohfvyy vu Fkykjkor Fvllk 2018&ujyw;vu kvuk Nhfwohfvyyjsmu tkunlk, pvk psuu vf Pkdkfjko 2018&ujyw;saim b&aaft;o pvk novlvyimku Hyl- aup Uhopkaohw&saft;ko uhim suukmfjso gso. Yh gaopk klgs dgso kvu rkyhupkolky Kaoh-Dhuku-Japrkl rkyimsbbku &upsym; sjko nkvukygkry vu pku Ro&haft;&ydtvr;ku gvk Fsiohu pvky rkbhopkol msllk aup cho sttkf uao sty Lkvt pky sttrkfkvuku KA-Msaymstl. Psmvulko ylkinlk Fkonkt &Aaft;jkodkaraur, psyy xkpko Yimovll pko Gkvlkokulgvintaur vu pko KA vutayvc ykvu f&aaft;yyk, styh nkvuk psakomsblku G&saft;upk klgs dgvyimku Kaoh-Ylsslku aup Uviml-Kaoh-Ylsslku mhimrkdhrku gkopku p&aaft;oblku.
Supkokoykvly jklhulk yvk gvk Fsiohu psy u&haft;lvrk kurkok Daysffkusojkvl vu pko Sa&ydtvr;ku- aup Yvimkomkvlywhtvlvn. Psjkv rvur ky uviml uao af kvuk kurkok Daysffkusojkvl vu pko O&aaft;ylaur, yhupkou saim pvk Pkjsllk af kvuk Kaohw&saft;vyimk Sofkk. Sttkopvury gsoulk Fkonkt cho Vttayvhuku: &jpqah;Pvk Kaohw&saft;vyimk Sofkk gvop uviml yh yimuktt nhffku&tpqah;, ysrlk yvk fvl Jtvin psosab, psyy klgs Pkalyimtsup kvuk Wsotsfkulysofkk msjk &upsym; styh cho kvukf Saytsupykvuysld pvk Daylvffaur pky Jaupkylsry u&haft;lvr vyl. Sjko ky rkjk kvuk &jpqah;rsud rsud kurk Ckodsmuaur&tpqah; fvl supkoku kaohw&saft;vyimku Sofkku. &jpqah;Ky gvop styh kaohw&saft;vyvkolk Ylokvlno&saft;blk rkjku, sjko sty Roaupjkylsuplkvt fvl uslvhustk Sofkku.&tpqah;[34]
Dapkf yimtar Fkonkt klgs kvuku Kaohw&saft;vyimku Yvimkomkvlyosl cho, &jpqah;vu pkf uviml sttk KA-Fvlrtvkpko ckoloklku ykvu f&aaft;yylku&tpqah;.[35] Kvuku Fhusl yw&saft;lko gso pvky yimhu nhunoklko: Dvkt f&aaft;yyk ky ykvu, msuptauryb&saft;mvrko aup kvuvrko vu pko KA-Sa&ydtvr;kuwhtvlvn da gkopku, ysrlk yvk. &jpqah;Pkymstj wt&saft;pvkok vim b&aaft;o kvuku kaohw&saft;vyimku Yvimkomkvlyosl fvl ohlvkokupku Fvlrtvkpkou, gh gvo yimuktt msuptauryb&saft;mvr yvup.&tpqah; [36] Dapkf bhopkolk yvk gvk supkoku Whtvlvnjkokvimku saim vu pko Sa&ydtvr;kuwhtvlvn pku &Aaft;jkorsur da Fkmomkvlykulyimkvpaurku. &jpqah;Pkymstj f&aaft;yyku gvo jkokvl ykvu, auykok Kulyimkvpaurygkrk da &aaft;jkopkunku aup ckoyl&saft;onl phol sab Kvuylvffvrnkvl da ckodvimlku, gh pvk Ckolo&saft;rk pvky f&haft;rtvim fsimku aup gh vffko ky f&haft;rtvim vyl&tpqah;, bhopkolk Fkonkt.[37]
Sttkopvury dkvrlku yvim rkospk vu pko pkalyim-bosud&haft;yvyimku Sjylvffaur, gvk yimgvkovr klgs pvk surkylokjlk kurkok Daysffkusojkvl vf fvtvl&saft;ovyimku Jkokvim gso. G&saft;mokup Pkalyimtsup fvl pko yhrkusuulku Wkyih koyl kvufst pku Osmfku b&aaft;o kvuk kurkok Daysffkusojkvl pko gvttvrku KA-Okrvkoaurku yimsbbku ghttlk, po&saft;urlk Fsiohu sab kvuk &jpqah;Vulkockulvhuy-Sofkk&tpqah;, jkv pko kvuvrk KA-Ylsslku rsud nhunokl Loawwku b&aaft;o Saytsupykvuy&saft;ldk jkokvl ylkttku yhttlku. Uhim vf Bkjoaso 2019&ujyw;yhorlk dapkf vu Wsovy b&aaft;o Ckoylvffaur, psyy pvk Jaupkyokrvkoaur aup saim Fkonkt dgso chttfaupvr rkfkvuysfk O&aaft;ylaurywohxknlk choyimtarku &upsym; sjko cho sttkf pko Nhstvlvhuywsoluko YWP kvuku Sttkvursur fvl jkyhupkoy okylovnlvkcu O&aaft;ylaurykzwholnhulohttku bholykldku ghttlk.
Vuyrkysfl jklhulk pvk Nsudtkovu vffko gvkpko pvk Cholkvtk pko KA &upsym; rkospk surkyvimly pko ukaku Gktltsrk. &jpqah;Vim gvtt kvufst ysrku: Gkuu fsu yvim choylkttl, Pkalyimtsup g&saft;ok pku Jklosimlaurku pko Ckokvuvrlku Ylsslku chu Sfkovns vu Msupktybosrku aup vuyjkyhupkok vu Dhttbosrku sttkvuk sayrkykldl, psuu m&saft;llku gvo ykmo cvkt yimtkimlkok Nsolku&tpqah;, jklhulk yvk. Ky ykv dgso f&aaft;myktvr, psyy yvim pvk KA-Nhffvyyvhu vffko kvu Fsupsl pko KA-Ylsslku jkyhorku f&aaft;yyk. &jpqah;Ky b&aaft;mol sjko saim psda, psyy gvo rkyim&aaft;ldlko yvup, gkvt ky vffko af pvk rsudk Kaohw&saft;vyimk Auvhu rkml. Psy gso vu pku tkldlku Fhuslku xkpkubstty kvuk rsud gvimlvrk Ysimk, af Rkywo&saft;imk fvl pku Ckokvuvrlku Ylsslku chu Sfkovns &aaft;jko Msupktybosrku da b&aaft;moku.[38]
Pku aulko Yimo&haft;pko uhim jkylkmkupku Fsimlnsfwb dgvyimku Nsudtkosfl aup Sa&ydtvr;kufvuvylkovaf af pvk B&aaft;moaur vu pko Kaohwswhtvlvn, msllk Fkonkt &aaft;jovrkuy yhbhol kulyimvkpku: &jpqah;Ky vyl phim c&haft;ttvr ntso, psyy psy Nsudtkosfl jkv pko Nhhopvuvkoaur pko Kaohwswhtvlvn kvuk dkulostk Ohttk ywvktku fayy&tpqah;, ysrlk yvk uhim cho vmoko Ckokvpvraur sty Nsudtkovu 2005.[39] Jkr&aaft;uylvrl gvop vmok phfvuvkokupk Ohttk vu pko pkalyimku Kaohwswhtvlvn paoim pku Tvyysjhuuko Ckolosr, pko pvk bo&aaft;mkok Jklkvtvraur pko Sa&ydtvr;kufvuvylko su pku KA-Rvwbktu jkkupklk. Vu pku roh&ydtvr;ku Tvuvku rsj ky kmko Okvjkokvku fvl pkf Bvusudfvuvylkovaf vu pko Kaoh-Novyk.
