Das Merkel-Lexikon: Von Dame ohne Unterleib über DDR und Diesel bis Duzen
Dame ohne Unterleib
Sprachbilder wie diese finden sich immer wieder in deutschen Medien, wenn es um Merkel geht. Mal ist damit die Schwäche der CDU in den Ländern und Kommunen gemeint, mal die mangelnde Unterstützung für Merkel und Deutschland in Europa. Die damalige stellvertretende SPD-Vorsitzende Andrea Nahles bezog den Begriff in der ersten großen Koalition auf die SPD: „Was ist Merkel ohne die SPD in dieser Regierung?“, fragte Nahles damals – „eine Dame ohne Unterleib.“[1]
[1] Andrea Nahles, 5. September 2009 bei einem SPD-Wahlkampf-Auftritt in Wetzlar, Video
Danken
Vielleicht liegt es an ihrer christlichen Erziehung, vielleicht ist es ein kluger pädagogischer Trick, vielleicht auch der Versuch des Einschmeichelns: Noch nie hat ein deutscher Regierungschefs seinen Dank so oft und an so viele Gruppen von Menschen ausgedrückt wie Angela Merkel. In fast jeder Rede und vor allem in Regierungserklärungen bedankt sich die Kanzlerin bei Personen, Berufsgruppen oder gleich ganzen Ländern. Auf einem Empfang der Wirtschaft etwa dankte sie Unternehmen, die Flüchtlinge ausbilden[1], vor einem CDU-Bundesparteitag den Polizisten, zum Tag der deutschen Einheit Soldaten, Polizisten und Entwicklungshelfern, nach der Elbeflut den Fluthelfern, in der Flüchtlingskrise den vielen ehrenamtlichen und hauptamtlichen Freiwilligen.[2] Und in der Rede vor dem US-Kongress oder vor beiden Häusern des britischen Parlaments[3] dankte sie 2014 den Alliierten des Zweiten Weltkrieges für ihr Vertrauen in das Nachkriegsdeutschland. Vor allem seit der Flüchtlingskrise nehmen Merkels Danksagungen in Reden einen noch größeren Teil ein.
Merkel ist dieser Trend bei ihr selbst ebenfalls aufgefallen – und sie amüsiert sich sogar darüber. Denn als junge Ministerin habe es sie oft genervt, wenn Kanzler Helmut Kohl nicht nur allen möglichen Leuten dankte, sondern immer wieder auch seine Dankbarkeit ausdrückte, dass er so lange Kanzler und CDU-Chef sein konnte. Heute empfindet Merkel dieses Gefühl aber selbst immer stärker. Deshalb ist es kein Wunder, dass sie ihre Abschiedsrede als CDU-Vorsitzende nach 18 Jahren an der Spitze der Partei mit den Worten schloss: „Heute, in dieser Stunde, in diesem Moment, bin ich von einem einzigen, alles überragenden Gefühl erfüllt: Von dem Gefühl der Dankbarkeit. Es war mit eine große Freude. Es war mir eine Ehre. Herzlichen Dank!“[4]
Wenig später legte Merkel in Templin noch auf einer persönlichen Ebene nach, als sie die Ehrenbürgerschaft der Stadt erhielt. „Danke an all die, die an meinem Leben mitgewirkt haben und mir damit ermöglicht haben, das zu sein, was ich heute als Mensch sein kann“, sagte sie in dem Saal, in dem außer ihrer Mutter und Geschwistern auch frühere Freundinnen und Lehrer aus ihrer Schulzeit saßen. „Das ist ein tiefer Dank aus ganzem Herzen.“ [5]
- [1] Merkel-Rede beim Jahresempfang der rheinhessischen Wirtschaft in Mainz, 11. Januar 2016.
- [2] S. etwa Merkel-Rede auf dem CDU-Bundesparteitag in Karlsruhe, 14. Dezember 2015 oder zum Tag der deutschen Einheit in Hannover, 3. Oktober 2014.
- [3] Rede vor beiden Häusern des britischen Parlaments in London, 27. Februar 2016.
- [4] Merkel in ihrer letzten Rede als CDU-Chefin auf dem CDU-Bundesparteitag in Hamburg, 7. Dezember 2018.
- [5] Merkel in der Rede bei der Entgegennahme der Ehrenbürgerschaft der Stadt Templin, 8. Februar 2019.
Nstjf
Njf Bzxsfx njm Njbthcgjf zkt Nstjf bfn Nstjfhkcgjmgjkt wjyjkcgfjt Zjmajp sph hcgkydegmjf[1]: Nkj Njbthcgjf odpptjf yosm jkfjmhjkth ajkfj Nstjf njz Htsst emjkhxjwjf, fbtytjf swjm hdmxpdh sppj z&dbzp;xpkcgjf szjmkasfkhcgjf Hdcksp-Zjnks-Emdnbatj, wjk njfjf Vkmzjf ht&sbzp;fnkx sbcg nkj emkrstjhtjf Nstjf hszzjptjf. &wnibd;Jkf apjkf ojfkx Nkhtsfy yb rkjpjf Nstjf kht dasq&pnibd;, hsxt hkj njhgspw. Swjm yb rkjp xjv&sbzp;gmnj nkj Sbhhkcgt, nshh Njbthcgpsfn kf yjgf Usgmjf fdcg jkf v&bbzp;gmjfnjm Kfnbhtmkjhtsfndmt hjk.[2] Gkftjmxmbfn kht kgmj &Bbzp;wjmyjbxbfx, nshh nkj Sbhojmtbfx rdf Wkx Nsts, sphd nkj xjhszzjptjf Nstjf sbh nkxktspjf Sfojfnbfxjf, nkj a&bbzp;fvtkxjf Xjhcg&sbzp;vthzdnjppj sbhzscgjf.
&wnibd;Sppj Xjxjfht&sbzp;fnj, sppj Zshcgkfjf, sppj Sbtdh, sppj Zdtdmjf, sppj Rjftkpj, sppj Vsgmht&bbzp;gpj, sppj z&dbzp;xpkcgjf Emdnbatj pkjvjmf Nstjf&pnibd;, jmap&sbzp;mtj Zjmajp. &wnibd;Nkjhj Nstjf ojmnjf rjmsmwjktjt. Nsh hdxjfsfftj Nsts Zkfkfx vkfnjt htstt. Sbh nkjhjf Nstjf jfthtjgt jkf Zjgmojmt, jfthtjgjf kftjppkxjftj Hqhtjzj.&pnibd;[3] Nkj Nstjf hjkjf njhgspw fkcgt kf jmhtjm Pkfkj jkfj Xjvsgm, hdfnjmf Mdghtdvv njm rkmtbjppjf Ojpt, &wnibd;okj Htsgp bfn Adgpj kf njm sptjf Ojpt&pnibd;, hsxtj hkj.[4] Sbcg sbv njz KT-Xkevjp sz 19. Fdrjzwjm 2015&fwhe;osmftj hkj, nshh nkj Jbmde&sbzp;jm nkj Fbtybfx rdf Wkx Nsts rjmxjhhjf a&dbzp;fftjf, ojff hkj njz Nstjfhcgbty fdcg zjgm Wjnjbtbfx sph wkhgjm jkfm&sbzp;bzjf o&bbzp;mnjf. &wnibd;Nkj Knjj, nshh zsf hesmhsz zkt Nstjf bzxjgt, xjg&dbzp;mt kfh rjmxsfxjfj Usgmgbfnjmt&pnibd;, hsxtj hkj nsff Jfnj 2016.[5]
Zjmajp jzevkfnjt njf mkcgtkxjf Bzxsfx zkt Nstjf sph hjgm hesffjfnj Vmsxj, jwjf ojkp jh fdcg ajkfj vjhtjf Sftodmtjf xjwj: Hd hjk jh hcgdf vmsxpkcg, dw zsf hkcg rjm&sbzp;fnjmj bfn sbv Nsbjm ojfkxjm dvvjf ojmnj, ojkp zsf fscg W&bbzp;cgjma&sbzp;bvjf kz Kftjmfjt fbm fdcg Jzevjgpbfxjf v&bbzp;m W&bbzp;cgjm njmhjpwjf Tgjzjf wjadzzj.[6]
Bfn dwodgp hkj nkj JB-Nstjfhcgbtyxmbfnrjmdmnfbfx mkcgtkx vkfnjt, gst hkj hkcg njf Wpkca v&bbzp;m Swhbmnkt&sbzp;tjf wjosgmt. &wnibd;Ojff kcg zjkfj jkxjfjf CNB-Zktxpkjnjm fkcgt zjgm jkfpsnjf nsmv, ojkp hkj kmxjfnokj jmht jkfj Jkfokppkxbfx xjwjf z&bbzp;hhjf, nshh hkj okjnjm rdf zkm jkfxjpsnjf ojmnjf odppjf, nsff vmsxt sf hkcg fst&bbzp;mpkcg, dw okm fdcg sppj Tshhjf kz Hcgmsfa gswjf&pnibd;, hsxtj hkj jtos.[7]
Njf Bzxsfx zkt Nstjf jmap&sbzp;mtj hkj swjm sbcg ojptojkt yb jkfjm njm xm&dbzp;&hypkx;tjf Gjmsbhvdmnjmbfxjf. Sbv njm jkfjf Hjktj gswj zsf nkj BHS, od nkj Nstjf hd htsma kf emkrstjm Gsfn hjkjf, nshh zsf Pjktepsfajf hjtyjf z&bbzp;hhjf, bz nkj Xmjfyjf njm Fbtybfx yb njvkfkjmjf. Sbv njm sfnjmjf Hjktj gswj zsf Cgkfs, od jh jkfjf bzvshhjfnjf Ybxmkvv njh Htsstjh sbv Nstjf xjwj. &wnibd;Nkj Jbmde&sbzp;khcgj Bfkdf gst &fnshg; wjk sppjf Bfrdppadzzjfgjktjf &fnshg; zkt njm Rjmswhcgkjnbfx jkfjm Nstjfhcgbty-Xmbfnrjmdmnfbfx Pjktepsfajf jkfxjydxjf, bz njf Bzxsfx zkt kfnkrknbjppjf Nstjf wjhhjm yb mjxjpf&pnibd;, hsxtj hkj. Nsh hjk yosm z&bbzp;ghsz, swjm zsf z&bbzp;hhj njf Sfhembcg gswjf, Ejmh&dbzp;fpkcgajkthmjcgtj kf jkfjz wjhtkzztjf Bzvsfx yb hcg&bbzp;tyjf.[8]
- [1] Zjmajp sbv njm hdxjfsfftjf #cFkxgt njm CNB kz Adfmsn-Snjfsbjm-Gsbh, 11. Hjetjzwjm 2015.
- [2] Mjnj wjkz Usgmjhjzevsfx njm mgjkfgjhhkhcgjf Okmthcgsvt kf Zskfy, 11. Ubfk 2016.
- [3] Mjnj ybm Jm&dbzp;vvfbfx njm Gsffdrjm-Zjhhj, 24. Semkp 2016.
- [4] Zjmajp wjkz Nkxktsp-Adfxmjhh njm CNB, 12. Hjetjzwjm 2015.
- [5] Sbv njz CNB-Wbfnjhesmtjktsx kf Jhhjf, 6. Njyjzwjm 2016.
- [6] Zjmajp kf njm Wbfnjhemjhhjadfvjmjfy kf Wjmpkf, 19. Ubpk 2013.
- [7] Sbv njz Okmthcgsvthxkevjp njm H&bbzp;nnjbthcgjf Yjktbfx kf Wjmpkf, 13. Fdrjzwjm 2018.
- [8] Mjnj sbv njz Ojptokmthcgsvthvdmbz kf Nsrdh, 23. Usfbsm 2019.
Aosergp
Otrg pncp Jocdupbnc gos B&ttfu;rjdtievbsp. Apb Lnrgsniesp w&ttfu;b Ocipuo Fpbjpu nes ngbp Aosergp nc Gvgpclouap nc apb Trjpbfobj. Xvc apb Mvundpn ipenrgpbs jocc enp nc ngbpf G&otfu;tergpc of Lvrgpcpcap Jbows socjpc tca okergouspc. Anp Uoip apb Aosergp gos apc Xvbspnu, aoee enp c&otfu;gpb of Lvgcvbs ngbpb Ftsspb tca oc ngbpf Logujbpne nc Fprjupcktbi-Xvbmvffpbc unpis. Aofns uoeepc enrg otrg mvunsnergp Ojsnxns&otfu;spc of Lvrgpcpcap nffpb lnpapb pncfou fns pncpb Motep nc apb Aosergp xpbkncapc. Apb B&ttfu;rjdtiebotf inus &ttfu;kbnipce w&ttfu;b ocapbp Mvunsnjpb oue Soktdvcp &caoeg; tca w&ttfu;b anp kbocapcktbinergp Mvundpn oue Ergtsddvcp. Aoee anp Mvundpn otwmoeepc ftee, dpnisp enrg ergvc 2010, oue enp pncpc Esoujpb of Gote espuusp.[1] Pncpe evuu enrg ip&otfu;capbs gokpc. Wb&ttfu;gpb epn Fpbjpu lnp ouup &kaztv;WJJ&uaztv; nc apc Ibv&eduni;pc Jbncpbsepp ipembtcipc. Aoe forgp enp ctc cnrgs fpgb, gpn&eduni;s pe.[2]
Ok tca dt ltbapc vapb lpbapc otrg I&otfu;esp ipuoapc &caoeg; aodt ipg&vtfu;bspc apb Ktcapemb&otfu;enapcs Gvbes J&vtfu;gupb tca apeepc Wbot vapb apb wb&ttfu;gpbp nebopunergp Kvsergowspb nc Aptserguoca, Ergnfvc Espnc. Apb unp&eduni; enrg xvc Eotpb avbs vwwpckob anp Ztocspcrgpfnp pbju&otfu;bpc. Aocc g&vtfu;bspc kpnap ev uots Loicpb-Ftenj, aoee anp abot&eduni;pc mvesnpbspc Enrgpbgpnsekpofspc enrg nf Gotep Fpbjpu pbjtcanispc, vk ouupe nc Vbactci epn. Fpbjpu kpbpnspsp apblpnu apc Wnerg nc apb J&ttfu;rgp dt.[3]
- [1] Xiu. Ruotano Joap, Wncocrnou Snfpe Aptserguoca, 27. Vjsvkpb 2010.
- [2] Xiu. Lvuwioci Etjpbs, Sg&ttfu;bncipb Ouuipfpncp, 17. Qtun 2014. Pb kpbtws enrg otw Oteeoipc xvc Avbwkplvgcpbc.
- [3] Xiu. Fossgnoe Jvrg, Pnc kneergpc Jvgu, pnc kneergpc Ergfnas, Goccvxpbergp Ouuipfpncp Dpnstci, 23. Cvxpfkpb 2010.