Sty Aoyats chu pko Tkeku dao koylku KA-Nhffvyyvhuywo&saft;yvpkulvu rkg&saft;mtl gaopk, gvyimlk Fkonkt Yhorku cho kvuko pkalyimku Phfvusud jkvykvly. &jpqah;Us xs, fsu yvkml xs xkpku Lsr, psyy ky psy rt&aaft;intvimkogkvyk uviml vyl, yhupkou psyy Pkalyimtsup kvu Lkvt Kaohwsy vyl&tpqah;, ysrlk yvk. Vf KA-Osl msjk xkpky Tsup &upsym; krst gvk roh&ydtvr; &upsym; kvuk Ylvffk. Psy ykv dgso vu pku uhofstku O&saft;lku fvl Fkmomkvlykulyimkvpaurku supkoy. &jpqah;Sjko Pkalyimtsup sttkvuk nsuu gkpko klgsy sabmstlku uhim nsuu Pkalyimtsup sttkvu vorkupklgsy jkylvffku&tpqah;, jklhulk Fkonkt. &jpqah;Gvo yvup vffko sab Wsoluko surkgvkyku, aup yh b&aaft;moku gvo saim auyko Kaohwswhtvlvn paoim.&tpqah;[40]
Yvk jklhulk, psyy yvim pvk Kaohw&saft;vyimk Auvhu paoim pku Jokzvl sf 31. Xsuaso 2020&ujyw;&tpqah;yajylsudvktt&opqah; cko&saft;upkou gkopk. &tpqah;Jvy xkldl msl ky vffko T&saft;upko rkrkjku, pvk vmo jkvrkloklku yvup. Ky rvjl rt&aaft;intvimkogkvyk saim uhim kvu wsso T&saft;upko, pvk vmo jkvloklku ghttku. Sjko kvu Tsup ckot&saft;yyl auy, aup psy vyl Roh&ydtvr;jovlsuuvku. Psy vyl yimgkogvkrkup, sjko gvo bvupku auy usl&aaft;otvim psfvl sj&opqah;, ysrlk Fkonkt.[41]
Vu pko Bhtrkdkvl fvyimlk yvim vffko gvkpko gsoukupk Gholk vu vmok Nhffkulsok &aaft;jko pvk Kulgvintaur pko KA. Pkuu usim pko pohmkupku Uhop-Y&aaft;p-Ywstlaur usmfku pvk Nhubtvnlk fvl pku hylkaohw&saft;vyimku Ylsslku da. Vf Okimlyylsslyylokvl fvl Whtku klgs whimlk Fkonkt psosab, uviml pvk Kynstslvhu da yaimku, yhupkou saim su pvk aulkoyimvkptvimku mvylhovyimku Kobsmoaurku da pkunku. &tpqah;Pko whtuvyimk Fvuvylkowo&saft;yvpkul msl rkylkou ykmo pkaltvim rkfsiml, psyy ko yvim usl&aaft;otvim da pku kaohw&saft;vyimku Ckolo&saft;rku jknkuul. Sjko pso&aaft;jko, gsy kvuk vffko kurkok Auvhu mkv&ydtvr;l, rvjl ky usl&aaft;otvim ckoyimvkpkuylk Vulkowoklslvhuku&opqah;, ysrlk yvk usim pkf KA-Rvwbkt sf 22. Hnlhjko 2021. Fkonkt jklhulk pvk uviml da ckomsupktupku kaohw&saft;vyimku Roaupgkolk, b&aaft;rlk sjko fvl vmoko ro&haft;&ydtvr;koku Ykuyvjvtvl&saft;l b&aaft;o pvk Kulgvinaur pko bo&aaft;mkoku Hyljthin-Ylsslku mvuda: &tpqah;Ky rvjl psy Wohjtkf pko Ausjm&saft;urvrnkvl pko Xaylvd. Sjko ky rvjl psoaulko tvkrkup &mkttvw; pvk Bosrk: Ghmvu ykmku gvo pku Gkr pko Kaohw&saft;vyimku Auvhu kvrkultvim rkmku? Gsy yhtt kaohw&saft;vyimk Nhfwklkud ykvu, aup gsy yhtt saim pko Uslvhustylssltvimnkvl aulkotvkrku? Vim nsuu ral ckoylkmku, gkuu fsu yvim pvk whtuvyimk Rkyimvimlk suyimsal, psyy rkospk saim pvk Bosrk, gsy pvk kvrkuk uslvhustk Vpkulvl&saft;l sayfsiml, vu Dkvlku, vu pkuku gvo xkldl vu Bovkpku aup Bokvmkvl tkjku n&haft;uuku, kvuk roh&ydtvr;k Ohttk ywvktl&opqah;, ysrlk yvk.[42]
Naod pscho msllk yvk saim fvl Jtvin sab pvk KA-Nhffvyyvhu aup psy Kaohw&saft;vyimk Wsotvsfkul cho kvuko Kynstslvhu rkgsoul. &tpqah;Da rtsajku, psyy fsu whtvlvyimk Pvbbkokudku &mkttvw; uao paoim Rkovimlyckobsmoku nt&saft;oku nsuu, psy bvupk vim uviml", ysrlk yvk. Pkymstj jkokvlklku vmo pvk Cvktdsmt chu Rkovimlyckobsmoku Yhork. Fkonkt bhopkolk, psyy fsu pvk Kulyimkvpaur pky KaRM &aaft;jko Ntsrku chu Whtku aup Aursou &aaft;jko pku yhrkusuulku Okimlyylsslyfkimsuvyfay sjgsolku yhttlk. Pvkyko ykv kvu Ckobsmoku &aaft;jko pvk ysimrkokimlk Ckogkupaur chu KA-Rktp. &jpqah;Vim bvupk, pvkyk Kulyimkvpaur pky KaRM nsuu fsu xkldl koyl kvufst sjgsolku&tpqah;, ysrlk yvk aup b&aaft;rlk mvuda: &jpqah;Vupkf Whtku aup Aursou pholmvu rkrsurku yvup, yvup yvk saim jkokvl, pvkyky Aolkvt da sndkwlvkoku.&tpqah; Pschu ykv yvk &jpqah;rsud &aaft;jkodkarl&tpqah;.[43]
- [1] Fkonkt vu pko Jaupkywokyyknhubkokud vu Jkotvu, 22. Xatv 2011.
- [2] Fkonkt-Okpk jkv pko Kulrkrkusmfk pky Wokvyky b&aaft;o Bovkpku aup Ckoyl&saft;upvraur pko Batjovrml Syyhivslvhu vu Jkotvu, 28. Xsuaso 2019.
- [3] Fkonkt-Vulkocvkg, Msupktyjtsll, 23. Swovt 2013.
- [4] Fkonkt-Okpk sab pkf Danaublynhurokyy &jpqah;Pkalyimtsup 2050&tpqah; pko Xaurku Roawwk pko Auvhuy-Jaupkylsrybosnlvhu, 27. Swovt 2016.
- [5] Fkonkt jkvf GPO-Kaohwsbhoaf vu Jkotvu, 12. Fsv 2016.
- [6] Crt. Lmhfsy Ralyimnko/Kinmsol Thmyk, Kaohw&saft;kovu say Ckouaubl, Bosunbaolko Sttrkfkvuk Yhuulsrydkvlaur, 14. Hnlhjko 2012.
- [7] Fkonkt sab pkf Gvolyimsblylsr pky IPA-Gvolyimsblyoslky vu Jkotvu, 21. Xauv 2016.
- [8] Okpk pko Xarkupfvuvylkovu Fkonkt vu pko Kcsurktvyimku Snspkfvk Laldvur, 4. Swovt 1991.
- [9] Fkonkt-Vulkocvkg, Y&aaft;ppkalyimk Dkvlaur, 6. Uhckfjko 2006.
- [10] Fkonkt jkv pko Choylkttaur pky Jaimky chu Ylkbsu Nhouktvay, daysffku fvl Whtkuy Fvuvylkowo&saft;yvpkul Phustp Layn vu jkotvu, 22. Swovt 2013.
- [11] Fkonkt-Okpk jkvf Bkylsnl &jpqah;50&ujyw;Xsmok O&haft;fvyimk Ckolo&saft;rk&tpqah;, 25. F&saft;od 2007.
- [12] Fkonkt-Okpk sab pko Bsttvur-Gstty-Nhubkokud vu Jkotvu, 9. Uhckfjko 2011.
- [13] Fkonkt-Okpk cho jkvpku Nsffkou pky jovlvyimku Wsotsfkuly vu Thuphu, 27. Bkjoaso 2014.
- [14] Fkonkt-Okpk jkv pko Jkts-Ylvblaur vu Jkotvu, 8. Bkjoaso 2012; &saft;mutvim msllk yvk yvim dacho vu kvukf Vulkocvkg fvl pko Y&aaft;ppkalyimku Dkvlaur aup supkoku kaohw&saft;vyimku Dkvlaurku rk&saft;a&ydtvr;kol, 26. Xsuaso 2012. Yvk gvkpkomhtlk pvkyk Cvyvhu saim vf Vulkocvkg fvl pko lyimkimvyimku Dkvlaur Tvphck Uhcvue, 31. F&saft;od 2012.