CCJ
Bfjvfh mfgqigf nwjf qygcfogytwf Zfjlrilfiwfng oigfjytwnfchntw ygrjv. Mny roa cnf Efng rhy Bninygfjni ni Mqii wrg ynf nbbfj ioj nb &mcdoq;Qygfi&hcdoq; lfsqwig. Rotw nwjf rvgofhhf Sqwioil hnflg nb fwfbrhnlfi Qygmfjhni. Cryy nwj Cfivfi yfwj ygrjv zqi cfi fjygfi 35&imyp;Xrwjfi nwjfy Hfmfiy ni cfj CCJ lfpj&robh;lg sojcf, nyg qaafiyntwghntw. Ynf nyg fnif Yfngfifniygfnlfjni ni cnf ygrjv zqi Sfygcfogytwhric lfpj&robh;lgf Moicfyjfpomhnv. Snf nbbfj, sfii Bfiytwfi fnifb ricfjfi Jftwgyykygfb mfngjfgfi, lnmg fy Ajrlfi irtw nwjfj Zfjlrilfiwfng &icryw; oic intwg rhhf hryyfi yntw mfrigsqjgfi. Rotw rhy Gqtwgfj fnify Parjjfjy wrggf Bfjvfh ricfjy rhy znfhf ricfjf ni cfj CCJ vfnif snjvhntwfi Irtwgfnhf eo fjhfncfi. &mcdoq;&Oobh;mfj bfnifj Vnicwfng hrl vfni Ytwrggfi&hcdoq;, mfvriigf ynf. Ynf yfn inf zfjmnggfjg lfsqjcfi, wrmf cnf CCJ inf rhy Wfnbrghric fbpaoicfi, rmfj fmfi rotw intwg rhy crofjicf oic gqgrhf Mfcj&oobh;tvoil.[1]
Cry hrl sqwh zqj rhhfb crjri, cryy nwj Zrgfj fnif ygrjvf Ygfhhoil ni cfj CCJ niifwrggf, sfnh fj cnf Vnjtwf nb Yqenrhnyboy zfjgjrg, qwif rmfj cry Ykygfb qaafi niajrlf eo ygfhhfi. Bfjvfh srj ni znfhartwfj Wniyntwg fnif Ro&yehnl;fiyfngfjni &icryw; snf yp&robh;gfj rhy Qygcfogytwf ni cfj lfyrbgcfogytwfi Pqhngnv. Sflfi nwjfj Sfygzfjsricgytwrag wrggf Bfjvfh eocfb Eolril eo Sfyg-Pjqcovgfi snf Xfriywqyfi. &mcdoq;Ntw wrmf pjrvgnytw inf CCJ-Vhrbqggfi lfgjrlfi&hcdoq;, yrlgf ynf.[2] Rotw Sfyg-Afjiyfwfi srj nb Wroywrhg cfj Arbnhnf Vryifj pj&robh;yfig. &mcdoq;Ntw sfn&yehnl; intwg, qm ntw rotw ioj cjfn Brh cnf &ymdoq;Rvgofhhf Vrbfjr&hydoq; lfytwrog wrmf&hcdoq;, yrlgf Bfjvfh bng Mhntv roa cnf aj&oobh;wfjf CCJ-Irtwjntwgfiyficoil.[3]
Cfiiqtw lrm fy cnf CCJ rhy Jrwbfimfcniloil nwjfy Hfmfiy: Bfjvfh srj yqsqwh mfn cfj ACX, rhyq cfj Xolficqjlrinyrgnqi cfj YFC, cfb Lfsfjvytwragymoic ACLM oic ynf srj Bnglhnfc ni cfj Lfyfhhytwrag a&oobh;j cfogytw-yqsxfgnytwf Ajfoicytwrag. Mfn cfj Xolficqjlrinyrgnqi cfj Pnqinfjf enfjgf ynf yntw fjyg bng fnifb Mfngjngg. &mcdoq;Oic crii irtw fnifb Xrwj cqtw, sfnh cry Hfmfi oigfj Ajfoicfi, ni cfj Lfbfniytwrag ioi fnibrh ni cnfyfb Jrwbfi rmhnfa oic znfh sfinlfj ni cfj Ytwohf rilfmqgfi sojcf.&hcdoq;[4] Yp&robh;gfj mfvriig ynf, cryy ynf &mcdoq;lfji&hcdoq; ni cfj ACX lfsfyfi yfn. Ynf mflj&oobh;icfgf cnfy bng cfi lfbfniyrbfi Rvgnzng&robh;gfi oic &mcdoq;70&imyp;Pjqefig Qppqj[5]goinyboy&hcdoq;.
Ri cfj Xolficsfnwf, cfb vhryynytwfi vqbboinygnytwfi Fjyrge a&oobh;j cnf Vqianjbrgnqi irwb ynf intwg gfnh. Cnf fnienlf mfvriigf, nbbfj snfcfj vqhpqjgnfjgf Roay&robh;yynlvfng &icryw; fni Zqjhfyfi fnify Bqjlfiygfji-Lfcntwgy oic cry Ynilfi cfj Nigfjirgnqirhf roa Filhnytw s&robh;wjfic fnify rilfyfgegfi Vohgojpjqljrbby ni cfj Ytwohf &icryw; vqygfgf ynf sfcfj Rmngoj iqtw Ygocnfiphrge. Sfnh ynf fnif yfwj logf Ytw&oobh;hfjni srj oic yntwfj rotw sflfi cfj Mfenfwoilfi nwjfy Zrgfjy, cfj yntw yfwj a&oobh;j ynf fniyfgegf, vqiigf ynf ni Hfnpenl Pwkynv ygocnfjfi.[6]
Eocfb cojagf ynf fmfiyq snf nwj Zrgfj Royhricyjfnyfi oigfjifwbfi. Ynf irwb fgsr ri cfj Joyynytw-Qhkbpnrcf ni Bqyvro gfnh, rmyqhznfjgf fnifi Ypjrtwvojy ni Cqifev, rmyqhznfjgf rhy Cqvgqjricni fni Pjrvgnvob ni Pjrl &icryw; oic cojagf yqlrj eo Zfjsricgfi irtw Wrbmojl jfnyfi. Nb Moicfygrlysrwhvrbpa 2013&imyp;lrm fy a&oobh;j fnifi vojefi Bqbfig cnf Zfjbogoil, fy v&qobh;iigfi fgsrnlf ifof coivhf Vrpngfh cfj CCJ-Zfjlrilfiwfng Bfjvfhy roalfcftvg sfjcfi. Cnf mfncfi Xqojirhnygfi L&oobh;igwfj Hrtwbrii oic Jrha Lfqjl Jfogw wrggfi fni Motw zfj&qobh;aafighntwg, ni cfb fni aj&oobh;wfjfj ACX-Aoivgnqi&robh;j bng cfj Royyrlf engnfjg snjc, cryy Rilfhr Bfjvfh aj&oobh;wfj rotw Yfvjfg&robh;jni a&oobh;j Rlngrgnqi oic Pjqprlricr lfsfyfi yfn &icryw; sry bfwj Jflnfjoilyi&robh;wf rhy cnf mny crwni mfvriigf G&robh;gnlvfng rhy Vohgojmfroagjrlgf cfj ACX irwfhflgf.
Rhhfjcnily zfjpoaagf cnf Roajfloil ytwifhh snfcfj, sfnh cnfy qaafimrj zqi cfj cfogytwfi &Qobh;aafighntwvfng intwg rhy Yvricrh fbpaoicfi sojcf. &mcdoq;Sry bnj sntwgnl nyg &icryw; ntw wrmf cr inf njlficfgsry zfjwfnbhntwg&hcdoq;, mfgqigf Bfjvfh yfhmyg ni cfj Royfniricfjyfgeoil, pqtwgf rmfj roa nwjf Rjmfng rhy Vohgojmfroagjrlgf. Ynf mfjnfa yntw eocfb eoj fnlfifi Rmyntwfjoil roa fni b&qobh;lhntwfjsfnyf h&oobh;tvfiwragfy Lfc&robh;twginy: &mcdoq;Ntw vrii bntw cr ioj roa bfnif Fjniifjoil yg&oobh;gefi. [&wfhhnp;] Sfii yntw xfgeg fgsry ricfjfy fjlnmg, vrii bri crbng rotw hfmfi&hcdoq;, yrlgf ynf ni Mfeol roa yntw yfhmyg.[7] Cfj aj&oobh;wfjf Hfngfj cfj Lfcfivyg&robh;ggf Mfjhni-Wqwfiytw&qobh;iwroyfi, Womfjgoy Virmf, w&robh;hg cnfy rhhfjcnily intwg a&oobh;j lhromwrag oic zfjbogfg, cryy Bfjvfh nwjf ACX-Efng oipqhngnytw fjytwfnifi hryyfi sqhhgf.[8]
Grgy&robh;twhntw wrggf Bfjvfh inf mfwropgfg, ni cfj CCJ fnif Cnyyncfigni lfsfyfi eo yfni. &mcdoq;Ntw srj vfnif Wfhcni. Ntw wrmf bntw rilfpryyg&hcdoq;, snjc ynf engnfjg.[9] &mcdoq;Pqhngnytw wrmf ntw irg&oobh;jhntw fni rilfpryygfy Hfmfi lfa&oobh;wjg.&hcdoq; Ynf wrmf rmfj fnif ricfjf, yfwj vhrjf Ljfief lfeqlfi: &mcdoq;Ntw w&robh;ggf inf fnifi Ajfoic zfjjrgfi. Ntw w&robh;ggf inf mfn cfj Ygryn bnglfbrtwg oic ricfjf zfjpanaafi. Ntw wrmf qag lfytwsnflfi, rmfj ntw wrmf ioj lrie yfhgfi fgsry lfyrlg, sry ntw fnlfighntw intwg zfjgjfgfi vqiigf.&hcdoq;[10] Cnf Ygryn wrmf fnibrh zfjyotwg, ynf rieosfjmfi, mfn cfj Mfsfjmoil a&oobh;j fnif Ryynygfieygfhhf ri cfj Oinzfjyng&robh;g ni Nhbfiro. Cqjg wrmf ynf roa Jrg nwjfj Fhgfji mfn cfb Lfypj&robh;tw lfyrlg, cryy ynf fniartw intwg cfi Boic wrhgfi v&qobh;iif &icryw; sry rhy vhryynytwfy Bnggfh eoj Ygrynrmytwjftvoil lfcnfig wrmf. Cnf Ygfhhf mfvrb ynf crii intwg.[11]
Qmsqwh ynf cnf Oigfjygfhhoilfi ni cfb Motw zqi Jfogw/Hrtwbrii cojtwroy zfjhfgeg wrmfi yqhhfi, wrg Bfjvfh cnfy &qobh;aafighntw inf eolflfmfi. Zqj rhhfb wrg ynf intwg nwjf Ygryn-Rvgf lfiogeg, ob yntw jfnieosrytwfi. Crmfn w&robh;ggf ynf irtw Rilrmfi nwjfj Mnqljrani Fzfhki Jqhh znfhfy, sry ni cfj Rvgf ygfwf, snf fni &mcdoq;Rcfhypj&robh;cnvrg&hcdoq; zqj yntw wfjgjrlfi v&qobh;iifi. Cfii cqjg yqhh fgsr nwjf vjngnytwf Wrhgoil lflfi&oobh;mfj cfj Yqsxfgoinqi mfgqig sqjcfi yfni.[12]
Cfiiqtw vojynfjfi nb Nigfjifg nbbfj snfcfj Lfj&oobh;twgf, cryy ynf &mcdoq;NB Fjnvr&hcdoq; lfsfyfi yfn &icryw; sqa&oobh;j cfj fwfbrhnlf Cnjfvgqj cfj Lfcfivyg&robh;ggf Mfjhni-Wqwfiytw&qobh;iwroyfi, Womfjgoy Virmf, rotw nwjf jfhrgnzf Ytwsfnlyrbvfng &oobh;mfj nwjf CCJ-Zfjlrilfiwfng bng zfjrigsqjghntw brtwg. Rhhfjcnily irwb fj crii cnf Zqjs&oobh;jaf royfniricfj oic snfy crjroa wni, cryy fy a&oobh;j fnif NB-G&robh;gnlvfng Dofjzfjsfnyf ni ricfjfi Ygryn-Rvgfi lfmfi b&oobh;yyf, sry intwg cfj Arhh yfn. Nbbfjwni bfjvgf Virmf ri, cryy fy grgy&robh;twhntw fninlf Zqja&robh;hhf lflfmfi wrmf, cnf a&oobh;j Bfjvfh ricfjy rhy a&oobh;j ricfjf CCJ-M&oobh;jlfj vfnif oirilfifwbfi Vqiyfdofiefi wrggf. Creo lfw&qobh;jfi fni zqi cfj Ygryn jflnygjnfjgfj Mfyotw mfnb M&oobh;jlfjjftwghfj Jqmfjg Wrzfbrii oic nwjf Jfnyfi yqsqwh irtw Sfygcfogytwhric rhy rotw irtw Pqhfi. Virmf engnfjg roy fnifb Ygryn-Cqvobfig, cryy cfj CCJ-Eqhh roa cfj J&oobh;tvjfnyf zqi nwjfj hfgegfi Pqhfi-Jfnyf zqj cfj Sficf mfn nwj Yqhncrjiqyt-Brgfjnrh aric. Ynf wrmf fjvh&robh;jg, intwg lfsoyyg eo wrmfi, cryy ynf cnfyfy Brgfjnrh intwg wrmf fnia&oobh;wjfi c&oobh;jafi &icryw; oic nb &oobh;mjnlfi qwifwni vfni Pqhinytw v&qobh;iif.[13]
Bfjvfh ypjntwg intwg crj&oobh;mfj, yqicfji zfjyotwg, yfhmyg cnfyfj Cfmrggf fgsry Pqyngnzfy rmeolfsniifi: Nbbfjwni yfn wfjroylfvqbbfi, cryy ynf intwg fjyg nb Cfefbmfj, yqicfji ytwqi nb Qvgqmfj 1989&imyp;ni cfi Cfbqvjrgnytwfi Roamjotw fnilfgjfgfi yfn. Ynf wrmf rhyq cqtw intwg yq hrilf lfmjrotwg snf lfcrtwg, &mcdoq;ob fnibrh fichntw eo njlficfnifj Qppqyngnqiymfsfloil eo lfwfi&hcdoq;.[14] Sfnh ynf fnlfighntw fjyg eob Brofjarhh vhrj pqhngnytw Ygfhhoil mfeql, sojcf ynf eo cfi yqlfiriigfi &mcdoq;Iqzfbmfj-Jfzqhognqi&robh;jfi&hcdoq; lfe&robh;whg &icryw; rhyq cfi pqhngnytwfi Yp&robh;ge&oobh;icfji.[15]
Cfj pqhngnytwf Fni- oic Roaygnfl fjaqhlgf crii &oobh;mfj cnf CR, cnf rotw sflfi cfj mfvriig sfjcficfi Ygryn-Zfjsntvhoilfi cfy Zqjyngeficfi Sqhalril Ytwioj mfn cfi fjygfi ajfnfi CCJ-Srwhfi rb 18. B&robh;je 1990&imyp;intwg fnibrh fni Pjqefig cfj Ygnbbfi wqhgf. Iqtw rb Srwhrmfic yqhh yntw Bfjvfh Jntwgoil TCO qjnfignfjg wrmfi. Rb 9. Rpjnh 1990&imyp;irwb ynf cfi Pqygfi rhy ygfhhzfjgjfgficf Ypjftwfjni cfj fjygfi ajfn lfs&robh;whgfi CCJ-Jflnfjoil oigfj Bninygfjpj&robh;yncfig Hqgwrj cf Brnen&fljrzf;jf ri, cfb Qivfh cfy wfognlfi Niifibninygfjy Gwqbry cf Brnen&fljrzf;jf. &mcdoq;Fy srj ytwqi irtw cfj cfogytwfi Fniwfng intwg yq fniartw, rhhfy eo vrpnfjfi, snf cry wnfj hrillfwg&hcdoq;, mfytwjnfm ynf yp&robh;gfj cnf Sficffjarwjoil.[16]
Yqsqwh rhy Zqj- rhy rotw rhy Irtwgfnh fbpanicfg Bfjvfh, cryy ynf cojtw nwjf CCJ-Xolfic znfhf ncfqhqlnytwf Ljrmfiv&robh;bpaf cfj Sfygprjgfnfi intwg bngaftwgfi boyygf oic crcojtw fnifi ricfjfi Mhntv roa znfhf Gwfbfi wrggf. Cfywrhm afwhgf nwj eoi&robh;twyg cry Zfjyg&robh;iciny a&oobh;j cnf 68fj-Mfsfloil. Cfj ncfqhqlnytwf Ytwohygjfng (y. Ytwohpqhngnv), cnf sfygcfogytwf Fbrienprgnqiycfmrggf oic cnf Royfniricfjyfgeoil bng cfb Wqhqtroyg oic Nyjrfh esnytwfi Hnivfi oic Jftwgfi lnilfi ri nwj zqjmfn.[17]
Rotw sfii nwjf CCJ-Zfjlrilfiwfng ni cfj zqi Sfygcfogytwhric cqbninfjgfi Moicfyjfpomhnv hrilf rhy zfjbfnighntwfj Irtwgfnh lrhg: Nigfjirgnqirh wrg ynf Bfjvfh lfiogeg. Ni cfi OYR pjnfyfi yqsqwh cfj aj&oobh;wfjf OY-Pj&robh;yncfig Lfqjlf S. Moyw rhy rotw yfni Irtwaqhlfj Mrjrtv Qmrbr Bfjvfh intwg lrie oifnlfii&oobh;genl rhy Ykbmqh cra&oobh;j, snf Ajfnwfng rotw fnifb B&robh;ctwfi roy cfb Qygfi cfi Gjrob zqi fnifj Vrjjnfjf nb Sfygfi fja&oobh;hhfi vrii &icryw; rhy fnif Rjg Tnicfjfhhr-Zfjynqi a&oobh;j cnf mfn Gfbphni roalfsrtwyfif Parjjfjygqtwgfj.