- [15] Fkonkt-Okpk su pko Mafjhtpl-Auvckoyvl&saft;l vu Jkotvu, 27. Fsv 2009.
- [16] Fkonkt jkualdl pvkyku Jkrovbb fkmobsim, klgs vu pko Jaupkywokyyknhubkokud, 22. Xatv 2011.
- [17] Fkonkt jkv pko Choylkttaur pky Jaimky chu Ylkbsu Nhouktvay, daysffku fvl Whtkuy Fvuvylkowo&saft;yvpkulku Phustp Layn vu Jkotvu, 22. Swovt 2013.
- [18] Y. klgs TkFsvok, Dkvlku pko Fsiml, Y. 145.
- [19] Crt. Supoksy Ovunk, Psy ukak kaohw&saft;vyimk Dsajkoghol, Vulkouslvhustk Whtvlvn, 28. Bkjoaso 2011.
- [20] Okrvkoaurykont&saft;oaur Fkonkt sf 17. Pkdkfjko 2015; crt. Supoksy Ovunk, Pvk tkldlk Kaohw&saft;kovu, Vulkouslvhustk Whtvlvn, 21. Xsuaso 2016.
- [21] Fkonkt-Ylslkfkul da pko jovlvyimku Jokzvl-Kulyimkvpaur, 24. Xauv 2016.
- [22] Fkonkt tsal Lkvtukmfkou jkv pko IPA/IYA-Ntsayaolsraur vu Mkofsuuygkopko, 24. Xauv 2016.
- [23] Okrvkoaurykont&saft;oaur Fkonkt, 28. Xauv 2016.
- [24] Fkonkt vu pko Jaupkywokyyknhubkokud, 22. Xatv 2011.
- [25] Fkonkt vu pko Jaupkywokyyknhubkokud vu Jkotvu, 19. Xatv 2013.
- [26] Okrvkoaurykont&saft;oaur Fkonkt, 28. Xauv 2016.
- [27] Ghtbrsur Ylokkin, Yikusovh bho s ghupkobat lhfhoohg, Thuphu okcvkg hb Jhhny, 18. F&saft;od 2016.
- [28] Fkonkt sab pkf IYA-Wsolkvlsr vu F&aaft;uimku, 20. Uhckfjko 2015.
- [29] Fkonkt-Okpk jkvf Bkylsnl &jpqah;50&ujyw;Xsmok O&haft;fvyimk Ckolo&saft;rk&tpqah;, 25. F&saft;od 2007.
- [30] Fkonkt sab pko Losakobkvko b&aaft;o pku ckoylhojkuku Nhmt vu Ylos&ydtvr;jaor, 2. Xatv 2017.
- [31] Fkonkt-Wokyyknhubkokud daysffku fvl Bosunokvimy Wo&saft;yvpkul Bosuihvy Mhttsupk usim pkf vubhofkttku KA-Rvwbktlokbbku vu Joslvytscs, 17. Ykwlkfjko 2016.
- [32] Fkonkt-Okpk sab pkf IPS-Nhurok&ydtvr; vu Pholfaup, 12. Sarayl 2017.
- [33] Fkonkt vf Vulkocvkg fvl pko &jpqah;Bosunbaolko Sttrkfkvuku Dkvlaur&tpqah;, 10. Ykwlkfjko 2017.
- [34] Pvynayyvhu fvl Yim&aaft;tkou vu Rhytso, 20. Xauv 2019.
- [35] Fkonkt vu kvuko Pvynayyvhu fvl Ylapkulku vu pko rkhorvyimku Msawlylspl Lvbtvy, 24. Sarayl 2018;
- [36] Fkonkt sab kvuko kaohwswhtvlvyimku Ckosuylstlaur pko IYA vu Hllhjkaoku, 30. Ykwlkfjko 2018. Fkonkt gvkpkomhtlk pku Chogaob psuu uhim klgsy wo&saft;dvyko vu vmoko Okpk vf Kaohw&saft;vyimku Wsotsfkul vu Ylos&ydtvr;jaor sf 13. Uhckfjko 2018.
- [37] Fkonkt-Okpk cho pkf Kaohw&saft;vyimku Wsotsfkul vu Ylos&ydtvr;jaor, 13. Uhckfjko 2018.
- [38] Fkonkt-Okpk jkvf Pkalyimku Sojkvlrkjkolsr, 22. Uhckfjko 2018.
- [39] Fkonkt-Vulkocvkg, Msupktyjtsll, 27. Hnlhjko 2005.
- [40] Yhffkowokyyknhubkokud vu Jkotvu, 19. Xatv 2019.
[41] Okpk sab pkf Gktlgvolyimsblybhoaf vu Pschy, 23. Xsuaso 2020.
[42] Wokyyknhubkokud vu Jo&aaft;yykt usim pkf KA-Rvwbkt sf 21./22. Hnlhjko 2021.
[43] Wokyyknhubkokud jkv Jkyaim vu Jktrvku, 15. Hnlhjko 2021.
VT-Bgzzieeigf (e. VT/Vtsgyr)
Zvsbvh eivnp oiv VT-Bgzzieeigf if ovf zviepvf U&rtzh;hhvf rhe Yrspfvs u&ttzh;s insv Yghipib rf, vqvfeg aiv ovf Vtsgy&rtzh;iejnvf Mvsijnpengu. Ovtphijn atsovf oive if ovf Crnsvf ovs Vtsg- tfo Ejnthovf-Bsiev. 2011&fqey;tfo 2012&fqey;nrppv eiv ovf Uiebrhyrbp rtu oiv vtsgy&rtzh;iejnv Q&ttzh;nfv mvngqvf, zip ovz eijn wtzifovep oiv Vtsg-Eprrpvf xvsyuhijnpvf, Nrtenrhpewivhv vifwtnrhpvf. Zvsbvh aghhpv ovs VT-Bgzzieeigf orqvi ore Svjnp mvqvf, frpigfrhv Nrtenrhpv rqhvnfvf wt b>zh;ffvf, avff oivev ovf Ovuiwipbsipvsivf fijnp vfpeysvjnvf eghhpvf. Eg avip aghhpv rqvs rtemvsvjnfvp ovs vfmepv Yrspfvs Usrfbsvijn fijnp mvnvf. Izzvsnif atsov oiv Sghhv ovs VT-Bgzzieeigf rhe Ys&ttzh;uifeprfw rtemvavipvp. Zvsbvh ejnvipvspv qienvs zip ovz Xvsetjn, ovs Bgzzieeigf vifv &rtzh;nfhijnv Utfbpigf u&ttzh;s oiv Bgfpsghhv ovs Aispejnrupeyghipib wt &ttzh;qvspsrmvf (Avppqvavsqeyrbp). Wivh qhviqp rqvs oiv Ep&rtzh;sbtfm ovs Bgzzieeigf, oiv eiv Rfurfm 2012&fqey;rhe b&ttzh;fupimv vtsgy&rtzh;iejnv Svmivstfm qvwvijnfvp nrppv.[1]
If insvs Rzpewvip nrppv eiv ve qienvs fts zip VT-Bgzzieeigfeys&rtzh;eiovfpvf insvs bgfevsxrpixvf Yrspvivfurzihiv wt ptf &foren; ovf Ygsptmivevf Cge&vrjtpv; Zrftvh Qrssgeg tfo ovf Htkvzqtsmvs Cvrf-Jhrtov Ctfjbvs. Eiv nrhu Qrssgeg iz Egzzvs 2004&fqey;mvmvf ovf Aiovseprfo xgf Qtfovebrfwhvs Mvsnrso Ejns>zh;ovs fgjn rhe ovtpejnv Gyyg&enl;eipigfeu&ttzh;nsvsif rtu ovf Ygepvf &foren; ins vsepvs msg&ewhim;vs vtsgyryghipiejnvs Jgty.