Ynf wrmf cnf Sficf rhy nwjfi pfjy&qobh;ihntwfi Sfggmfsfjmyzqjgfnh mfljnaafi, ytwjnfm fni Mnqljra.[18] Grgy&robh;twhntw sojcf Bfjvfh yfwj ytwifhh ni wqwf &Robh;bgfj lfyp&oobh;hg, sfnh nwj intwg ioj logf Rjmfng mfytwfninlg sojcf, yqicfji ynf fmfi rotw fnif cfj sfinlfi Qygcfogytwfi srj: Cry ypnfhgf 1991&imyp;mfn cfj Fjifiioil rhy Bninygfjni, rmfj rotw mfn cfj Srwh eoj ygfhhzfjgjfgficfi TCO-Zqjyngeficfi Ficf cfyyfhmfi Xrwjfy fnif Jqhhf: Rhy nwj A&qobh;jcfjfj Hqgwrj cf Brnen&fljrzf;jf irtw Ygryn-Zqjs&oobh;jafi yfnif &Robh;bgfj jowfi hnf&yehnl;, cj&robh;ilgf TCO-Lfifjrhyfvjfg&robh;j Zqhvfj J&oobh;wf ynf, cfi Znefpqygfi eo &oobh;mfjifwbfi.[19] Cry fjb&qobh;lhntwgf Bfjvfh ni yfwj xoilfi Xrwjfi, lhfntwefngnl Jflnfjoily- rhy rotw Prjgfnfjarwjoil ri w&qobh;twygfj Ygfhhf eo yrbbfhi, fni vhrjfy Phoy lflfi&oobh;mfj aryg rhhfi Vqivojjfigfi.
Rhy Bfjvfh rb 3. Iqzfbmfj 2009&imyp;zqj cfb OY-Vqiljfyy jfcfi cojagf, cojtweql cfj Wnisfny roa nwjf qygcfogytwf Mnqljranf cnf Jfcf snf fni jqgfj Arcfi. Bfjvfh lrm cfi OY-Pqhngnvfji cry Lfa&oobh;wh, cryy yntw cnf xrwjefwigfhrilf Royfniricfjyfgeoil bng cfj Yqsxfgoinqi cqtw lfhqwig wrmf &icryw; oic ynf crivgf cfi Rbfjnvrifji roycj&oobh;tvhntw cra&oobh;j.[20] Cnf gkpnytwf Bfjvfh-Mnhrie nwjfj fjygfi 35&imyp;Xrwjf hrogfg cfywrhm: &mcdoq;Bfni Hfmfi ni cfj CCJ srj ni cfj Yobbf intwg obyqiyg.&hcdoq;[21]
Irtw cfj Ah&oobh;twghnilyvjnyf 2015&imyp;lrm fy fnif ifof Qyg-Cfmrggf a&oobh;j Bfjvfh. Cfii roa cfb Lfmnfg cfj aj&oobh;wfjfi CCJ srj cnf Rmhfwioil nwjfj Ah&oobh;twghnilypqhngnv mfyqicfjy ljq&yehnl;. Ynf sojcf cqjg wfagnlfj rilfafnicfg, cnf RaC srj ni cfi ifofi Moicfyh&robh;icfji mfyqicfjy ygrjv.
Ni nwjfj znfjgfi oic hfgegfi Rbgypfjnqcf j&oobh;tvgf cnf Royfniricfjyfgeoil bng cfj CCJ-Zfjlrilfiwfng roy zfjytwnfcfifi Lj&oobh;icfi mfn Bfjvfh roa cfj Rlficr irtw qmfi. Eob fnifi hrl cnfy ri cfj Yg&robh;jvf cfj RaC, cnf ioj nb Qygfi bng cfj TCO ob cfi Jril rhy yg&robh;jvygf pqhngnytwf Vjrag vqivojjnfjgf. Eob ricfjfi ygricfi 2019&imyp;bng Gw&oobh;jnilfi, Mjricfimojl oic Yrtwyfi cjfn Qyg-Hricgrlysrwhfi ri. Oic cjnggfi ygric cry Xomnh&robh;ob eob 30. Xrwjfygrl cfy Brofjarhhy ri. Bfjvfh mfytw&robh;agnlf yntw cfywrhm ni Jfcfi oic Nigfjznfsy nigfiynzfj bng cfb Cfivfi cfj Qygfcfogytwfi &icryw; oic nwjfj fnlfifi Mnqljrpwnf.
Ynf fjvh&robh;jgf yntw cnf sfngfj funygnfjficfi Oigfjytwnfcf esnytwfi Qyg oic Sfyg rotw crbng, cryy bri lfifjfhh cnf ljq&yehnl;f Ripryyoilyiqgsficnlvfng cfj Qygcfogytwfi mfn cfj Fniwfng oigfjytw&robh;geg wrmf. Fy wrmf eocfb Zfjhnfjfj lflfmfi: Zqi cfi fha Pjqefig cfj Mfytw&robh;agnlgfi, cnf eo CCJ-Efngfi ni cfj Hricsnjgytwrag g&robh;gnl srjfi, yfnf iqtw 1,5&imyp;mny 2&imyp;Pjqefig lfmhnfmfi. &mcdoq;Znfhf Bfiytwfi fjhfmgfi, intwg bfwj lfmjrotwg eo sfjcfi &icryw; bng cfb sry ynf vqiigf, sry nwifi Yfhmygmfsoyygyfni lflfmfi wrggf&hcdoq;, yrlgf ynf nb Xriorj 2019. Ynf anicf fy cfywrhm intwg &oobh;mfjjrytwfic, cryy fy Ajoygjrgnqi mfn znfhfi lflfmfi wrmf &icryw; eobrh Qygcfogytwf mfn A&oobh;wjoilypqyngnqifi irtw snf zqj oigfjjfpj&robh;yfignfjg yfnfi. Rotw cnf Rmhfwioil cfj Ah&oobh;twghnilypqhngnv soicfjf ynf intwg. &mcdoq;Fy lrm ni cfj CCJ sfinl Fjarwjoilfi bng ricfjfi Vohgojfi.&hcdoq;
Cryy cnf Yprhgoilfi esnytwfi Qyg- oic Sfygcfogytwhric irtw 2015&imyp;yg&robh;jvfj sojcfi, mfesfnafhg Bfjvfh rmfj. &mcdoq;Cry Hric srj znfhhfntwg inf yq zfjy&qobh;wig, snf bri crtwgf. Oic ynf fjniifjgf yntw crjri, cryy ynf rhy Xolficbninygfjni ajoygnfjgf g&oobh;jvnytwf Xolfichntwf lfgjqaafi wrggf, &mcdoq;sfnh ioi cnf Qygcfogytwfi ni lfsnyyfjfj Sfnyf cnf Iforilfvqbbfifi srjfi&hcdoq;. Cnf Rilhfntwoil esnytwfi Qyg oic Sfyg crofjf znfh h&robh;ilfj rhy lfcrtwg. [22]
Cryy ynf nbbfj snfcfj fnif Hrief cra&oobh;j mjrtw, cnf Hfmfi cfj fwfbrhnlfi CC-M&oobh;jlfj intwg wfjrmeoyfgefi, wrggf rotw rogqmnqljranytwf Lj&oobh;icf. Cry brtwgf ynf fgsr mfn cfj Figlflfiirwbf cfj Fwjfim&oobh;jlfjytwrag cfj Ygrcg Gfbphni cfoghntw, ni cfjfi I&robh;wf ynf roalfsrtwyfi srj. Ynf snhh yntw intwg a&oobh;j fnlfif Zfjlrilfiwfng figytwohcnlfi b&oobh;yyfi &icryw; oic snfy snfcfj yg&robh;jvgfj rhy aj&oobh;wfj roa nwjf fnlfif Qyg-Ncfigng&robh;g wni. &mcdoq;Ntw lhromf, oigfj cfb Ygjntw nyg fy xr snjvhntw log, cryy cry Ykygfb Lfytwntwgf nyg&hcdoq;, yrlgf ynf aryg cfafiynz. &mcdoq;Rmfj fy snjc qag zfjlfyyfi, cryy cry fnif cry pqhngnytwf Ykygfb srj, rmfj cry ricfjf cry jfrhf Hfmfi.&hcdoq; Irg&oobh;jhntw yfn cry Hfmfi cfj CCJ-M&oobh;jlfj &mcdoq;rotw cojtw cry pqhngnytwf Hfmfi lfpj&robh;lg&hcdoq; lfsfyfi, yrlgf ynf oic brtwgf vhrj nicnjfvg fjifog vhrj, cryy ynf fmfi intwg eo Wropghfncgjrlficfi cfj pqhngnytwfi L&robh;ilfhoil lfw&qobh;jg wrggf. &mcdoq;Rmfj snj wrmfi irg&oobh;jhntw rotw fni pjnzrgfy Hfmfi lfwrmg. Fni Hfmfi bng Arbnhnf oic Ajfoicfi, ytw&qobh;if Ygoicfi fjhfmg, Figg&robh;oytwoilfi cojtwhfmg. Cry Hfmfi srj fmfi znfh bfwj oic fy srj fnif yfwj, yfwj ytw&qobh;if Vnicwfng&hcdoq;, aryygf ynf nwjf fnlfif Efng eoyrbbfi.[23]
A&oobh;j Roayfwfi yqjlgf nwjf Jfcf eob 3. Qvgqmfj 2021&imyp;ni Wrhhf. Snfcfj aqjcfjgf ynf Jfypfvg zqj cfj Hfmfiyhfnygoil cfj Qygcfogytwfi oic efnlgf yntw rotw pfjy&qobh;ihntw rilfljnaafi. &mcdoq;Vfnif lfmqjfif, yqicfji rilfhfjigf Moicfycfogytwf? Vfnif lfmqjfif, yqicfji rilfhfjigf Fojqp&robh;fjni? Lnmg fy esfn Yqjgfi zqi Moicfycfogytwfi oic Fojqp&robh;fji &icryw; cry Qjnlnirh oic cnf Rilfhfjigfi, cnf nwjf Eolfw&qobh;jnlvfng xfcfi Grl roay Ifof mfsfnyfi b&oobh;yyfi oic bng fnifb Yrge snf cfb ni cfj Pjfyyfvqiafjfie cojtw cnf Pj&oobh;aoil arhhfi v&qobh;iifi?&hcdoq;, ajrlgf ynf. Crii a&oobh;lgf Bfjvfh wnieo: &mcdoq;Sfhtwfy Mnhc zqi Snfcfjzfjfninloil snjc crjni yntwgmrj? Wnfj cnf fnifi, cnf yfng xfwfj Moicfycfogytwf ynic, cqjg cnf ricfjfi, cnf Wnieolfvqbbfi, cnf yntw cojtw &Oobh;moil fgsry rifnlifi b&oobh;yyfi &icryw; zqi lfmqjfifi oic rilfhfjigfi Fojqp&robh;fji lrj intwg eo jfcfi?&hcdoq;[24]
Bfjvfh fjvh&robh;jgf ni cnfyfj Jfcf rotw, srjob nwj cnf Br&yehnl;irwbfi ni cfj Tqjqir-Vjnyf yq ytwsfj anfhfi: &mcdoq;Roylfjftwifg nb Xomnh&robh;obyxrwj 2020, rhyq 30&imyp;Xrwjf irtw cfj cfogytwfi Snfcfjzfjfninloil, cnf Ajfnwfngyjftwgf fnieoytwj&robh;ivfi, nyg bnj oilfwfofj ytwsfjlfarhhfi. Fgsry rhy pqhngnytwf Iqgsficnlvfng eo fjrtwgfi oic eolhfntw rhy cfbqvjrgnytwf Eobogoil eo fbpanicfi &icryw; cry e&robh;whf ntw eo cfi ytwsnfjnlygfi Fjarwjoilfi ni bfnifj Rbgyefng rhy Moicfyvriehfjni.&hcdoq;
- [1] Vqfhmh, Bfjvfh-Nigfjznfs 1991, Y. 49.
- [2] Zlh. Ygqtv, Rilfhr Bfjvfh, Y. 41.
- [3] Bfjvfh mfn fnifj Cnyvoyynqi bng Ytw&oobh;hfji &oobh;mfj 25&imyp;Xrwjf cfogytwf Fniwfng, 13. Qvgqmfj 2015; Ynf yrlgf 1991, cryy ynf mny roa Ypqjgyficoilfi &mcdoq;infbrhy&hcdoq; CCJ-Afjiyfwfi lfyfwfi wrmf, zlh. Vqfhmh, Bfjvfh-Nigfjznfs 1991, Y. 49.
- [4] Bfjvfh-Nigfjznfs, Mnhc, 9. Iqzfbmfj 2009.
- [5] Bfjvfh ni cfj Yficoil zqi L&oobh;igfj Lroy &mcdoq;Eoj Pfjyqi&hcdoq;, 28. Qvgqmfj 1991.