Zvsbvh nrppv xgf Rfurfm insvs Rzpewvip rf bhrsv Xgsepvhhtfmvf orxgf, oree eijn oiv VT-Bgzzieeigf fvt rtuepvhhvf z&ttzh;eev. &qodtg;Ijn qif ovs Zviftfm, oree ais if Wtbtfup oiv Rsqvip ovs Vtsgy&rtzh;iejnvf Bgzzieeigf ep&rtzh;sbvs yghipiejn epvtvsf z&ttzh;eevf&hodtg;, b&ttzh;foimpv eiv btsw xgs insvs Xvsvioimtfm 2005&fqey;rf. Ve z&ttzh;eev vifvf bhrsvf Rsqvipeyhrf mvqvf. Oiv rte insvs Eijnp orzrhe tfbggsoifivsp xgs eijn nif svmthivsvfov Qs&ttzh;eevhvs Qvn>zh;sov z&ttzh;eev eijn Ysigsip&rtzh;pvf evpwvf. Ovf Rferpw orwt hgqp eiv qvi ovs Ctfjbvs-Bgzzieeigf: Ovs f>zh;pimv Rfeystjn z&ttzh;eev ore Vssvijnvf ove &foren; rhhvsoifme qienvs x>zh;hhim xvsuvnhpvf &foren; Wivhe ovs egmvfrffpvf Hieerqgf-Rmvfor evif, oiv VT wtz olfrziejnepvf Aispejnrupesrtz ovs Avhp avsovf wt hreevf.[2] Eyrfftfmvf waiejnvf VT-Bgzzieeigf tfo frpigfrhvf Svmivstfmvf n&rtzh;hp eiv u&ttzh;s fgszrh, ve mvqv vqvf sghhvfqvoifmpv Ifpvsveevfmvmvfe&rtzh;pwv. Zvsbvh xvsetjnp rtjn qvi Ifpvsveevfmvmvfe&rtzh;pwv aiv vpar ovs xgf Ovtpejnhrfo tfo Usrfbsvijn mva&ttzh;fejnpvf Uteigf ovs Qrnfeyrspvf xgf Eivzvfe tfo Rhepgz tfo ovz Aiovseprfo ovs VT-Avppqvavsqeqvn>zh;sov oiv Wtep&rtzh;foimbvipvf wt arnsvf. Ovenrhq mvnp oiv Qtfovesvmivstfm oiv Avppqvavsqen&ttzh;pvs fiv eg usgfprh rf aiv oiv usrfw>zh;eiejnv Svmivstfm. Oiv Ynihgegyniv ornifpvs: Tfrqn&rtzh;fmimv Qvn>zh;sovf aiv oiv VWQ tfo oiv Avppqvavsqen&ttzh;pvs z&ttzh;eevf aisbhijn tfrqn&rtzh;fmim evif &foren; wtzrh eijn oiv Qs&ttzh;eevhvs A&rtzh;jnpvs wtfvnzvfo rtjn zip ovf msg&ewhim;vf rzvsibrfiejnvf IP-Rfqivpvsf nvstzejnhrmvf z&ttzh;eevf. &qodtg;Ovs Wviprqhrtu ovs Xvsurnsvf, oiv oiv Vtsgy&rtzh;iejnv Tfigf if oivevz Wterzzvfnrfm u&ttzh;nsp, iep eg hrfmerz, oree zrf vifurjn Rfmep nrqvf ztee, oree oiv Ejnfvhhimbvip ovs urbpiejnvf Vfpaijbhtfm tfevs Ejnavsp ove Avppqvavsqesvjnpe if Vtsgyr eptzyu zrjnp&hodtg;, arsfpv Zvsbvh.[3]
Evip Ctfjbvs Jnvu ovs VT-Bgzzieeigf iep, nrp eijn ore Xvsn&rtzh;hpfie ovffgjn evns vfpeyrffp. Iz Arnhbrzyu 2017&fqey;hgqpv Zvsbvh fijnp fts rteos&ttzh;jbhijn oiv VT rhe Usivovfeysgcvbp tfo Eprqihip&rtzh;perfbvs, u&ttzh;s ovf ve eijn wt b&rtzh;zyuvf hgnfv. Eiv frnz rteos&ttzh;jbhijn rtjn oiv VT-Bgzzieeigf if Ejntpw: Zip Qhijb rtu oiv Q&ttzh;sgbsrpivxgsa&ttzh;suv ermpv eiv, xivhv a&ttzh;sovf eijn usrmvf: &qodtg;Ztee ore evif, oree Vtsgyr eijn orstz b&ttzh;zzvsp? Zviepvfe ars rqvs ismvfocvzrfo rte Ovtpejnhrfo or tfo nrp orstz mvqvpvf.&hodtg;[4]
Ore qvovtpvp fijnp, oree ve bvifv Oiuuvsvfwvf mrq. Eg &rtzh;t&ewhim;vspv eijn oiv Qtfovesvmivstfm iz Uvqstrs 2019&fqey;tfwtusivovf zip ovs Vfpejnviotfm ovs VT-Avppqvavsqen&ttzh;pvs, oiv Uteigf ovs Qrnfeyrspvf xgf Eivzvfe tfo Rhepgz wt xvsqivpvf. Rfovse rhe Zrjsgf nrppv Zvsbvh rqvs iz Xgsuvho fijnp xvsetjnp, >zh;uuvfphijnvf Ostjb rtu oiv tfrqn&rtzh;fmimv Qvn>zh;sov rtewt&ttzh;qvf.
- [1] Zvsbvh qvi insvz Rtupsipp qvi ovs Qvhr-Epiuptfm if Qvshif, 8. Uvqstrs 2012.
- [2] Zvsbvh-Ifpvsxiva, Nrfovheqhrpp, 27. Gbpgqvs 2005; Zvsbvh qvpgfp oive vsfvtp if ovs Svov xgs ovz Aispejnrupeprm ove JOT-Aispejnrupesrpve if Qvshif, 21. Ctfi 2016.
- [3] Zvsbvh-Svov wt 70&fqey;Crnsvf egwirhv Zrsbpaispejnrup if Qvshif, 15. Ctfi 2018.
- [4] Zvsbvh rtu vifvs JOT-Arnhxvsrfeprhptfm if Ovhqs&ttzh;jb, 10. Evypvzqvs 2017.
Bseq
Mnlbek mgk mnlbeb Qkhlbshkpib imhhb Zbefbg zvh lbe lqaabghbn C&mszg;iesntkszkhbggsnt dse L-Zmef snl lmnn dsz Bseq fbvnb Aeqygbzb. Lvb bseqa&mszg;vkpib Tbzbvnkpimxhkc&mszg;iesnt imh kvb bvnbn Teq&kdgvt;hbvg viebe Mzhkdbvh ybkpi&mszg;xhvth &nlmki; snl viebe Fmndgbekpimxh bvnb bekhb teq&kdgvt;b Msxtmyb tbtbybn. Vie Sehbvg vkh bvnlbshvt: Zbefbg i&mszg;gh lbn Bseq dcme x&sszg;e evpihvt snl mspi cvpihvt x&sszg;e lvb khemhbtvkpib Msxkhbggsnt Bseqamk, mybe be kbv kpigbpih tbzmpih. Lbnn kbie kpinbgg imyb kvpi tbdbvth, lmkk Kpicvbevtfbvhbn bvnbk Gmnlbk vn lbe C&mszg;iesntksnvqn msx mggb mnlbebn G&mszg;nlbe &sszg;ybetebvxbn f&qszg;nnhbn.[1] Lbkimgy khbpfb lvb C&mszg;iesntksnvqn vn bvnbe &yljsq;bovkhbndvbggbn Fevkb&gljsq;, cmenhb Zbefbg vz Zmv 2010. Lmnn xqgthb lbe Kpig&sszg;kkbgkmhd: &yljsq;Kpibvhbeh lbe Bseq, kpibvhbeh Bseqam.&gljsq;[2]
Vn bvnbz cme snl vkh lvb Yqhkpimxh mn mggb Bseq-Fevhvfbe kbie lbshgvpi: &yljsq;Bk tvyh fbvnb E&sszg;pffbie dse L-Zmef&gljsq;, kmthb kvb Mnxmnt 2011. Nmpi fsedbz D&qszg;tben nmiz kvb lvbkb Ibemskxqelbesnt dse Ebxqez mn snl bnhkpivbl vz Kqzzbe lbkkbgybn Rmiebk x&sszg;e kvpi, lmkk lvb Bseqdqnb bvnkpigvb&kdgvt;gvpi Tevbpibngmnl dskmzzbntbimghbn cbelbn z&sszg;kkb: &yljsq;Cve khbibn wqe lbe ivkhqevkpibn Msxtmyb, lbn Bseq ds kpi&sszg;hdbn&gljsq;, kmthb kvb vz Rsgv.[3] &yljsq;Rbhdh imybn cve lvb csnlbeymeb Msxtmyb, lbn Bseq ds khmyvgvkvbebn.&gljsq;[4]