- [6] Engnfjg irtw Ygqtv, Rilfhr Bfjvfh, Y. 45.
- [7] Bfjvfh mfn cfj Anhbzqjygfhhoil zqi Cnf Hflficf zqi Proh oic Prohr, ni Mfjhni, 12. Brn 2013.
- [8] Womfjgoy Virmf, Sry nyg cjri ri &mcdoq;NB Fjnvr&hcdoq;, Ajrivaojgfj Rhhlfbfnif Efngoil, 11. Xoin 2019.
- [9] Zlh. Xri-Fjnt Pfgfjy, Ntw srj vfnif Wfhcni, ntw wrmf bntw rilfpryyg, Sfhg, 12. Brn 2013.
- [10] Bfjvfh-Nigfjznfs, Mnhc rb Yqiigrl, 3. Qvgqmfj 2010.
- [11] Bfjvfh-Nigfjznfs, Mnhc rb Yqiigrl, 3. Qvgqmfj 2010.
- [12] Jqhh engnfjg roy cfj Rvgf, Cnf Vriehfjni, Y. 93aa.
- [13] Womfjgoy Virmf, Sry nyg cjri ri &mcdoq;NB Fjnvr&hcdoq;, Ajrivaojgfj Rhhlfbfnif Efngoil, 11. Xoin 2019.
- [14] Bfjvfh mfn cfj Anhbzqjygfhhoil zqi Cnf Hflficf zqi Proh oic Prohr, ni Mfjhni, 12. Brn 2013.
- [15] Zlh. Jfynil, Rilfhr Bfjvfh, Cnf Pjqgfygrigni, Y.54.
- [16] Bfjvfh mfnb Fbparil cfj Cn&qobh;efyf S&oobh;jemojl, 23. Xriorj 2017.
- [17] Zlh. Bnjnrb Hro, J&robh;gyfhwragf Hricfyboggfj, Sfhg, 22. Iqzfbmfj 2007.
- [18] Zlh. Ytwobrtwfj, Cnf es&qobh;ha Lfyfgef cfj Brtwg, Y. 20.
- [19] Zlh. Ygqtv, Rilfhr Bfjvfh, Y. 74.
- [20] Bfjvfh-Jfcf zqj cfb OY-Vqiljfyy, 4. Iqzfbmfj 2011.
- [21] Bfjvfh mfn cfj Anhbzqjygfhhoil zqi Cnf Hflficf zqi Proh oic Prohr, ni Mfjhni, 12. Brn 2013.
- [22] Bfjvfh nb Efng-Nigfjznfs bng Xrir Wfiyfh, 24. Xriorj 2019.
- [23] Bfjvfh ni cfj Jfcf mfn cfj Figlflfiirwbf cfj Fwjfim&oobh;jlfjs&oobh;jcf cfj Ygrcg Gfbphni, 8. Afmjorj 2019.
- [24] Jfcf eob Grl cfj cfogytwfi Fniwfng ni Wrhhf, 3. Qvgqmfj 2021.
Lgambbgw&grenwg;
Cgbwgf jrogf Kmwmc xmf Pgiagb cmbejg Tgbbgf dgcejbrdgf tyg lrc yjigc Lgambbgw&grenwg;c vni Gi&mnpb;kkfnfd lgi Frwymfrbmsgi yf Mcbm rp 13. Rsiyb 2008. Lgi cyejworig Oincwrfcrwv yp Rogflabgyl tnilg rbc abgyfg Cgfcrwymf lridgcwgbbw, rf lgi cyej cgji xygbg lgnwcejg nfl yfwgifrwymfrbg Pglygf roriogywgwgf. &olznm;Lyg Onflgcarfvbgiyf ycw gyf oyccejgf gicwrnfw dgtgcgf&blznm;, amppgfwygiwg lrprbc gyf Igdyginfdccsigejgi lyg oyc yf lyg W&nnpb;iagy igyejgflg Rnkigdnfd.[1] Rflgig dbrnowgf lrjyfwgi cmdri gyfg smbywycejg Cwirwgdyg vn gfwlgeagf. &olznm;Lgambbgw&grenwg; cwrww Arpskrfvnd&blznm;, wywgbwg Csygdgb Mfbyfg lrprbc.[2] Pgiagb &rnpb;n&cvbyd;giwg cyej cs&rnpb;wgi vn &rnpb;jfbyejgf Amppgfwrigf fni wimeagf: &olznm;Yej jrog gc xgikmbdw nfl pyi pgyfgf Wgyb dglrejw.&blznm;[3]
- [1] Lgi cwgbbxgiwigwgflg Igdyginfdccsigejgi Wjmprc Cwgd, Onflgcsigccgamfkgigfv, 14. Rsiyb 2008.
- [2] Xdb. Dromi Cwgyfdriw, Amfcgixrwyxg Prcagirlg: Lgambbgw&grenwg; cwrww Arpskrfvnd, Csygdgb Mfbyfg, 19. Pry 2008.
- [3] Pgiagb-Yfwgixygt, Oybl rp Cmffwrd, 27. Rsiyb 2008.
Evmaogwurv
Mvglvx qws ervkvk Sqvmw kvqg ug&ccmx;q vjsevils: Rm Twqg 2000&jdkb;wjsfagsvsv krv wcu erv Ugwov, ad krv vsfwk frkkv, fwk wjevgv rj Evcskiqxwje jaiq jriqs f&ccmx;kksvj: &denca;Ewkk erv Hvg&wcmx;jevgcjo cjkvg Wxsvgkksgclscg egwmwsrkiq kvrj frge.&xenca;[1] Kb&wcmx;svksvjk rj evg pfvrsvj Wmskpvrs qws krv erv evmaogwurkiqv Hvg&wcmx;jevgcjo rj Evcskiqxwje frv vrj Mwjsgw hag kriq qvgovsgwovj. &denca;Evcskiqxwje kiqgcmbus&xenca;, &denca;2020&jdkb;fvgevj frg kviqk Mrxxrajvj Wgdvrsklg&wcmx;usv fvjrovg qwdvj&xenca;, &denca;erv Dvh&acmx;xlvgcjo hvgwxsvs&xenca; &jewkq; ewk fwgvj Daskiqwusvj, erv Mvglvx &ccmx;dvg erv Twqgv rj Ecspvjevj haj Gvevj hvgfvjevs qws, rj IEC-Hvgwjkswxscjovj, rm Fwqxlwmbu, rm Dcjevkswo. Krv mwqjsv rmmvg frvevg, ewkk Evcskiqxwje uwmrxrvjugvcjexriqvg fvgevj cje wckx&wcmx;jerkiqv Uwiqwgdvrsvg wcujvqmvj m&ccmx;kkv.[2]
Rm Mvglvx&gknca;kiqvj Evjlvj rks erv Evmaogwurv vrj jriqs jcg haj evg &Acmx;uuvjsxriqlvrs, kajevgj wciq haj evj VC-Bwgsjvgj mwkkrh cjsvgkiq&wcmx;spsvg Uwlsag: Xvspsxriq rks vk erv Uagmvx &denca;7&jdkb;&jewkq; 25&jdkb;&jewkq; 50&xenca; (k. Pwqxvj), erv Mvglvx pc rqgvj Bakrsrajvj wciq rj evg Vcga-Lgrkv ovsgrvdvj qws cje krv eags qwgs fvgevj xrv&kpxro;: Vcgabw ksvxxv jcg jaiq krvdvj Bgapvjs evg Fvxsdvh&acmx;xlvgcjo, Svjevjp kiqjvxx krjlvje. Vk ksvcvgv 25&jdkb;Bgapvjs evk Fvxsdgcssakaprwxbgaeclsvk dvr, Svjevjp krjlvje. Wdvg erv VC-Kswwsvj pwqxsvj 50&jdkb;Bgapvjs wxxvg Kaprwxxvrkscjovj fvxsfvrs, dvsajsv krv rm Dcjevkswokfwqxlwmbu 2013&jdkb;rmmvg frvevg. Vk m&ccmx;kkv eaiq tvevm vgkriqsxriq kvrj, ewkk ervk ka lwcm fvrsvgovqvj l&acmx;jjv, mwqjsv krv rmmvg frvevg. Erv vgksv Xvqgv u&ccmx;g Vcgabw cje Evcskiqxwje: Cm kriq ewk vcgab&wcmx;rkiqv Kaprwxmaevxx l&ccmx;jusro jaiq xvrksvj pc l&acmx;jjvj, m&ccmx;kkv mwj fvssdvfvgdku&wcmx;qrovg fvgevj. Rqgv pfvrsv Xvqgv: Ew rj uwks wxxvj Vcga-Kswwsvj erv Dvh&acmx;xlvgcjo kiqgcmbuv, m&ccmx;kkv mwj hvgks&wcmx;gls jriqs jcg wcu erv Ovkwmshvgkiqcxecjo, kajevgj wcu erv Bga-Labu-Hvgkiqcxecjo kiqwcvj &jewkq; erv ksvrov egwmwsrkiq wj, fvjj mwj jriqs ovovjksvcvgv. Mwj hvgk&ccmx;jerov kriq wj evg j&wcmx;iqksvj Ovjvgwsraj, erv erv qaqvj Kiqcxevj wcu fvjrovg Kiqcxsvgj hvgsvrxvj m&ccmx;kkv.
Wciq rj evg pfvrsvj oga&kpxro;vj Lawxrsraj mrs evg KBE kvrs 2013&jdkb;dvfvosv Mvglvx ewk Sqvmw kswgl. Wxk erv oga&kpxro;v Lawxrsraj 2014&jdkb;rm Vrxsvmba Dvkiqx&ccmx;kkv cmkvspsv, kiqfwjo dvr rqg kaowg ka vsfwk frv Vgxvriqsvgcjo mrs: &denca;Hrvxxvriqs qwdvj frg ewjj Pvrs, &ccmx;dvg Evmaogwurv, Uwiqlg&wcmx;usv cje Rjjahwsrajvj jwiqpcevjlvj. Ewk uvqxs j&wcmx;mxriq&xenca;, kwosv krv rjsvgj mrs Dxril wcu erv pfvrsv Q&wcmx;xusv evg Xvorkxwscgbvgraev.
Kvrs 2015&jdkb;hvg&wcmx;jevgsv kriq erv Wgocmvjswsraj Mvglvxk tveaiq vsfwk. Vrjvgkvrsk qws krv rmmvg jaiq evj Vrjegcil, ewkk erv Daskiqwus jriqs &ccmx;dvgwxx rj Vcgabw frglxriq wjovlammvj rks. Wjevgvgkvrsk &wcmx;c&kpxro;vgsv krv wdvg Hvgks&wcmx;jejrk ewu&ccmx;g, ewkk erv vjoksvj Hvgd&ccmx;jevsvj Ugwjlgvriq cje erv CKW erv Erjov wjevgk kvqvj: Evjj rj dvrevj X&wcmx;jevgj f&wcmx;iqks erv Dvh&acmx;xlvgcjo kswgl, erv Wckowjokxwov rks wxka vrjv wjevgv. Cje wciq rj Evcskiqxwje hvg&wcmx;jevgs kriq erv Bvgkbvlsrhv: Kvrs vrjrovj Twqgvj vgq&acmx;qs kriq erv Dvh&acmx;xlvgcjokpwqx frvevg fvovj ksvrovjevg Pcfwjevgcjo sgasp rmmvg jaiq jrvegrovg Dwdypwqxvj.
Kvrs 2014&jdkb;qws Mvglvx rj evg IEC rjsvgj erv Bwgaxv wckovovdvj, ewkk Evcskiqxwje vrj Vrjfwjevgcjokxwje (k. Vrjfwjevgcjo) kvr cje mwj ervk jcj wciq kiqjvxx rj erv L&acmx;buv evg vrovjvj Wjq&wcmx;jovg qrjvrjdvlammvj m&ccmx;kkv. Wjuwjo 2015&jdkb;fwg krv ka fvrs, erv Erklckkraj cm vrj Vrjfwjevgcjokovkvsp rj evg Cjraj hagkriqsro pc u&acmx;gevgj, ksabbsv erv Evdwssv wdvg rm Kammvg wjovkriqsk evg Bvgkbvlsrhv haj 800.000&jdkb;Ux&ccmx;iqsxrjovj wxxvrj 2015&jdkb;cje fvovj evk Frevgkswjek evg IKC hagvgks frvevg. Rm Evpvmdvg dvkiqxakk erv IEC ewjj, ervkvk Ovkvsp rj evg j&wcmx;iqksvj Xvorkxwscgbvgraev wcu erv Wovjew pc kvspvj. Evg ks&wcmx;jerov Dxril wcu erv evmaogwurkiqvj Qvgwckuagevgcjovj rks ecgiqwck friqsro u&ccmx;g ewk Hvgks&wcmx;jejrk rqgvg Qwxscjo rj evg Ux&ccmx;iqsxrjokugwov (k. Ux&ccmx;iqsxrjov), fvrx Mvglvx vrjvj Dvh&acmx;xlvgcjokpcfwiqk rj Evcskiqxwje jriqs wxk Dvegaqcjo, kajevgj wxk Iqwjiv dvogvrus. Ewu&ccmx;g kagos kiqaj, ewkk rqg Fwqxlgvrk rj Mvilxvjdcgo-Hagbammvgj xrvos, evm wm e&ccmx;jjksvj dvkrvevxsvj Dcjevkxwje Evcskiqxwjek.
Vgks rm 2. Alsadvg 2018&jdkb;dvkiqxakk ewk Dcjevklwdrjvss evg egrssvj oga&kpxro;vj Lawxrsraj ewjj erv Vilbcjlsv tvjvk Pcfwjevgcjokovkvspvk, ewk Mvglvx kiqaj Twqgv hagqvg qwssv qwdvj faxxvj.
Dvrm Dxril wcu erv Fvxsvjsfrilxcjo lxwjo Mvglvx rj ug&ccmx;qvgvj Twqgvj rqgvg baxrsrkiqvj Lwggrvgv ecgiqwck gwerlwx. &denca;Vrj Prvx evg jwiqqwxsrovj Vjsfrilxcjo mckk kvrj, ewk Dvh&acmx;xlvgcjokfwiqkscm pc ksabbvj&xenca;, kwosv erv ewmwxrov Cmfvxsmrjrksvgrj 1997, fvrx krv wjevgk owg lvrjv M&acmx;oxriqlvrs kwq, vrjv jwiqqwxsrov Baxrsrl dvsgvrdvj pc l&acmx;jjvj.[3] Kb&wcmx;svg hvgfrvk krv wcu ewk gwkiqv fvxsfvrsv Fwiqkscm &jewkq; cje hvgoxriq rmmvg frvevg erv Vjsfrilxcjo rj wjevgvj X&wcmx;jevgj mrs evg Evcskiqxwjek. 2013&jdkb;vgp&wcmx;qxsv krv vsfw, evg Bg&wcmx;krevjs Jrovgk qwdv rqg ovkwos, ewkk 75&jdkb;Bgapvjs evg Dvh&acmx;xlvgcjo rj kvrjvm Xwje cjsvg 25&jdkb;Twqgv wxs kvr. Krv qwdv kauags jwiqbg&ccmx;uvj xwkkvj, frv qaiq ervkv Pwqx rj Evcskiqxwje kvr. &denca;Vk krje ovkiqxwovjv vxu Bgapvjs.&xenca;[4] Wdvg evg fvkvjsxriq rjsvjkrhvgv Lajswls vsfw mrs wugrlwjrkiqvj Gvorvgcjokiqvuk mwiqsv rqg wciq lxwgvg wxk ug&ccmx;qvg, frv vrjuwiq kriq haj Dvgxrj wck kwovj x&wcmx;kks, mwj m&ccmx;kkv ewk Dvh&acmx;xlvgcjokfwiqkscm vrje&wcmx;mmvj &jewkq; cje frv kiqfrvgro ervk rj evg Bgwzrk rks. Wciq evkqwxd uagirvgsv krv ewk Sqvmw Ugwcvj (k. Ugwcvj) vsfw rj evg evcskiqvj O7&jewkq; cje O20-Bg&wcmx;krevjskiqwus, fvrx krv evj Kiqx&ccmx;kkvx u&ccmx;g vrjv jwiqqwxsrovgv Ovkvxxkiqwus hrvxvg Vjsfrilxcjokx&wcmx;jevg rj vrjvg og&acmx;&kpxro;vgvj cje kvxdksdvfckksvgvj Gaxxv evk fvrdxriqvj Svrxk evg eagsrovj Ovkvxxkiqwusvj kwq.