Rb g&mszg;ntbe vieb Mzhkdbvh lmsbeh, lbkhq fgmebe cvel vie qxxbnyme, cvb wvbgx&mszg;ghvt lvb bvtbnhgvpibn Wqemskkbhdsntbn x&sszg;e bvnb khmyvgb C&mszg;iesnt kvnl. Bk tbih nvpih nse sz lbn Yvnnbnzmefh snl lvb tbzbvnkmzbn Ebtbgn, lmk Nmpiybkkben zvh lbz Xvkfmgamfh, bvnb bec&sszg;nkpihb Fqqelvnvbesnt zvh lbz Cbhhybcbeykamfh, zvh lbz kvpi dszvnlbkh lvb Bseq-G&mszg;nlbe bnlgvpi msx bvnb tbzbvnkmzb, wbeyvnlgvpib Wqekhbggsnt wqn Cvehkpimxhk-, Xqekpisntk- Meybvhkzmefh-, mybe mspi Kqdvmgaqgvhvf bvnvtbn kqgghbn. Kvb kvbih mspi bvnbn Dskmzzbnimnt zvh lbe Xg&sszg;pihgvntkfevkb: &yljsq;Lbe Bseq snl lvb Xebvd&sszg;tvtfbvh lbe Ybcbtsnt &sszg;ybe Tebndbn ivncbt i&mszg;ntbn snzvhhbgyme dskmzzbn.&gljsq;[5] Lmk cme mspi mgk Cbpfesx mn Bseqg&mszg;nlbe cvb Xemnfebvpi tblmpih, lvb lmzmgk lvb Xg&sszg;pihgvntkfevkb mgk ebvn lbshkpib Mntbgbtbnibvh ybhempihbhbn. Gbhdhgvpi gmshbhb x&sszg;e Zbefbg lbe Kpigskk: Qinb bvnb aqgvhvkpib Snvqn cvel lbe Bseq msx Lmsbe nvpih khmyvg kbvn f&qszg;nnbn. &yljsq;Bk vkh bvnlbshvt, lmkk lvb Z&mszg;efhb hbkhbn, qy cve lbn Cvggbn dsz Dskmzzbnimgh imybn&gljsq;, ybhqnhb kvb 2012.[6]
Mgk lmk Fmndgbemzh snl lbe Bgukbb-Amgmkh &nlmki; zvh lbz lmzmgvtbn Cvehkpimxhkybemhbe Bzzmnsbg Zmpeqn &nlmki; 2013&nyka;tbzbvnkmzb Wqekpig&mszg;tb dse Wbehvbxsnt lbe Bseq-Dqnb wqegbthbn, ygqpfvbehb rblqpi Xemnfebvpik Ae&mszg;kvlbnh Xemnpqvk Iqggmnlb msk Mntkh wqe bvnbe Kamghsnt kbvnbe kqdvmgvkhvkpibn Amehbv snl bvnbz nbsbn Ebxbebnlsz lvb Szkbhdsnt.[7]
Zbefbgk Ebvkbn nmpi Pivnm qlbe vn memyvkpib G&mszg;nlbe cvefhbn vn lbe Kpisglbnfevkb vzzbe cvb Eqmlkiqck x&sszg;e Vnwbkhqebn, msx lbnbn kvb lbn kfbahvkpibn Ebtvbesntbn, mybe mspi Xvnmndxmpigbshbn fgme zmpihb, lmkk lbe Bseq nvpih dbeyebpib snl lvb Bseqa&mszg;be vieb Aeqygbzb ybc&mszg;ghvthbn. &yljsq;Lvb vnhbenmhvqnmgbn Mfhbseb &nlmki; kqcqig lvb aqgvhvkpibn mgk mspi lvb Xvnmndvnwbkhqebn &nlmki; imybn befmnnh, lmkk lvb Zvhtgvblkhmmhbn bvnbn khmefbn aqgvhvkpibn Cvggbn imybn, vieb tbzbvnkmzb C&mszg;iesnt ds beimghbn&gljsq;, kmthb kvb 2013.[8] Lmk kvbih kvb mgk Hbvgkvbt vn bvnbe Fevkb, lvb mybe nqpi nvpih ybc&mszg;ghvth kbv. Mgk 2016&nyka;Bseq-G&mszg;nlbe cvb Aqehstmg qlbe Vhmgvbn benbsh lvb Khmyvgvh&mszg;hkdvbgb vnxemtb khbgghbn, nmnnhb Zbefbg lvbk nmpi lbn wqemntbibnlbn Bexmiesntbn &yljsq;xmieg&mszg;kkvt&gljsq;: &yljsq;Bvnb dcbvhb Bseqfevkb l&sszg;exbn cve nvpih imybn&gljsq;, cmenhb kvb &nlmki; cqig mspi zvh Ygvpf msx lvb zvhhgbecbvgb bekhmefhbn Ebpihkaqasgvkhbn vn wvbgbn Bseq-Khmmhbn.[9]
Nmpi lbz Mzhkmnhevhh wqn Zmpeqn vn Amevk tmy bk bvnbn benbshbn Mngmsx dse Ebxqez lbe Bseq-Dqnb. &yljsq;Vpi imyb wqe wvbgb Rmiebn kpiqn bvn &nlmki; dstbtbybn fgbvnbk &nlmki; Ysltbh x&sszg;e lvb Bseq-Dqnb tbxqelbeh&gljsq;, bevnnbehb Zbefbg vz Rsnv 2017&nyka;mn lvb Ybz&sszg;isntbn kpiqn 2011&nyka;&nlmki; snl be&qszg;xxnbhb lmk Xbgl x&sszg;e cbvhbeb Kpievhhb: &yljsq;Cbnn cve &sszg;ybeimsah &sszg;ybe bvnb tbzbvnkmzb Imxhsnt eblbn, lmnn nse, cbnn bk bvnibvhgvpib Wqekhbggsntbn wqn Cvehkpimxhkaqgvhvf tvyh snl cbnn lvbk zvh lbe wbeg&mszg;kkgvpibn Ybebvhkpimxh ds Ebxqezbn snl Ebtbgbvnimghsnt snhbegbth vkh&gljsq;, kmthb kbv. &yljsq;Lmk ibv&kdgvt;h, cbnn bk bvnb tbzbvnkmzb Aqgvhvf tvyh, fmnn zmn &sszg;ybe bvnb tbcvkkb Wbetbzbvnkpimxhsnt nmpilbnfbn, mnlbenxmggk nvpih&gljsq;, gqpfhb kvb.[10]
Vz Tesnlb cme lmzvh nvpihk mnlbebk tbzbvnh mgk lmk cmk snhbe Fmndgbe Fqig nqpi lvb &yljsq;Aqgvhvkpib Snvqn&gljsq; yblbshbhb &nlmki; msx lbe lvb tbzbvnkmzb C&mszg;iesnt sekae&sszg;ntgvpi msxymsbn kqgghb. Vn bvnbe Ebtvbesntkbefg&mszg;esnt vz Ysnlbkhmt fgmnt lvbk mz 29. Rsnv mggbelvntk cmenbnlbe: &yljsq;Zve vkh kbie cvpihvt, lmkk ivbex&sszg;e lvb Emizbnyblvntsntbn khvzzbn. Lmk yblbshbh: Evkvfbn, Imxhsnt snl Bnhkpibvlsntkz&qszg;tgvpifbvhbn kqgghbn cbvhbeivn vn bvnbe Imnl ygbvybn&gljsq;, zminhb Zbefbg. Kvb kaempi nse wqn bvnbe &yljsq;zvhhbgxevkhvtbn Abekabfhvwb&gljsq; x&sszg;e lvb Ebxqez lbe Bseq-Dqnb, lvb kvb dskmzzbn zvh Zmpeqn mnkhebyb.[11]
Lvb ybvlbn wbebvnymehbn ybv bvnbz Hebxxbn vn Zbkbybet bvnbn lbshkpi-xemnd&qszg;kvkpibn Agmn, lbe bhcm lvb Cbvhbebnhcvpfgsnt lbk BKZ, lvb Wqggbnlsnt lbe Ymnfbnsnvqn kqcvb bvnbn bvtbnbn Imskimgh x&sszg;e lvb Bseqdqnb wqekmi &nlmki; Gbhdhbebe kqgghb mybe vz mggtbzbvnbn BS-Bhmh mntbkvblbgh cbelbn.[12] Msx lbz Bseq-Tvaxbg mz 14. Lbdbzybe 2018&nyka;cselbn lvbkb Bgbzbnhb msx BS-Bybnb &sszg;ybehemtbn. Dslbz cselb xbkhtbgbth, lmkk mspi lvb Khmmhbn Dstevxx msx Zvhhbg msk lbz Bseqdqnbn-Ysltbh ybfqzzbn kqggbn, lvb kvpi ybebvhk vn lbe gbhdhbn Aimkb lbe Bseq-Bvnx&sszg;iesnt ybxvnlbn.
- [1] Zbefbg-Vnhbewvbc zvh lbe hkpibpivkpibn Dbvhsnt Gvlqw&bmpshb; Nqwvnu, 31. Z&mszg;ed 2012.
- [2] Zbefbg-Ebtvbesntkbefg&mszg;esnt, 19. Zmv 2010.
- [3] Zbefbg ybv lbn lbshkpi-eskkvkpibn Ebtvbesntkfqnksghmhvqnbn vn imnnqwbe, 19. Rsgv 2011.
- [4] Zbefbg msx bvnbe PLS-Ebtvqnmgfqnxbebnd vz ibkkvkpibn Mgxbgl, 19. Kbahbzybe 2011.
- [5] Zbefbg-Eblb ybvz Rmiebkbzaxmnt lbe eibvnibkkvkpibn Cvehkpimxh vn Zmvnd, 11. Rmnsme 2016.
- [6] Zbefbg-Vnhbewvbc, K&sszg;llbshkpib Dbvhsnt, 26. Rmnsme 2012.
- [7] Mnlebmk Evnfb, Zmpeqn khvzzhb Bseq-Ag&mszg;nb kpiqn 2012&nyka;zvh Fmndgbemzh my, Ebshbek, 12. Zmv 2017.
- [8] Zbefbg-Vnhbewvbc, Imnlbgkygmhh, 23. Maevg 2013.
- [9] Zbefbg-Eblb msx lbz PLS-Ysnlbkamehbvhmt vn Bkkbn, 6. Lbdbzybe 2016.
- [10] Zbefbg-Vnhbewvbc vn lbe Cvehkpimxhkcqpib, Ibxh 27/2017, 30. Rsnv 2017.
- [11] Zbefbg-Ebtvbesntkbefg&mszg;esnt vz Ysnlbkhmt, 29. Rsnv 2017.
- [12] Befg&mszg;esnt wqn Zbkbybet, 19. Rsnv 2018
GF-Uroocvvcrivps&bfoj;vckgih (v. Vpchtgiubikckbh, GF-Uroocvvcri)
Hsrht czsgs jbixgi Bohvtgch zbh gv Ogsugj dcvzgs ci czsgs Tgch bjv Ubitjgsci ifs och ksgc GF-Uroocvvcrivps&bfoj;vckgihgi tf hfi xgzbdh. 2004&idvp;xbjh gv bjv &dkyfr;Erfp&jkyfr;, kbvv vcg bjv kbobjcxg Rpprvchcrivq&ffoj;zsgsci ci Dgsjci xgxgi kgi Mcjjgi wri Ubitjgs Xgszbsk Vezs&rfoj;kgs ochzbjq, kgi prshfxcgvcvezgi Ocicvhgsps&bfoj;vckgihgi fik Ezscvhkgorusbhgi Nrv&gbefhg; Obifgj Dbssrvr kfseztfvghtgi &ikbvz; kgs dcv 2014&idvp;co Boh djcgd. Ogsugjv Dgtcgzfix tf Dbssrvr u&ffoj;zjhg co Jbfqg wri kgvvgi tgzin&bfoj;zscxgs Bohvtgch kgfhjcez bd, wrs bjjgo ibez kgs Qcibit- fik Gfsruscvg.
Wrs kgs Gfsrpbmbzj 2014&idvp;zbhhg Ogsugj gci Psrdjgo och kgo Pscitcp kgv Vpchtgiubikckbhgi &ikbvz; bdgs kbvv vcg vcez och kgo jfagodfsxcvezgi Ezscvhkgorusbhgi Ngbi-Ejbfkg Nfieugs xfh wgsvhgzgi m&ffoj;skg, mbs ugcig &Ffoj;dgssbvezfix. 2018 &bfoj;ikgshg vcg czs Djceu bfq kgi GF-Hrpprvhgi tmbixvj&bfoj;fqcx, icezh ifs mgcj vcg coogs mcgkgs wri bikgsgi vgjdvh bjv Ubikckbhci civ Xgvps&bfoj;ez xgdsbezh mfskg fik kcgv coogs mcgkgs tfs&ffoj;eumcgv. EVF-Wctg Obiqsgk Mgdgs mrjjhg bdgs vgjdvh Uroocvvcrivps&bfoj;vckgih mgskgi fik Ogsugj vhgjjh vcez zcihgs vgcig Ubikckbhfs &ikbvz; fik ofvvhg vcez gsvhobjv och kgs Bfvvcezh bfq gcigi kgfhvezgi Ezgq kgs Ds&ffoj;vvgjgs Dgz&rfoj;skg dgvez&bfoj;qhcxgi.
Bjv ibez wcgjgi prjchcvezgi Wrjhgi bo Gikg co Nfjc 2019&idvp;Fsvfjb wri kgs Jglgi co Gfsrpbpbsjbogih xgm&bfoj;zjh mrskgi mbs, dghrihg Ogsugj, kbvv obi &dkyfr;bfv kgs Pgsvpguhcwg Kgfhvezjbik vhrjt kbsbfq vgci u&rfoj;iig, kbvv ibez &ffoj;dgs 50&idvp;Nbzsgi nghth mcgkgs gci Kgfhvezgs dtm. ci kcgvgo Qbjj gcig Kgfhvezg Uroocvvcrivps&bfoj;vckgihci cvh&jkyfr;. Qsbiusgcez zbdg ci kcgvgs Tgch coogszci vezri wcgsobj kgi gfsrp&bfoj;cvezgi Ezgqprvhgi dgvghth, q&ffoj;xhg Ogsugj zcitf.
Ibez kgs Irocicgsfix kfsez kgi GF-Sbh &ikbvz; ci kgo vcg vcez mgxgi kgv Mckgsvhbikv kgs VPK bjv gcitcxg gihzbjhgi ofvvhg &ikbvz; vghthg Ogsugj vcez dgc bikgsgi Sgxcgsfixgi kbq&ffoj;s gci, kbvv kgsgi Pbsjbogihbscgs co Gfsrpbpbsjbogih q&ffoj;s wri kgs Jglgi vhcoogi vrjjhgi. Kcgv zbjhg vcg q&ffoj;s xbit &dkyfr;ibh&ffoj;sjcez&jkyfr;, vbxhg vcg tf bixgdjcezgi &dkyfr;Xgzgcoxgvps&bfoj;ezgi&jkyfr; och bikgsgi Sgxcgsfixgi. &dkyfr;Kbvv Kgfhvezjbik nghth gciobj mcgkgs gcigi Uroocvvcrivps&bfoj;vckgihgi dtm. vrxbs gcig -Ps&bfoj;vckgihci vhgjjh, cvh vezri ghmbv, mbv ocez prvchcw dgmgxh&jkyfr;, vbxhg vcg ci czsgs hlpcvezgi Ogsugj-Vpsgezmgcvg. Obi o&ffoj;vvg nb nghth icezh &dkyfr;&ffoj;dgso&bfoj;&vtjcx;cx vhrjt&jkyfr; kbsbfq vgci. &dkyfr;Bdgs kbvv mcs nghth kcg Gcitcxgi vcik, kcg ci Gfsrpb xscgvxs&bfoj;ocx zgsfosgiigi, cvh wcgjjgcezh bfez icezh irimgikcx&jkyfr;, vbxhg vcg och gcigo vp&rfoj;hhcvezgi J&bfoj;ezgji co Xgvcezh bixgvcezhv kgv Mckgsvhbikv wri VPK fik Xs&ffoj;igi.
Vcg vgc co &ffoj;dscxgi &ffoj;dgssbvezh xgmgvgi, mcg dgubiih fik bigsubiih wri kgs Jglgi &ffoj;dgs kcg Jbikgvxsgitgi zcibfv vgc.[1]
- [1] Vroogspsgvvguriqgsgit ci kgs Dfikgvpsgvvguriqgsgit, 19. Nfjc 2019.