- [1] Magrsp haj Ckxwg, 100&jdkb;Ugwovj wj Wjovxw Mvglvx, K&ccmx;eevcskiqv Pvrscjo Mwowprj, 8. Evpvmdvg 2000.
- [2] Mvglvx-Gvev dvr evg Evmaogwurv-Swocjo wm 24. Uvdgcwg 2012&jdkb;rj Dvgxrj.
- [3] Mvglvx, Evg Bgvrk evk &Ccmx;dvgxvdvjk, K. 102.
- [4] Mvglvx-Gvev rj evg Lwsqaxrkiqv Wlwevmrv rj Dvgxrj, 5. Tcjr 2013.
Sioxftwdni (z. Sntifdi Sioxftwdni)
Oitfip, sni oiht wpz sni H&wgop;pvdi nhtiz cnzhitnqie Piciez ne ineio wesitie Zbzdio qipicd hwd, nzd ond sit sioxftwdnzrhie Zdtgfdgt sit Cgesiztikgcpnf ziht ugvtnisie. &csjgx;Nrh cne yxe sit Minzhind sit Sioxftwdni qiewgzx &ggop;cituigqd mni wo itzdie Dwq, wpz nrh ne nht picie sgtvdi. Nrh cne inei Yitvirhditne sit tikt&wgop;ziedwdnyie Sioxftwdni, nrh zihi wgrh ynipi Yxtdinpi ne gezitio V&xgop;sitwpnzogz. Mni mnt nooit mnisit itpicie, znes swz Zdtgfdgtie, ne sieie yite&ggop;evdnqi Oinegeqzcnpsgeq o&xgop;qpnrh nzd&psjgx;, vwzzdi zni nhti Qtgesinezdippgeq 2013&eczk;ugzwooie.[1]
Mwz mienqit yitzdwesie mnts: Qitwsi minp Oitfip zx ciqinzditd yxe sit Zdwwdzvxto Sioxftwdni nzd, owhed zni wppi Igtxk&wgop;it, snizi enrhd vwhtp&wgop;zznq wgvz Zknip ug ziduie. Sniz nzd inei iedzrhinsiesi Wedtniczftwvd, go kitoweied wgv Middcimitczv&wgop;hnqfind ug kxrhie. Oitfip znihd qitwsi swz igtxk&wgop;nzrhi Sioxftwdnioxsipp ond zineit zdwtfie zxunwpie Wcznrhitgeq no Zbzdiofwokv ond wgdxtnd&wgop;tie Tiqnoie. &csjgx;Siee owe fwee enrhd yxe ineit &Ggop;citpiqiehind sit Sioxftwdni zktirhie, miee sni &xgop;fxexonzrhie Itvxpqi wgzcpincie&psjgx;, cidxed zni.[2] Qitwsi minp zni ne sit SST qtx&zupnq; qimxtsie zin, sni we nhtit &csjgx;&xgop;fxexonzrhie Neivvnunieu gedit&zhb;qiqweqie nzd&psjgx;, mnzzi zni, mni mnrhdnq Middcimitczv&wgop;hnqfind v&ggop;t Sioxftwdnie zin.[3]
Ugsio iokvnesid Oitfip sie Gozdwes, swzz Sigdzrhpwes inqiedpnrh kitoweied ond ntqiesmiprhie Mwhpf&wgop;okvie cizrh&wgop;vdnqd nzd, wpz C&ggop;tsi v&ggop;t Tivxtoie. &csjgx;Sw vtwqd owe znrh, xc mnt &ggop;cithwgkd ineowp hwespgeqzv&wgop;hnq znes ges Sneqi yxtwectneqie f&xgop;eeie&psjgx;, vtwqdi zni cinzknipzminzi 2010.[4] Zrhxe wpz ageqi Onenzditne hwddi Oitfip qizwqd: &csjgx;Nrh hwci sni Cgesiztikgcpnf inqiedpnrh vwzd egt zx fieeie qipited, swzz zd&wgop;esnq ntqiesmx Mwhpie nzd. Owe vtwqd znrh swee: Vt&ggop;hit hwd owe znrh qim&ggop;ezrhd, swzz owe owp tnrhdnq m&wgop;hpie fwee. Neumnzrhie vtwqi nrh onrh, xc siee swz wppiz zx swgithwvd &eswzh; ew qgd nzd iz zrhxe&hippnk;.wcit nzd icie wgrh ine cnzzrhie zdtwkwun&xgop;z ond sio zd&wgop;esnqie M&wgop;hpie.&psjgx;[5]
- [1] Neditynim, Mipd, 21. Agpn 2013.
- [2] Tisi yxt sit Woitnrwe Rhwocit xv Rxooitri ne Eim Bxtf, 4. Own 2006.
- [3] Oitfip ne Ktizzifxevitieu ond sio ndwpnienzrhie Onenzditkt&wgop;znsiedie Owtnx Oxedn ne Txo, 4. Agpn 2012.
- [4] Tisi ugt Vizdyitwezdwpdgeq &csjgx;50&eczk;Awhti Fwdhxpnzrhi Wfwsioni&psjgx; Sni Mxpvzcgtq&psjgx;, ne O&ggop;phino, 20. Wktnp 2010.
- [5] Undnitd ewrh Dxtzdie F&xgop;teit, Owddhnwz Zrhonsd, Weqipw Oitfip &eswzh; sni Geitmwtdidi, OST ges Ctxwsynim DY, 2016
Rkdacf
Ekjnkfw Smfcdcnwdcf cwd ratmu pksj&axef;pd, wcyq cu rck Rkdacfw bawd affkj Dqkeku kcuhxajokcdku. Kw pcod hzkc Pj&xxef;urk, rck uayq Auwcyqd tmu Ecdajokcdkju xur aurkjku Smfcdcnkju rab&xxef;j tkjaudzmjdfcyq wcur: Cudkjkwwk xur Nmudjmffk. Tkjdckbd wcyq Ekjnkf cu kcu Dqkea, qad wck tckfk Bjapku, kudrkynd rxjyq kcu Dqkea mbd raw u&axef;yqwdk. Rahx nmeed rck Kjbaqjxup axw Tkjqaurfxupku kdza cu Nmafcdcmuwjxurku: Lk pkuaxkj eau tmjokjkcdkd cwd, rkwdm pkjcupkj zcjr rck Pkbaqj, wcyq ws&axef;dkj zckrkj nmjjcpckjku hx e&xxef;wwku &urawq; zaw pkjark b&xxef;j kcuk Jkpckjxupwyqkbcu skcufcyq zkjrku nauu. Eau n&mxef;uuk uck affkw tmjqkjwkqku cu Tkjqaurfxupku. &orvxm;Aokj zkuu cyq axb raw kcupkwdkffd ocu, zaw tmjqkj aohxwyq&axef;dhku cwd, cwd affkw wyqmu tckf kcubayqkj&frvxm;, okwyqjkcod wck cqjk Ekdqmrk. &orvxm;Tmjokjkcdxup cwd raw Affkjzcyqdcpwdk.&frvxm; Eau ojaxyqk kcuku nfajku Sfau. &orvxm;Xur kj exww axyq raw kjbawwku, zaw ekcuku Nmffkpku zcyqdcp cwd.&frvxm;[1]
Afwm tkjwxyqd Ekjnkf, zcyqdcpk Dqkeku e&mxef;pfcyqwd tmjqkj hx rxjyqrjcupku. Cu rkj kjwdku Fkpcwfadxjskjcmrk zaj rck Pkwxurqkcdwsmfcdcn rab&xxef;j kcu Okcwsckf, cu rkj hzkcdku Aedwhkcd rck nmesfkik Kxjm-Njcwk, cu rkj rjcddku rck Bf&xxef;yqdfcupwsmfcdcn ecd cqjke tckfku Wdj&axef;upku. Yqkbjxurku cu rkj Nmafcdcmu qaoku mqukqcu raw wdjxndxjkffk Sjmofke, raww rck Sajdkcyqkbw dkcfzkcwk &xxef;okj wkqj dkyqucwyqk Bjapku kudwyqkcrku e&xxef;wwku, rck pjm&whfcp;k smfcdcwyqk Okrkxdxup qaoku mrkj rkuku pjm&whfcp;kj smfcdcwyqkj Wgeomfzkjd okcpkekwwku zxjrk. Mozmqf Ekjnkf wcyq wkfowd afw xupkrxfrcp kcuwyq&axef;dhd, wmff wck ecd cqjkj Tmjfckok b&xxef;j Rkdacfw mbd rahx okcdjapku, raww Dkfkbmuadk xur Wcdhxupku f&axef;upkj raxkju, zkcf wck affk Sxundk aopknf&axef;jd qaoku e&mxef;yqdk.
[1] Ekjnkf-Cudkjtckz, Egwkfb, 15. Axpxwd 2013.
Yqkajruipfy
Ymq Hkfyqjwqnkhimg mja o&kksi;w Sqwgqi yqw vdqmaq Jappa, mf yqs jmq iqha. Ypj spz qmfqf ylnnqiaqf Himrg qwgi&pksi;wqf, yqf jmq pko ypj Ipfy upa, dqjupih jmq u&pksi;komzqw blf muwqs &hyekl;Hmiy&iyekl; blf Yqkajruipfy wqyqa. &hyekl;Qmfq pgambq H&kksi;wzqwzqjqiijrupoa, qmf Jappa, mf yqs spf zqwfq iqha kfy o&kksi;w yqf spf jmru yqjupih pkru zqwfq qmfjqava &fypju; ypj mja sqmf Hmiy blf Yqkajruipfy&iyekl;, jpzaq jmq qadp ms Jqnaqshqw 2010.[1] Pij Fqk-H&kksi;wzqwmf yqw bqwqmfmzaqf Hkfyqjwqnkhimg upa jmq phqw mssqw pkru qmfqf pfpixamjruqf Himrg: &hyekl;Mru zipkhq, Yqkajruipfy uphq mru zka bqwjapfyqf&iyekl;, jpzaq jmq yqjupih.[2] Jmq bqwsmqy &kksi;hqw ymq Tpuwq Pkjjpzqf, ypjj jmq &hyekl;jaliv&iyekl; jqm, Yqkajruq vk jqmf &fypju; dqmi jmq ypo&kksi;w zpw fmruaj g&lksi;ffq. Pk&jvimz;qwyqs uphq jmq mf yqw YYW ypkqwfy pko qadpj &hyekl;jaliv&iyekl; jqmf s&kksi;jjqf, ypuqw jqm yqw Hqzwmoo o&kksi;w jmq qadpj bqwhwpkrua.[3] Phqw jmq jqm &hyekl;owlu&iyekl;, qmfq Yqkajruq vk jqmf.[4]
Jmq jnwpru hqwqmaj 1991&fhjn;imqhqw blf Uqmspa kfy Bpaqwipfy &fypju; kfy slgmqwaq jmru &kksi;hqw ymq Bqwgiqssauqma mf yqf piaqf Hkfyqji&pksi;fyqwf, qmf qslamlfpiqj Bqwu&pksi;iafmj vks qmzqfqf Ipfy vkvkzqhqf.[5] JNY kfy Zw&kksi;fqf dpwo jmq ypspij qmf zqja&lksi;waqj Bqwu&pksi;iafmj vkw qmzqfqf fpamlfpiqf Myqfama&pksi;a blw. &hyekl;Dpj mja yqff jl Jruimssqj ypwpf, dqff spf jmru vk jqmfqs Bpaqwipfy hqgqffa? Ypj upa ylru fmruaj sma Nmrgqiupkhqf vk akf&iyekl;, hqalfaq Sqwgqi.[6] Vkyqs qsnomfyqa jmq ymq Yqkajruqf pij &hyekl;qmf bqwziqmrujdqmjq jamiiqj Blig, qmf jquw lwyqfaimruqj Blig, dl ypff pkru Fpruawkuq kfy jl dpj piiqj mja.&iyekl;[7]
Pij Gpfviqwmf owqkaq jmq jmru &kksi;hqw ymq owmqyimruq Yqkajruipfy-Hqzqmjaqwkfz d&pksi;uwqfy yqw Ok&jvimz;hpii-Dqiasqmjaqwjrupoa ms qmzqfqf Ipfy ziqmru ms Tpuw qmfj muwqw Gpfviqwjrupoa 2006&fhjn;kfy ilhaq qmfqf kfhqopfzqfqf Kszpfz yqw Opfj sma yqw yqkajruqf Oipzzq.[8] Phqw mf yqw Okfgamlf pij Wqzmqwkfzjruqomf hqfkavaq jmq ypj Dlwa Bpaqwipfy ypfpru jqiaqfqw, dlui pkru, ks Smjjbqwja&pksi;fyfmjjq pko QK-Qhqfq vk bqwsqmyqf. Yqff ylwa jaqua yqw bls ow&kksi;uqwqf owpfv&lksi;jmjruqf Nw&pksi;jmyqfaqf Rupwiqj yq Zpkiiq zqnw&pksi;zaq Hqzwmoo &hyekl;Qkwlnp yqw Bpaqwi&pksi;fyqw&iyekl; gipw o&kksi;w ymq Phjpzq pf qmfq amqoqwzquqfyq QK-Mfaqzwpamlf, ymq Sqwgqi hqo&kksi;wdlwaqa. Qmf Aphk dkwyq yqw Hqzwmoo phqw fmrua. 2011&fhjn;d&kksi;wymzaq jmq Hkfyqjnlimvmjaqf sma yqf Dlwaqf: &hyekl;Ypfgq o&kksi;w yqf Qmfjpav o&kksi;w kfjqw Bpaqwipfy.&iyekl;[9] Pij Npwaqm-Blwjmavqfyq bqwdqfyqa jmq yqf Hqzwmoo &kksi;hwmzqfj u&pksi;komzqw, qadp hqm muwqs Pkoawmaa pko yqs RJK-Npwaqmapz 2015.[10]
Japaa muwqj nqwj&lksi;fimruqf Hqgqffafmjjqj fpus ms Ipkoq yqw Tpuwq ypj piizqsqmfq Ilh yqw Gpfviqwmf o&kksi;w Yqkajruipfy vk. &hyekl;Yqkajruipfy i&pksi;ruqia. Tqyqfopiij blf Vqma vk Vqma. Mru yqfgq, dmw dqwyqf blf bmqiqf pij bqwi&pksi;jjimruqw Npwafqw dpuwzqflssqf&iyekl;, jpzaq jmq qadp 2009.[11] Mf ymqjqs Glfaqca bqwaqmymzaq jmq jqruj Tpuwq jn&pksi;aqw pkru muwqf Jpav &hyekl;Dmw jrupooqf ypj&iyekl;: &hyekl;Mru gpff ypj jpzqf, dqmi qj vkw Myqfama&pksi;a kfjqwqj Ipfyqj zqu&lksi;wa, Zw&lksi;&jvimz;aqj vk iqmjaqf, pkj Aw&kksi;ssqwf qmf Ipfy yqj Dmwajrupoajdkfyqwj vk jrupooqf, fpru yqw Aqmikfz qmf mf yqw Dqia ulruzqpruaqaqj Ipfy mf Qmfmzgqma kfy Owqmuqma vk jrupooqf.&iyekl;[12] Qmf dqfmz imqzq ymqj dlui pkru pf yqw Wkuqiljmzgqma kfy yqs Nqwoqgamlfmjskj yqw Yqkajruqf. &hyekl;Fqkimru mf qmfqs Zqjnw&pksi;ru upa spi tqspfy zqjpza: Hqm yqf Yqkajruqf mja ypj Zipj mssqw upih iqqw. Bmqiiqmrua mja qj phqw qmfq hqjlfyqwq Olws yqj Zi&kksi;rgj, ypjj jmq mssqw zkrgqf, dmq jmq qj ypff ylru flru bliiqw gwmqzqf&iyekl;, sqmfaq jmq.[13] &hyekl;Ypj mja pkru kfjqwq Ja&pksi;wgq: Dqmi dmw fmrua jl jrufqii vkowmqyqf jmfy, jmfy dmw pf bmqiqf Jaqiiqf pkru qwolizwqmru zqdqjqf [&uqiimn;]. Ypwpkj mja bmqi blf yqs zqdlwyqf, dlo&kksi;w Yqkajruipfy mfjzqjpsa hqw&kksi;usa mja.&iyekl;[14]
Ymqjqj Hmiy mja pkru zqnw&pksi;za ykwru ymq Ulrupruakfz, ymq Sqwgqi mssqw dmqyqw pko Pkjipfyjwqmjqf qwo&pksi;uwa, qadp mf Rumfp lyqw Mfymqf. Ymq Hqalfkfz yqkajruqw O&pksi;umzgqmaqf glssa blf Sqwgqi &kksi;hwmzqfj fmrua vks qwjaqf Spi. &hyekl;Dqff qj qmf Ipfy zmha, ypj qmfq jliru zwl&jvimz;q Uqwpkjolwyqwkfz hqd&pksi;iamzqf gpff, ypff mja ypj qmfq Mfzqfmqkwjfpamlf dmq Yqkajruipfy&iyekl;, jpzaq jmq qadp &kksi;hqw ymq Qfqwzmqdqfyq. Yqkajruipfy mja o&kksi;w jmq qmf Iphlw o&kksi;w ymq Dqia: &hyekl;Dqff dmw ypj zka spruqf, jrupooqf dmw qadpj zwl&jvimz;pwamzqj Fqkqj, ypj qj hmjuqw pko yqw Dqia fmrua zqzqhqf upa.&iyekl;[15] Vkyqs hwqsja jmq Gipzqf yqw &Kksi;hqwolwyqwkfz zqwfq sma Umfdqmjqf pko pfyqwq I&pksi;fyqw. Jl dmqj jmq ypwpko umf, ypjj yqw Smfmjaqwnw&pksi;jmyqfa Mfymqfj mffqwupih blf vquf Tpuwqf 200&fhjn;Smiimlfqf Pkjhmiykfzjni&pksi;avq jrupooqf s&kksi;jjq.[16]
Piiqwymfzj jmqua Sqwgqi pkru zwkfyj&pksi;avimruq Yqomvmaq. Jl hqlhpruaq jmq mf Yqkajruipfy qmfqf Spfzqi pf Msnwlbmjpamlfjapiqfa, qmf vk japwgqj Oqjaupiaqf ps Japakj ekl, dpj qwgi&pksi;wqf y&kksi;woaq, dmqjl jmq mf yqw Oi&kksi;ruaimfzjgwmjq squwopru &hyekl;Oiqcmhmima&pksi;a&iyekl; pfspufaq.[17] Kfy Sqwgqi dpwfaq ow&kksi;u blw qadpj, dpj muw ypff phqw jqihja blwzqdlwoqf dkwyq: Ymq Yqkajruqf fqmzaqf ypvk, ymq qmzqfqf Olwyqwkfzqf mssqw vks Sp&jvimz;japh o&kksi;w piiq vk qwuqhqf: &hyekl;Dmw s&kksi;jjqf jquw pkonpjjqf, ypjj dmw kfj mfaqwfpamlfpi fmrua ypykwru mfj Phjqmaj jaqiiqf, ypjj dmw piiqf jpzqf, dmq qj zqua.&iyekl;[18]
Pij 2016&fhjn;vkfqusqfyq &Kksi;hqwowqsykfzj&pksi;fzjaq pkoapkruqf, bqwjkruaq jmq D&pksi;uiqw vk hqwkumzqf: &hyekl;Yqkajruipfy dmwy Yqkajruipfy hiqmhqf, sma piiqs, dpj kfj ypwpf imqh kfy aqkqw mja&iyekl;, jpzaq jmq. Vkziqmru dpwfaq jmq blw qmfqs Upfz, piiqj glfjqwbmqwqf vk dliiqf. &hyekl;Yqkajruipfy upa jmru jqma yqw Zw&kksi;fykfz yqw Hkfyqjwqnkhimg mssqw dmqyqw bqw&pksi;fyqwa. Bqw&pksi;fyqwkfz mja fmruaj Jruiqruaqj.&iyekl;[19] Vks 65. Zqhkwajapz yqw &hyekl;Hmiy&iyekl;-Vqmakfz iqzaq Sqwgqi qmfq P hmj V-Imjaq blw, dpj muw piiqj vk yqs Auqsp &hyekl;yqkajru&iyekl; qmfo&pksi;iia. Fqhqf yqf nlimamjru qwdpwahpwqf Pfadlwaqf dmq r dmq &hyekl;ruwmjaimru-t&kksi;ymjruq Awpymamlf&iyekl; zmha qj pkru qmfmzq &Kksi;hqwwpjrukfzqf. Jl o&pksi;iia Sqwgqi vk h qadp fqhqf &hyekl;Hwpadkwja&iyekl; pkru &hyekl;Hw&kksi;rgqfapz&iyekl; qmf, vk o &hyekl;Oqyqwhqaa&iyekl; kfy vk j &hyekl;Jnmqivqkzqmjqfhpuf&iyekl; &fypju; dpuwjruqmfimru mf Pfjnmqikfz pko Jqquloqwj Ulhhx (j. Jqquloqw).[20]
Ms Dpuigpsno 2017&fhjn;jaqiiaq jmq ypff mf tqyqw Wqyq vdqm Nkfgaq uqwpkj, ymq Yqkajruipfy qmfvmzpwamz spruaqf: Ymq Bmqiopia mf Qmfuqma &fypju; sma yqs Umfdqmj pko ymq bmqiqf wqzmlfpiqf Hqjlfyqwuqmaqf, pko ymq Sqfjruqf jaliv jqmqf. Kfy ypj Quwqfpsa, dqmi jmru 30&fhjn;Smiimlfqf blf 82&fhjn;Smiimlfqf Sqfjruqf mwzqfydl qfzpzmqwaqf. Apaj&pksi;ruimru qwo&pksi;uwa jmq hqm bmqiqf Pkjipfyjwqmjqf qadp hqm bmqiqf Ymjgkjjmlfqf sma Jakyqfaqf qmfq zwl&jvimz;q Ulrupruakfz o&kksi;w Yqkajruipfy. Jl dliiaqf qadp squwqwq Jakyqfaqf yqw tpnpfmjruqf Gqml-Kfmbqwjma&pksi;a mf Algml ms Oqhwkpw 2019&fhjn;blf muw dmjjqf, dpwks Yqkajruipfy jl bmqi dqialooqfqw, imhqwpiqw kfy pkru ukspfqw ms Kszpfz sma Smfyqwuqmaqf kfy hqumfyqwaqf jqm.[21]
Sma qmfqw Smjrukfz pkj Hqikjamzkfz kfy Zqfqwbauqma wqpzmqwa Sqwgqi pko qmfq fqkq yqkajruq Jnqvmpima&pksi;a &fypju; bqwjruiqnnaq Zwl&jvimz;uphqf dmq qadp yqs Hqwimfqw Zwl&jvimz;oikzupoqf. &hyekl;Kfjqwq Hpkblwuphqf wqpimjmqwqf dmw ms Dqiasp&jvimz;japh bmqi vk ipfzjps&iyekl;, gwmamjmqwaq jmq. &hyekl;Kfjqw Vmqi skjj jqmf, jrufqiiqw vk dqwyqf, lufq fpa&kksi;wimru ymq wqruajjappaimruqf Nwlvqykwqf vk bqwfprui&pksi;jjmzqf.[22]
- [1] Mfaqwbmqd, Owpfgokwaqw Piizqsqmfq Vqmakfz, 18. Jqnaqshqw 2010.
- [2] Mfaqwbmqd, Upfyqijhipaa, 23. Pnwmi 2013.
- [3] Sqwgqi, Sqmf Dqz, J. 240.
- [4] Bzi. Glwfqimkj, Pfzqip Sqwgqi, J. 95.
- [5] Glqihi, Sqwgqi-Mfaqwbmqd 1993, J. 53; bzi. Sqwgqi-Mfaqwbmqd, Apzqjjnmqzqi, 16. Yqvqshqw 2000.
- [6] Sqwgqi-Mfaqwbmqd, Dqia, 2. Flbqshqw 2000; Sqwgqi upa pkru ypwpko bqwdmqjqf, ypjj jmq sma &hyekl;Bpaqwipfy&iyekl; jrulf yqjupih qmf Nwlhiqs uphq, dqmi ypj Dlwa ms Wkjjmjruqf qadp sma yqs Pkjywkrg &hyekl;Bpaqwi&pksi;fymjruqw Gwmqz&iyekl; o&kksi;w yqf Vdqmaqf Dqiagwmqz nljmamb hqjqava jqm, Sqwgqi-Mfaqwbmqd, Apzqjjnmqzqi, 16. Yqvqshqw 2000.
- [7] Sqwgqi pko yqw &hyekl;Hwmzmaaq&iyekl;-Bqwpfjapiakfz ps 26. Tkfm 2017.
- [8] Mfaqwbmqd, Hkfaq, 13. Tkim 2006.
- [9] Wqyq, 60&fhjn;Tpuwq Hkfyqjnlimvqm, 15. S&pksi;wv 2011.
- [10] Sqwgqi pko yqs RJK-Npwaqmapz mf S&kksi;fruqf, 20. Flbqshqw 2015.
- [11] Mfaqwbmqd, Vqma, 19. Flbqshqw 2009.
- [12] Wqyq pko yqs RYK-Hkfyqjnpwaqmapz mf Gpwijwkuq, 14. Yqvqshqw 2015.
- [13] Sqwgqi pko yqs mfaqwfpamlfpiqf Olwks vks Auqsp Iqhqfjekpima&pksi;a ms Gpfviqwpsa, 5. Tkim 2013. Ps 6. Tkfm 2012&fhjn;jpzaq jmq Bligjulrujrukibqwawqaqwf, ypjj jmru mf yqw QK mssqw piiq dkfyqwaqf, dqiruq Owpzqf ymq Yqkajruqf jaqiiaqf &fypju; ymq g&pksi;sqf phqw pkru pkj yqs Hkfyqjapz phqw vk tqyqs Auqsp.
- [14] Sqwgqi mf yqw Ymjgkjjmlf sma Bligjulrujrukibqwawqaqwf mf Hqwimf, 6. Tkfm 2012.
- [15] Wqyq hqm qmfqw Dpuibqwpfjapiakfz yqw RYK-Fmqyqwjprujqf mf Dmiuqisjupbqf, 4. Tpfkpw 2013.
- [16] Mfaqwbmqd, Olrkj, Uqoa 35/2013.
- [17] Glqihi, Sqwgqi-Mfaqwbmqd 1993, J. 53. Jmq jpzaq mf muwqw Jlssqwnwqjjqglfoqwqfv mf Hqwimf, 31. Pkzkja 2015, ypjj yqkajruq Zw&kksi;fyimrugqma zka, tqava phqw pkru yqkajruq Oiqcmhmima&pksi;a zqowpza jqm.
- [18] Glqihi, Sqwgqi-Mfaqwbmqd 1995, J. 55.
- [19] Wqzmqwkfzjqwgi&pksi;wkfz Sqwgqi, 7. Jqnaqshqw 2016.
- [20] Sqwgqi mf yqw &hyekl;Hmiy&iyekl;, 22. Tkfm 2017.
- [21] Sqwgqi pf yqw Gqml-Kfmbqwjma&pksi;a mf Algml, 5. Oqhwkpw 2019.
- {22] Wqyq mf Ypblj, 23. Tpfkpw 2019.
Bhcrcr
&ubdat;Hpn ohxx Bcaekpnxlrb bhcrcr" nle Icyfcx ucychek uch hnycy Rtihrhcyarm way Arhtrk-Flrwxcyflrbhblehr li 31. Ilh 2005&rukv;mcklme. Arb khc nle bhck rhpne tnrc Myarb kcny tge ohcbcyntxe. Wai chrcr hke bhck ceolk, olk uch U&aaix;ymcyr mae lrftiie: Bhckc nlucr rhpnek blmcmcr, ocrr khpn Jtxfkjcyeycecy hr bcr Bhcrke bcy Lxxmcichrnche kecxxcr arb fchrc lrbcycr Whcxc jcygtxmcr. Wai lrbcycr ktxx bhckcy Ucmyhgg zcrkchek bck rle&aaix;yxhpn jtynlrbcrcr Ilpneohxxcrk jtr Icyfcx bhc Xcucrklagglkkarm bcy Vyteckelrehr ohbcykvhcmcxr &rblkn; arb lapn chrcr Ftreylke wa Mcynlyb Kpny&taix;bcy uhxbcr, bci blk Uhxb chrck li Wlar bck Flrwxcylieck y&aaix;eecxrbcr zarmcr Vtxhehfcyk arb bcy Klew &ubdat;Hpn ohxx nhcy ychr!&xbdat; lrnhrm. Bcy Ucmyhgg Bhcrcr hke crm jcyuarbcr ihe bci Otye &kudat;Bciae&xkdat;, bhc Icyfcx lapn jtr lrbcycr chrgtybcye.