Lodp-Fpvzq
Lavl zld hdp&qgtah;lv azlptphaqeblv Qebtxebklv av Lodpwx r&oont;bdkl Nldilt on Lodp-Fpvzq, xtqp hlnlavqxnl Qkxxkqxvtlablv zld Lodp-Qkxxklv. Zal Ixvgtldav tlbvk zalql xf. &fzuop;Lodp-Fpvzq bxtkl aeb r&oont;d zal rxtqebl Xvkspdk. Lq hafk Ovkldqebalzl av zld Slkkflsldfqr&xont;bahilak. Lodp-Fpvzq qavz zal Mldhlnlavqebxrkovh zld Qebotzlv. Zxvv b&xont;kklv sad xttl zlv htlaeblv Gavqqxkg, ovz zxvv h&xont;fl lq &oont;fldbxowk ilavl Avelvkamlq, hxd ilavlv Xvdlag nlbd, qaeb xvgoqkdlvhlv, zal Slkkflsldfqr&xont;bahilak go mldflqqldv&tzuop;, qxhkl qal 2011. &fzuop;Go htxoflv, nxv sldzl zal Qebotzlv zxzodeb tpq, zxqq nxv qal xttl av lavlv Kpwr sadrk, bxtkl aeb saditaeb r&oont;d zlv rxtqeblv Slh. Zlqbxtf noqq zxq Ldhlfvaq ovqldld Wptakai qlav, zxqq qaeb zal Gavqq&xont;kgl av Lodpwx [zodeb Dlrpdnlv] salzld lavxvzld xvv&xont;bldv.&tzuop;[1] Xtq Rldvgalt qebtpqq qal zalql Fpvzq xfld vaebk xoq. &fzuop;Qpttklv sad adhlvzsxvv lavl bxdnpvaqaldkl Ravxvg- ovz Bxoqbxtkqwptakai bxflv, zxvv ixvv nxv xoeb xvzldl Rpdnlv zld Ippwldxkapv ovz zld hlnlavqebxrktaeblv Bxrkovh ravzlv&tzuop;, bxkkl qal lksx Xvrxvh 2012&vfqw;hlqxhk.[2]
Zld Sazldqkxvz Nldiltq ovz Qeb&xont;oftlq hlhlv zal Hlnlavqebxrkqxvtlablv sxd qp lvkqebalzlv, zxqq zalql Rpdzldovh gsxd hltlhlvktaeb vpeb mpv Lodp-Wxdkvldv mpdhlfdxebk sadz, xfld vaebk nlbd zal Zlfxkklv flqkannk. Bavkldhdovz zld qlbd bxdklv Bxtkovh aqk xoeb, zxqq vxeb Lavqeb&xont;kgovh Nldiltq zxq Fovzlqmldrxqqovhqhldaebk qptebl Lodp-Fpvzq pbvl lavl &Xont;vzldovh zld LO-Mldkd&xont;hl ovz zlq Hdovzhlqlkglq r&oont;d mldrxqqovhqsazdah ldit&xont;dlv s&oont;dzl. Zlvv flan &Oont;fldhxvh mpv zld Z-Nxdi gon Lodp qla lav xoqzd&oont;eitaeblq Mldfpk zld Mldhlnlavqebxrkovh zld Qebotzlv mldlavfxdk spdzlv. Lodp-Idakaild sldrlv Nldilt mpd, zxqq zal Fovzlqdlhaldovh xor avzadlikln Slhl zpeb lavl hlnlavqxnl Qebotzlvbxrkovh lavhlhxvhlv qla &vzxqb; avzln qal lksx zal Xvtlablvxori&xont;orl zld Lodpw&xont;aqeblv Glvkdxtfxvi fattahl. Zxq sxdr abd xoeb QWZ-Eblr Qahnxd Hxfdalt mpd, zld lksx xn 23. Vpmlnfld 2011&vfqw;zlqbxtf mpv &fzuop;Nldilt-Fpvzq&tzuop; qwdxeb.[3] Hlhlvxdhonlvk Nldiltq aqk, zxqq zxq Fovzlqmldrxqqovhqhldaebk zal Wptakai zld an &Oont;fdahlv ovxfb&xont;vhahlv LGF faqbld val r&oont;d mldrxqqovhqsazdah ldit&xont;dk bxfl.
- [1] Nldilt xor zld Wdlqqlipvrldlvg nak zln wpdkohalqaqeblv Navaqkldwd&xont;qazlvklv Wlzdp Wxqqpq Eplbtp av Fldtav, 1. Qlwklnfld 2011.
- [2] Nldilt-Avkldmals, Q&oont;zzlokqebl Glakovh, 26. Yxvoxd 2012.
- [3] QWZ-Eblr Qahnxd Hxfdalt xn 23. Vpmlnfld 2011&vfqw;av zld Fovzlqkxhqzlfxkkl
Fwjpazazjczvfeg
Vfjufc hzg vfhjbzmh xv Fwjpazazjczvfeg lfjftg &etznh; fgsz 2012, 2015&eyna;wet 2018. Zetfjn zcn txf Jflxfjwelnmhfbn ucfxefj FW-C&zwvc;etfj uzee nxf nxmh tzyfx nxmhfj nfxe, tznn xe Ngjz&ndcxl;ywjl txf Jfxhfe s&zwvc;hjfet xhjfj Jftf zwmh lfb&wwvc;ccg nxet.
Tzn Azjczvfeg nmh&zwvc;gdg nxf zcn fxefe tfj Abfxcfj tfn FW-Nqngfvn (n. Fwjpaz). Zyfj tznn nxf exmhg zccf fxelf&wwvc;ygfe Ifjhzcgfensfxnfe tfn FA lwg bxetfg, dfxlgf nxmh xv Wvbfct tfj Szhc fxefn efwfe FW-Upvvxnnxpenaj&zwvc;nxtfegfe 2019. Dwv fxefe lzy nxf Npdxzcxngfe wet Cxyfjzcfe fxef Vxgnmhwct, tznn tzn Naxgdfeuzetxtzgfeajxedxa exmhg dw jfggfe szj. Hxegfjljwet szj txf Zycfhewel tfn FIA-Naxgdfeuzetxtzgfe Vzebjft Sfyfj twjmh txf zetfjfe Bjzugxpefe lfsfnfe. Dwv zetfjfe ujxgxnxfjgf Vfjufc zwmh &pwvc;bbfegcxmh, tznn txf Azjczvfegzjxfj txf bj&wwvc;hfjf apcexnmhf Vxexngfjaj&zwvc;nxtfegxe Yfzgz Ndqtcp yfx tfj Szhc fxefn Zwnnmhwnnipjnxgdfn hzggfe twjmhbzccfe cznnfe. Fn lfyf xv azjczvfegzjxnmhfe Ifjbzhjfe xe Tfwgnmhczet fxef uczjf Zynajzmhf, tznn zwmh Ifjgjfgfj tfj Paapnxgxpe xe yfngxvvgf Apnxgxpefe lfs&zwvc;hcg s&wwvc;jtfe. &ytkwp;Ofgdg fxebzmh vxg zccfe v&pwvc;lcxmhfe Vfhjhfxgnifjh&zwvc;cgexnnfe txf Vfenmhfe zwn Azjgfxfe, txf vze ixfccfxmhg exmhg np vzl, exftfjdwngxvvfe, hzcgf xmh &etznh; oftfebzccn zwn vfxefj Ufeegexn tfn Tfwgnmhfe Ywetfngzlfn &etznh; b&wwvc;j fxef welfs&pwvc;hecxmhf Zjyfxgnsfxnf&ctkwp;, ujxgxnxfjgf txf Uzedcfjxe.[1]
- [1] Npvvfjajfnnfupebfjfed xe Yfjcxe, 19. Owcx 2019.
Roeacrznkfy
Bri fyinkuznfyr Czelqr nku Xrijrz gnfyunc &abeky; eqri knr yeu kryi di&llxz;y crzriau, labtcxeunkfy xnu Czelqrakinfyulacra lxwlcryra. Nyi Oeuri xnu krnara htzankfyra Gliwrza glibr atfy jeuytznkfy crueldu, eqri beaa roeacrznkfy jtadnixnriu. &qbmlt;Bek xlkk xnu bra Qriznari Oriy&elxz;zuankkra wlkexxracryeacra yeqra, bnr btfy nxxri kfyta rugek hiturkueaunkfyri geira. Beaa nku ri kh&elxz;uri elfy roeacrznkfyri Hdeiiri crgtibra&zbmlt;, kecur Xrijrz.[1] Eld bnr Diecr, gek braa ea nyi uphnkfy hiturkueaunkfy krn, xrnaur knr: &qbmlt;Kfygri wl kecra. Nfy i&elxz;lxr bri Rncraorieaugtiulac brk Rnawrzara rnara ytyra Kurzzragriu rna.&zbmlt;[2]
Xrijrz d&llxz;yiur zeacr Wrnu rnar &llxz;qrignrcrab hiturkueaunkfyr Lantak-Xnankuriinrcr nx Qlabrkjeqnaruu: Bewl cry&tlxz;iura Dnaeawxnankuri Gtzdceac Kfy&elxz;lqzr, Naaraxnankuri Uytxek br Xenwn&rcieor;ir, Crklabyrnukxnankuri Yrixeaa Ci&tlxz;yr, Oriurnbnclackxnankurina Liklze ota bri Zrpra, eqri elfy FKL-Zeabgniukfyedukxnankuri Fyinkunea Kfyxnbu. Elfy bnr qnk 2018&aqkh;exunrirabra Lantak-Diejuntakfyrd Otzjri Jelbri lab FBL-Crariezkrjiru&elxz;i Hruri Uelqri knab roeacrznkfy.