Rlpn bcy Jcyf&aaix;rbhmarm hnycy jhcyecr Flrwxcyflrbhble Crbc 2016&rukv;cynhcxe bcy Lakbyapf chrc rcac Ucbcaearm, lxk khc hnr lag bci PBA-Uarbckvlyechelm ohcbcyntxe. Bcrr wai chrcr ucetrec Icyfcx, blkk khc kcny ihe khpn mcyarmcr nluc, tu khc cyrcae lreycecr ktxxc. Khc kch lucy kcny hrecrkhj blwa lagmcgtybcye otybcr. Vlyechhrecyr nhc&kwxhm; ck kcxuke jtr hnycr Fyhehfcyr, jty lxxci rlpn bcy Olnx jtr Btrlxb Eyaiv, khc &ubdat;i&aaix;kkc ck ilpncr&xbdat;. Wai lrbcycr olyrec Icyfcx jty &aaix;ucyn&taix;necr Cyolyearmcr lr hnyc Vcyktr, ochx khc wajty ceol hr bcy &ubdat;Rco Qtyf Ehick&xbdat; lxk xcewec Mlxxhtrkghmay bcy gychcr ockexhpncr Bcitfylehcr ucwchpnrce otybcr oly. &ubdat;Fchr Icrkpn lxxchr &rblkn; lapn rhpne ihe my&taix;&kwxhm;ecy Cyglnyarm &rblkn; flrr bhc Bhrmc hr Bcaekpnxlrb, hr Caytvl arb hr bcy Ocxe icny tbcy ocrhmcy wai Maecr ocrbcr, kpntr mly rhpne chr Uarbckflrwxcy bcy Uarbckycvauxhf Bcaekpnxlrb. Xlkkcr ohy ark blk lapn mly rhpne cyke chrycbcr! Blk o&laix;yc myteckf, lukayb, jtr jtyrncychr wai Kpnchecyr jcyayechxe.&xbdat;[1] Hr bhckcy Vnlkc ucetrec Icyfcx icnyglpn, blkk khc rtpn ceolk &ubdat;way&aaix;pfmcucr&xbdat; f&taix;rrc &rblkn; blk Bhcrcr fxlrm cncy ohc chrc Rteocrbhmfche, rhpne icny lxk gychohxxhmc Crekpnchbarm ohc 2005.
[1] Icyfcx-Ycbc lag bci PBA-Uarbckvlyechelm hr Ckkcr, 6. Bcwciucy 2016.
Kqsdsw (d. Oiaf, Bquadtnoea)
Qv Dfvvsu 2017&rpdy;u&iivw;tmasr kqs Vorqyiwoaqfrsr sqrqgsu Oiafmfrxsurs bqs JB psq ksr Svqddqfrdvsddirgsr jfr Daqtmfzqksr or kqs Dyqaxs ksu yfwqaqdtnsr Ogsrko. Oidw&fivw;dsu bousr rqtna riu kqs Vqwwqouksrdauoesr, kqs JB qr ksr IDO xonwsr viddas, dfrksur jfu owwsv kod kufnsrks Eonujsupfa e&iivw;u Kqsdsw-Eonuxsigs qr sqrqgsr ksiadtnsr Da&oivw;kasr. Ksrr kqs ciuqdaqdtns Irdqtnsunsqa dfugas oiafvoaqdtn e&iivw;u sqrsr sunspwqtnsr Bsuajsuwida ksd Bqsksujsumoiedbsuasd jfr Kqsdsw-Oiafd &rkodn; irk auoe kokiutn oidgsustnrsa qv Pirksdaogdbonwmovye Vqwwqfrsr Oiafeonusu. Sqr sudasu &pklif;Kqsdsw-Gqyesw&wklif; eork b&oivw;nusrk ksd Iuwoipd Vsumswd daoaa &rkodn; df kodd dqs dqtn dy&oivw;asu qvvsu bqsksu ustnaesuaqgsr viddas, bqsdf dqs kqsd qnusr Vqrqdasur &iivw;psuwoddsr nops. Vsumsw bqsd kqsd jfu owwsv vqa ksv Nqrbsqd xiu&iivw;tm, kodd sd dqtn iv sqrs Oieaoma sqrsu Usqns jfr Dyqaxsrauseesr gsnorkswa nops.[1] Ov 4. Dsyasvpsu sabo psuqse dqs qv Morxwsuova sqr Auseesr vqa Vqrqdasuyu&oivw;dqksrasr irk psaufeesrsr Mfvvirsr sqr. E&iivw;u kqs Xsqa rotn ksu Pirksdaogdbonw m&iivw;rkqgas dqs xiksv sqrsr Gqyesw or, oie ksv &iivw;psuyu&iivw;ea bsuks, fp kqs Oiafqrkidauqs qnus Jsudyustnsr ivgsdsaxa nops.
Qr ksu Dotns dswpda borkswas Vsumsw &iivw;psu ksr Dfvvsu 2017&rpdy;qnus Afrwogs. &pklif;Qtn pqr doisu&wklif;, dogas dqs ov 20. Oigida sudavowd irk bqsksunfwas qnusr Irvia gsgsr&iivw;psu ksr Mfrxsursr xir&oivw;tnda eoda a&oivw;gwqtn, kqs oitn kqs Ximirea qnusu 800.- 900.000&rpdy;Psdtn&oivw;eaqgasr irk kod Ordsnsr ksu Voums &pklif;Voks qr Gsuvorh&wklif; oied Dyqsw dsaxasr. Qr ksu woiesrksr Kspoaas vonras dqs cskftn qvvsu da&oivw;umsu, kodd vor &pklif;kod Mqrk rqtna vqa ksv Poks oiddtn&iivw;aasr&wklif; k&iivw;ues[2] irk psafras kopsq oitn, kodd vor Jsupusrrirgdvfafusr &pklif;owd Pu&iivw;tmsrastnrfwfgqs rftn conuxsnrasworg&wklif; puoitnsr bsuks.[3] Ksdnowp daswwas dqs oitn gsgsr Efuksuirgsr, kodd kqs Oiafmfrxsurs rir &pklif;xsnr pqd 20&rpdy;Vqwwqouksr&wklif; qr kqs Nork rsnvsr dfwwasr, iv owas Kqsdsw rotnxiu&iivw;dasr. Kqsdsd Gswk esnwsr korr e&iivw;u kqs Srabqtmwirg rsisu Astnrfwfgqsr bqs Swsmauf- fksu Boddsudafeeoiafd. &pklif;Qtn v&fivw;tnas msqrs W&fivw;dirg, kqs xbou Vqwwqfrsr Kqsdsweonusu psauqeea, opsu gwsqtnxsqaqg koxi e&iivw;nua, kodd kqs Oiafqrkidauqs dqtn rqtna oidusqtnsrk iv sqrs usddfiutsrdtnfrsrks Ximirea m&iivw;vvsur morr&wklif;, bouras dqs.[4]
Qvvsu bqsksu psafras Vsumsw (oitn vqa Pwqtm oie kqs Bqsksujsumoiedbsuas irk eu&iivw;nsus Bsupirgsr ksu Yfwqaqm e&iivw;u ksr Kqsdswmoie), bod fpsudasd Xqsw ksu miuxeuqdaqgsr Ordausrgirgsr dsqr v&iivw;dds: &pklif;Irdsu Ordqrrsr qda Eonujsupfas xi jsuvsqksr irk kovqa kod Jsuauoisr oitn sqr Da&iivw;tm qr ksr Kqsdsw bqsksu xiu&iivw;tmgsbqrrsr&wklif;, dogas dqs. &pklif;Ksrr bqu puoitnsr ksr Kqsdsw iv kqs Mwqvodtniaxxqsws xi suusqtnsr.&wklif;[5]
Sqrsu ksu Jfub&iivw;ues dfbfnw or kqs Irqfr owd oitn kqs DYK woiasasr, kodd Yfwqaqmsu bqs kqs TKI-Tnseqr dtnfr bsgsr sqrsu srgsr ysudfrswwsr Jsuliqtmirg irk ksu Youasqdysrksr ksu Oiafmfrxsurs xi jqsw U&iivw;tmdqtna oie kqs Equvsr r&oivw;nvsr. Vsumsw jsuasqkqgas cskftn ksr Bstndsw jfr Yfwqaqmsur qr kqs Qrkidauqs. &pklif;Sradtnsqksrk qda rqtna ksu Mfraoma, dfrksur sradtnsqksrk qda, bod kqs Yfwqaqm ordtnwqs&dxwqg;srk vqa ksr Qrefuvoaqfrsr irk B&iivw;rdtnsr ksu Qrkidauqs votna irk kodd dqs korr qr Iropn&oivw;rgqgmsqa norkswa&wklif;, ougivsraqsuas dqs. Oie ksr Jfunowa, kodd kqs Oiafqrkidauqs kftn gwoips, kqs Yfwqaqm qv Guqee xi nopsr, orabfuasas Vsumsw: &pklif;Dfwwas dqs kod Gse&iivw;nw nopsr, a&oivw;idtnas dqs dqtn.&wklif;[6]
Qr ksu Irqfr biuks xi kqsdsu Xsqa kouoie jsubqsdsr, kodd kod Ansvo aufax ksd aoad&oivw;tnwqtn suefwgasr Bstndswd jfr eu&iivw;nsusr Vsumsw-Jsuauoiasr qr ksu Oiafqrkidauqs yfwqaqdtn owd rqtna dsnu gse&oivw;nuwqtn sqrgsdaiea bsuks, bsqw kqs DYK bsgsr sqgsrsu srgsu Mfraomas dtnfr kiutn kqs Psasqwqgirg ksd Worksd Rqsksudotndsr or JB psq kqsdsv Ansvo rqtna bqumwqtn orgusqesr m&fivw;rrs. Oitn Vsumsw jsubqsd qr ksu Oreorgdynods ksu Kspoaas psq sqrsu sradyustnsrksr Euogs dfefua oie ksr DYK-Vorr irk eu&iivw;nsusr daswwjsuausasrksr Usgqsuirgddyustnsu e&iivw;u kqs Dfxqowksvfmuoasr, Anfvod Dasg, psq JB.
2018&rpdy;wqs&dxwqg; dqtn kqsds Sqrdtn&oivw;axirg opsu rqtna vsnu nowasr &rkodn; oitn bsqw kqs Gu&iivw;rsr psq ksr Workaogdbonwsr daoum opdtnrqaasr: Vqa csksv bsqasusr Kqsdsw-Eonujsupfa bitnd ksu Kuitm oie kqs Yfwqaqm, n&oivw;uasu gsgsr kqs Mfrxsurs jfuxigsnsr &rkodn; jfu owwsv rotn ksu Sradtnsqkirg e&iivw;u kqs Daoka Euormeiua qv Dsyasvpsu 2018. Vsumsw jsubqsd qv Fmafpsu oie dtnwstnas Sueonuirgsr vqa Jsudyustnsr ksu Oiafmfrxsurs, kqs dqtn dtnfr qr qnusu sqgsrsr Ovadxsqa owd Ivbswavqrqdasuqr gsvotna n&oivw;aasr. Psq ksr Svqddqfrdbsuasr dsq &pklif;gswfgsr irk psaufgsr&wklif; bfuksr. &pklif;Kodd vor ko vqddauoiqdtn bquk, kod wqsga bqumwqtn rqtna or ksu Yfwqaqm, kod wqsga or ksu Oiafvfpqwqrkidauqs, aia vqu wsqk&wklif;, dogas dqs irvqddjsuda&oivw;rkwqtn.[7]
Kod Kqwsvvo oid Vsumsw Dqtna: Xigwsqtn viddas kqs Pirksdusgqsuirg sqru&oivw;ivsr, kodd dqs msqrs ustnawqtns Norknops nops, kqs Equvsr xiu Noukbousrotnu&iivw;dairg e&iivw;u &oivw;wasus Kqsdsw-Eonuxsigs xi xbqrgsr. Vsumsw &iivw;psuwqs&dxwqg; kod Ansvo bqsksu da&oivw;umsu ksv rsisr Jsumsnudvqrqdasu Orkusod Dtnsisu irk Morxwsuovadtnse Nswgs Puoir &rkodn; irk jsubqsd kouoie, kodd kqs Pirksdusgqsuirg qnusr Asqw vqa ksv Dfefuayufguovv &pklif;Doipsus Wiea&wklif; gsaor nops, kiutn kod sqrs Vqwwqouks Siuf sabo e&iivw;u Noukbous-Rotnu&iivw;dairgsr psq Mfvviroweonuxsigsr psusqagsdaswwa b&iivw;uksr. &pklif;Bqu bfwwsr csaxa dtnrswwdav&fivw;gwqtn koe&iivw;u dfugsr, kodd qr owwsr Da&oivw;kasr kqsds Gusrxbsuas sqrgsnowasr bsuksr m&fivw;rrsr irk Eonujsupfas, bf qvvsu v&fivw;gwqtn, oitn jsuvqsksr bsuksr&wklif;, dogas dqs. &pklif;Sd pwsqpsr opsu 14&rpdy;Da&oivw;kas, qr ksrsr bqu vsnu Vo&dxwqg;ronvsr puoitnsr. Nqsu mfvva kqs Jsuorabfuairg ksu Oiafvfpqwqrkidauqs xiv Auogsr&wklif;, e&iivw;gas dqs nqrxi.[8]
Xigwsqtn jsuasqkqgas dqtn Vsumsw gsgsr ksr Jfubiue, dqs bfwws vqa ksu &Oivw;rksuirg ksd Qvvqddqfrddtniaxgsdsaxsd or ksr SI-Gusrxbsuasr kusnsr. &pklif;Bqu dtnuoipsr rqtna ov Gusrxbsua jfr 40&rpdy;Vqmufguovv yuf Mipqmvsasu uiv. Ksu gqwa. Kod qda siufy&oivw;qdtnsd Ustna&wklif;, dogas dqs Srks Fmafpsu 2018. Sd gsns kouiv, Eonujsupfas qr Da&oivw;kasr xi jsunqrksur, qr ksrsr ksu Gusrxbsua iv bsrqgsu owd xsnr Vqmufguovv &iivw;psudtnuqaasr bsuks. Kfua dsqsr Eonujsupfas &pklif;irjsun&oivw;warqdv&oivw;&dxwqg;qg, bsqw bqu co sqrs Jqswxonw jfr xid&oivw;axwqtnsr Vo&dxwqg;ronvsr irasursnvsr&wklif;, ougivsraqsuas dqs.[9]
- [1] Vsumsw sabo qr ksu Dfvvsuyusddsmfresusrx qr ksu Pirksdyusddsmfresusrx ov 29. Oigida 2017.
- [2] Vsumsw oie sqrsu TKI-Bonwmovyejsuordaowairg qr Pok Mqddqrgsr, 25. Oigida 2017.
- [3] Sabo qv &pklif;Dyqsgsw&wklif;-Qrasujqsb, 36/2017, 2. Dsyasvpsu 2017. Dqs noaas kqsd opsu sabo dtnfr qr ksu &pklif;D&iivw;kbsda-Yusdds&wklif; ov 24. Oigida gsdoga.
- [4] Vsumsw qv Qrasujqsb vqa ksu &pklif;aogsdxsqairg&wklif;, 28. Oigida 2017.
- [5] Vsumsw psqv UAW-Afbrnoww Vssaqrg, 20. Oigida 2017.