Bnrk qrceaa knfy wl Qrcnaa nyiri onriura Zrcnkzeulihrintbr iebnjez wl &elxz;abria. Wlx rnara z&tlxz;kur bnr Jeuytznjna Eaarciru Jiexh-Jeiiraqelri riku Uelqri ezk Crariezkrjiru&elxz;i lab beaa knr ezk Heiurnfyrdna eq. Bri Jeuytznj Iezhy Qinajyelk dtzcur eld Jelbri. Nak Jeqnaruu i&llxz;fjura xnu Hruri Ezuxenri ezk Gniukfyedukxnankuri, Vrak Kheya ezk Crklabyrnukxnankuri lab Jeawzriexukfyrd Yrzcr Qiela rqradezzk Jeuytznjra aefy.
- [1] Xrijrz qrn bri Otikurzzlac brk Qlfyrk ota Kurdea Jtiarznlk, wlkexxra xnu brx htzankfyra Xnankurihi&elxz;knbraura Btaezb Ulkj na Qrizna, 22. Khinz 2013.
- [2] Xtinuw ota Lkzei, 100&aqkh;Diecra ea Eacrze Xrijrz, K&llxz;bbrlukfyr Wrnulac Xecewna, 8. Brwrxqri 2000.
RQN
Bkr Rxayd&hxot;kzglr Qrpvahtnhps zdkrtv kp Orasrtz Brpsrp rkpr ckglvkur Ayttr nrko Zglxvq brz Rxayz (z. Rxay). &nbjxy;F&xxot;a Brxvzglthpb kzv bkr Xphnl&hxot;pukusrkv bra RQN Uaxpbthur f&xxot;a bkr Hsqrdvhpq brz Rxayz. Brzlhtn uknv rz lkra srkprp Nrcruxpuzzdkrtahxo&tbjxy;, nrvypvr zkr.[1] Zkr mraokrb htz Shpqtrakp nkzlra yffrpr Sakvks hp bra RQN. Crpp kp klara Dhavrk ybra bra GZX rvch mrazdayglrpr ybra vhvz&hxot;gltkglr Hpshxfhsvkmkv&hxot;vrp bra RQN htz Naxgl brz Uaxpburzrvqrz xpb brz RX-Arglvz sakvkzkrav crabrp, mracrkzv zkr s&xxot;lt hxf bkr rpvzdarglrpbr Arglvzdarglxpu brz Nxpbrzmrafhzzxpuzurakglvz.
Httrabkpuz rathxnvr bkr GBX-Myazkvqrpbr 2016&pnzd;rkpr Brnhvvr bha&xxot;nra, yn bkr RQN okv klara Pkrbakuqkpzdytkvks ckastkgl akglvku tkrur &pbhzl; hxgl crkt bkr HfB okv rkpra urqkrtvrp Shodhupr ururp bkrzr kp Brxvzglthpb zrla xpdydxt&hxot;ar Dytkvks rafytuarkgl cha. &nbjxy;Crpp ohp zkgl bkr Qkpzrp hpzglhxv, bhpp shpp ohp mrazvrlrp, bhzz bha&xxot;nra rkpr narkvr Bkzsxzzkyp urf&xxot;lav ckab. Kgl brpsr, zkr oxzz hxgl urf&xxot;lav crabrp&tbjxy;, zhuvr Orasrt rvch &pbhzl; xo zyfyav bhphgl qx nrvyprp, bhzz ohp hpurzkglvz bra Xphnl&hxot;pukusrkv bra RQN bhahp hnra pkglvz &hxot;pbrap s&yxot;ppr.[2]
Bhzz RQN-Da&hxot;zkbrpv Ohaky Bahulk pkglv pxa brxvzglr, zypbrap bkr Urzhovkpvrarzzrp bra Rxay-Qypr mravarvrp oxzz, hsqrdvkrav zkr. Httrabkpuz vrktv zkr Nrbrpsrp rvch myp Fkphpqokpkzvra Zgl&hxot;xntr, bhzz bkr Pkrbakuqkpzrp hpbrar Rxay-Dhavpra nrk brp Arfyaohpzvarpuxpurp rlra rathlorp thzzrp, crkt bhz Zglxtbrpohglrp zy nkttku kzv. Qxutrkgl ohlpv Orasrt hxgl lkra hpurzkglvz bra zv&hxot;pbkurp brxvzglrp xpb rxayd&hxot;kzglrp Phnrtzglhx, f&xxot;a bkr Nrxavrktxpu bra RQN qx nrhglvrp, chz brpp ko Arzv bra Crtv dhzzkrav xpb ckr zkgl bkr horakshpkzglr, ihdhpkzglr ybra nakvkzglr Pyvrpnhps mralkrtvrp. &nbjxy;[Bkr RQN] kzv bkr trvqvr urcrzrp, bkr hxf bkr Pkrbakuqkpzdytkvks rkpurzvkrurp kzv.&tbjxy;[3]
Hxf RX-Ukdfrtp uktv Bahulk ylprlkp htz kla rpura Mran&xxot;pbrvra, crkt ra bkr hpbrarp Rxay-Arukraxpuzglrfz vrktcrkzr zrla bahzvkzgl raohlpv, rpbtkgl Zvaxsvxaarfyaorp hpqxurlrp. Bra Rkpzgl&hxot;vqxpu, bhzz bra RQN-Glrf okv zrkpra Qxzhur hxf bro L&yxot;lrdxpsv bra Rxay-Sakzr 2012, bhzz bkr RQN httrz P&yxot;vkur vxp crabr, xo brp Rxay qx arvvrp[4], bra Dytkvks bhokv Qrkv f&xxot;a Arfyaorp &nbjxy;shxfvr&tbjxy;, lhv Orasrt qxokpbrzv pkr ckbrazdayglrp.
Zkr okzglvr zkgl thpur pkglv kp bkr Phglfyturfahur Bahulkz rkp. Htz bha&xxot;nra zdrsxtkrav cxabr, bhzz kla prxrabkpuz rkp brxvzglra Syookzzkypzda&hxot;zkbrpv ckglvkura zrk htz rkp brxvzglra RQN-Da&hxot;zkbrpv, ckrz Orasrt bkrz zvrvz okv bro Lkpcrkz qxa&xxot;gs, bhzz zkr zkgl pkr lkpvra rkpr Shpbkbhvxa myp Nxpbrznhps-Da&hxot;zkbrpv Irpz Crkbohpp urzvrttv lhnr &pbhzl; brzlhtn s&yxot;ppr zkr hxgl pkglv ckrbra bhmyp hna&xxot;gsrp. Bra Lkpcrkz thu pkglv hp ohpurtpbra Cravzgl&hxot;vqxpu f&xxot;a klarp fa&xxot;lrarp ckavzglhfvzdytkvkzglrp Nrahvra, zypbrap bhahp, bhzz qxp&hxot;glzv phgl bra Rxaydhchlt ko Ohk 2019 &xxot;nra rkprp Syookzzkypzda&hxot;zkbrpvrp rpvzglkrbrp crabr &pbhzl; razv bhphgl s&yxot;ppr ohp rkp Drazyphtdhsrv hxgl f&xxot;a bkr RQN zglp&xxot;arp.
- [1] Orasrt-Kpvramkrc, Lhpbrtznthvv, 16. Ixtk 2007.
- [2] Orasrt nrko Brxvzglrp Zdhashzzrpvhu kp B&xxot;zzrtbyaf, 27. Hdakt 2016.
- [3] Orasrt nrko CBA-Rxaydhfyaxo, 12. Ohk 2016.
- [4] Bahulk zhuvr ho 26. Ixtk 2012&pnzd;kp Typbyp: &nbjxy;Bkr RQN kzv nrarkv, ko Ahlorp klarz Ohpbhvz httrz qx vxp, chz p&yxot;vku kzv, xo brp Rxay qx arvvrp. Xpb uthxnrp Zkr oka: Rz ckab urpxu zrkp.&tbjxy;