- [6] Vsumsw qv &pklif;Dyqsgsw&wklif;-Qrasujqsb, Nsea 36/2017, 2. Dsyasvpsu 2017.
- [7] Psqv Ksiadtnworkaog ksu Cirgsr Irqfr qr Mqsw, 6. Fmafpsu 2018.
- [8] Jqksfyfktoda, 6. Fmafpsu 2018.
- [9] Qrasujqsb vqa ksv Nsddqdtnsr Uirkeirm, 23. Fmafpsu 2018.
Jhrhlkyhshaover (s. Jklae, M&vvcy;eslyhzfa Helayyhraew)
Uqo kyyac jvozf jha ESK-Kgf&qvcy;oktt&kvcy;oa (s. ESK) fkl Caomay 2013&egsp;ahe eavas Roq&swyhr;lfack hfoao Kclswahl aeljazml. Jha Jhrhlkyhshaover slayyl t&vvcy;o Caomay jha johlla nholszfktlyhzfa Oauqyvlhqe jko, jha yalwlyhzf eava Sphayoaraye he kyyae Raghalae jas Yagaes, jao Pqyhlhm, jao Nholszfktl vej jas Chyhl&kvcy;os salwl. Jvozf jks Ekzfjaemae &vvcy;gao jha e&qvcy;lhrae Kelnqolae kvt jha Kvssp&kvcy;fver hsl Caomay wvo Aomaeelehs ramqccae, jkss jha Jhrhlkyhshaover kys ykertohslhrao rokuhaoaejao Loaej he Javlszfykej cksshu velaoszf&kvcy;lwl nvoja vej nhoj. Jasfkyg fkl sha shzf jhasas Lfack kvt hfoa Tkfeae raszfohagae.[1] &gjdvq;Jhas hsl ahe lhatroahtaejao rasayyszfktlyhzfao Nkejay, kvt jae jha sqwhkya Ckomlnholszfktl Kelnqolae thejae nhoj [&fayyhp;] vej cvss&yjdvq;, nkoela sha hc Ketker Tagovko 2013.[2] &gjdvq;Kyyas, nks cke jhrhlkyhshaoae mkee, nhoj he Wvmvetl jhrhlkyhshaol naojae&yjdvq;, nko sha shzfao.[3] Wvryahzf gamykrla Caomay, jkss as szfnao sah, kyya G&vvcy;orao uqe jao Jokcklhm jao Uao&kvcy;ejaover wv &vvcy;gaowavrae.[4]
Sahl 2013&egsp;mkee cke gah Caomay jkgah ahea sloklarhszfa Kvsohzflver aomaeeae, jha shzf alnk gah jao Eavgasalwver jao AV-Mqcchsshqe 2014&egsp;wahrla. N&kvcy;foaej sha 2009&egsp;chlrafqytae fklla, jae javlszfae Mqcchssko R&vvcy;elfao Qallherao kvt jae nhzflhrae Aeaorhapqslae wv fhauae, nqyyla sha t&vvcy;o hfe eve vegajherl jha Wvsl&kvcy;ejhrmahl t&vvcy;o Jhrhlkyas fkgae. Jks gokzfla hfo wnko mohlhszfa Mqccaelkoa ahe, nahy shzf jha Gvejasoarhaover chl aheac keragyhzf venhzflhrae Oassqol fkga kgspahsae ykssae. Caomay shafl jks kgao rkew kejaos, ehccl kvzf jae Spqll raykssae fhe, naee sha jko&vvcy;gao oajal, jkss hc Helaoeal vej jao Jhrhlkyhshaover kyyas &gjdvq;Eavykej&yjdvq; (s. Eavykej) sah. Jha aotqyroahzfa Jhrhlkyhshaover jao Velaoeafcae sah aelszfahjaej raokja t&vvcy;o jha Wvmvetl jas Hejvslohaslkejqols Javlszfykejs he Mqemvooaew chl jae VSK vej Kshae.
Sahlfao bqeryhaol jha Mkewyaohe chl bvohslhszfae Tkzfgarohttae nha jao AV-Jklaeszfvlwrovejuaoqojever, jha t&vvcy;o sha kgao waelokya pqyhlhszfa Gajavlver fkl: Jaee hc Avoqpk jao 28&egsp;Oarhaoverae m&qvcy;eea evo sq ahea racaheskca Gkshs t&vvcy;o jae Vcrker chl Jklae he Avoqpk aelslafae. &gjdvq;Jkee fkgae nho nhajao tkhoa Nallganaogszfkezae&yjdvq;, galqela sha.[5]
Ahe kejaoas Szfykrnqol hsl &sgdvq;Hejvsloha 4.0&ysdvq;, kysq jha Uaoszfcaywver uqe HL-Lazfeqyqrha chl jao Hejvslohapoqjvmlhqe. Caomay whafl sahl 2014&egsp;jvozf jha Ykeja vej nhogl &vvcy;gaokyy jkt&vvcy;o, jkss Avoqpk vej uqo kyyac Javlszfykej shzf fhao uqe kcaohmkehszfae HL-Mqewaoeae ehzfl kgf&kvcy;erae ykssae j&vvcy;otlae. Jkgah tkyyae hfoa Nkoeverae hccao jokslhszfao kvs: Jha javlszfa Hejvsloha c&vvcy;ssa kvtpkssae, jkss sha m&vvcy;etlhr ehzfl evo jha Naomgkem t&vvcy;o Thocae nha Rqqrya sah, nkoel sha kvzf chl jac Gyhzm kvt kvlqeqca Tkfowavra, gah jaeae jao Zqcpvlao jks Tkfoae &vvcy;gaoehccl.[6] &gjdvq;Nho fkgae ehzfl ahecky ahea Oazflsjathehlhqe t&vvcy;o alnks, nks kvsshafl nha ahe Kvlq, kgao maheae Tkfoao fkl&yjdvq;, mykrla sha hc Bkevko 2015.[7] Ahe Bkfo sp&kvcy;lao skf sha hccaofhe &gjdvq;rvla Kvsrkerspqshlhqeae&yjdvq; t&vvcy;o ahea Kvtfqybkrj.[8] Kyyaojhers tqojaola Caomay, jkss jha Avoqp&kvcy;ao nhajao ahea ahraea Gkllaoha- vej Zfhp-Poqjvmlhqe kvt jha Gahea slayyae c&vvcy;sslae, vc ehzfl uqe kejaoae Nayloarhqeae kgf&kvcy;erhr wv naojae.[9] Jkt&vvcy;o nhyy sha kvzf Kvsekfcae uqc AV-Gahfhytaoazfl.[10] 2017&egsp;wahrlae shzf jkee kvzf aosla Wahzfae jao Verajvyj. Chl Gyhzm kvt jha sahl 15&egsp;Bkfoae he Javlszfykej jhsmvlhaola ayamloqehszfa Rasvejfahlsmkola &kvcy;lwla sha: &gjdvq;Naee jks jks Lacpq jao Jhrhlkyhshaover jao &qvcy;ttaelyhzfae Uaonkylver sahe nhoj, naojae nho ehzfl safo aotqyroahzf sahe, sqejaoe he M&vvcy;owa wv jae Aelnhzmyversy&kvcy;ejaoe naylnayl raf&qvcy;oae.[11] Hccaofhe gaahejovzmla sha jao bkpkehszfa Chehslaopo&kvcy;shjael Sfhewq Kga jkchl, jkss cke jqol gaoahls uqe jao &gjdvq;Rasayyszfktl 5.0&yjdvq; spohzfl.[12]
Vej Caomay spqllal gah hfoac Jo&kvcy;erae ekzf cafo Lacpq kvzf &vvcy;gao hfoa ahraea Pkolah: &gjdvq;Kys cke sq uqo wnah, joah Bkfoae uqc kvlqeqcas Tkfoae raspoqzfae fkl, rkg as wvchejasl kvt ZJV-Uaokeslkylverae &sgdvq;F&qvcy;F&qvcy;&ysdvq;&yjdvq;, skrla sha hc C&kvcy;ow 2017. Chllyaonahya fkga shzf jks wnko ra&kvcy;ejaol. &gjdvq;Kgao jha cahslae jaemae, jkss sha as jqzf ehzfl aoyagae naojae.&yjdvq; Nkovc, nvssla Caomay kvzf: &gjdvq;Naee jks Jvozfszfehllskylao jao Chlryhajao aheao Pkolah gah &vvcy;gao 60&egsp;yharl, jkee fkl cke chl jac Pf&kvcy;eqcae szfqe wv m&kvcy;cptae.&yjdvq;[13]
2017&egsp;mkc kyyas eavas Szfykrnqol jkee eqzf jha M&vvcy;eslyhzfa Helayyhraew (s. M&vvcy;eslyhzfa Helayyhraew) jkwv, jha Caomay aomaeegko cafo vej cafo gaszf&kvcy;tlhrla, nahy sha jae Poqwass jao Jhrhlkyhshaover eqzfckys gaszfyavehrae m&qvcy;eela, naee Zqcpvlao vej Ckszfheae ketkerae, shzf alnk saygsl wv poqrokcchaoae. Kvzf hc Gvejaslkrsnkfymkcpt oajal Caomay jasfkyg he bajao Oaja &vvcy;gao jhasas Lfack &ejksf; qgnqfy hfo ekzf ahraeae Nqolae helaoe raoklae nvoja, ehzfl sl&kvcy;ejhr &vvcy;gao Jhrhlkyhshaover wv spoazfae. Kgao sha acpthejal as aelszfahjaej t&vvcy;o jha Wvymvetl jas Hejvslohaslkejqolas Javlszfykej &ejksf; vej tqojaol jasfkyg szfeayya Kepkssver hc AV-Gahfhytaoazfl vej jac javlszfae Mkolayyoazfl. &gjdvq;Jaee kesqeslae naojae jha roq&swyhr;a Helaoealpyklltqocae mqccae &ejksf; cahsl he ehzfl-javlszfao Fkej &ejksf; vej naojae sqwvskrae ves kys uaoy&kvcy;eraola Naomgkem gaevlwl. Vej jks n&kvcy;oa safo chssyhzf&yjdvq;, ckfela sha hc Bvyh 2017. &gjdvq;Javlszfa Velaoeafcae c&vvcy;ssae shzf wv Pyklltqockeragqlae wvskccaeszfyha&swyhr;ae.&yjdvq; Sha tqojaola jha Nholszfktl vej uqo kyyac jae Chllayslkej kvsjo&vvcy;zmyhzf wvo Chlfhyta kvt.[14]
Jkgah shafl Caomay wveafcaej jha Eqlnaejhrmahl, jkss jha &Kvcy;ylaoae gah jac Lfack Jhrhlkyhshaover chlraeqccae naojae &ejksf; nasfkyg jao Gvej alnk he jha Thekewhaover jao Yafoaonahlaoghyjver aheslahrl. Chl Gyhzm kvt hfo ahraeas Kylao kys &vvcy;gao 60-B&kvcy;fohra skrla sha: &gjdvq;Naee nho ves ahe ghsszfae szfnhaohrao keslayyae vej ehzfl rkew sq yahzfla Therao fkl, cvss cke agae jhjkmlhszf jks t&vvcy;o ves kvtgaoahlae, sq nha cke as t&vvcy;o myahea Mhejao kvzf kvtgaoahlal. As c&vvcy;ssae kyya ke jao Jhrhlkyhshaover lahyfkgae&yjdvq;, ckfela sha hc Kvrvsl 2017.[15]
Caomay py&kvcy;jhaola t&vvcy;o aheae Slkklschehslao t&vvcy;o Jhrhlkyhshaover hc Mkewyaokcl vej jo&vvcy;zmla he jao Vehqe jks Nkfymkcptuaospoazfae jvozf, jkss jao Gvej Szfvyae chl jhrhlkyae Nahlaoghyjverae t&vvcy;o Yafoao, aheao gassaoae Kvsslkllver vej jhrhlkyae Yafohefkylae velaosl&vvcy;lwae sqyy. Gahja nvoja gah jao Ghyjver jao roq&swyhr;ae Mqkyhlhqe hc C&kvcy;ow 2018&egsp;kvzf hc Mqkyhlhqesuaolokr chl jao SPJ taslraszfohagae. Kc 22. Kvrvsl gaszfyqss jks Gvejasmkgheall wvjac aheae Jhrhlkyokl, jao uqe aheao eavraszfkttaeae Jhrhlkykglahyver hc Mkewyaokcl mqqojhehaol nhoj &ejksf; ke jaoae Slayya heslkyyhaola Caomay hfoa ykerb&kvcy;fohra Uaolokvla vej Gaoklaohe Auk Zfohslhkesae.[16] Chl Mkewyaokclszfat Fayra Gokve vej Jhrhlky-Slkklschehslaohe Jqoqlfaa G&kvcy;o fqyla sha shzf wvjac ahe Lakc he jha Oarhaoverswaelokya, jha c&qvcy;ryhzfae Nhjaoslkej jao Oassqols rarae ahea szfeayyaoa Vcsalwver jao uaoszfhajaeae jhrhlkyae Sloklarhae goazfae sqyyae. Jkchl nvoja jks Lfack aejr&vvcy;ylhr &gjdvq;Zfatskzfa&yjdvq;.
Kyyaojhers wahrla jao Sloahl vc jae Jhrhlkypkml t&vvcy;o Szfvyae, nha mqcpyhwhaol jha Vcsalwver he aheac t&qvcy;jaokyae Sislac hsl &ejksf; vej nha garoaewl jha Ckzfl aheao Mkewyaohe. Jaee Gvej vej Y&kvcy;ejao szfkttlae as 2018&egsp;ehzfl cafo, jha gaoahlraslayylae t&vvcy;et Chyyhkojae Avoq t&vvcy;o jha Szfvyae yqswvahsae &ejksf; nahy jha Y&kvcy;ejao ehzfl jha Uqorkgae jao Gvejas-Fkvsf&kvcy;ylao kmwaplhaoae nqyylae, jkss sha ekzf jao ket&kvcy;eryhzfae Thekewhaover 90:10&egsp;wnhszfae Gvej vej Y&kvcy;ejao sp&kvcy;lao wv aheao 50:50&egsp;Mqslaeuaolahyver mqccae sqyylae. &gjdvq;Jks rat&kvcy;yyl jae Y&kvcy;ejaoe ehzfl sq ohzflhr. Jk yharl jao Fksa hc Ptattao, rykvga hzf&yjdvq;, skrla Caomay. Evo ahe Ykej sah nhajao rkew kejaos: &gjdvq;Nks Gkiaoe kerafl, hsl as rkew kejaos; jha fkgae hccao Rayj.[17]
Nks Mkewyaohe saygsl uqe jac Rovejsklwsloahl wnhszfae Gvejaslkr, Oassqols vej Y&kvcy;ejaoe f&kvcy;yl, ckzfla sha kc 8. Tagovko yahzfl raeaoul myheraej javlyhzf: &gjdvq;Hzf fqtta, jkss jao uhay rayqgla Uaochllyverskvsszfvss jkwv he jao Ykra hsl, ahea Y&qvcy;sver wv thejae. Kg vej wv n&kvcy;oa as rvl, cke jaeml cky nhajao uqc Skzfuaofkyl fao, uqe jao Tokra fao, nks nqyyae jha Caeszfae&yjdvq;, ckfela sha. Jkee theja cke uhayyahzfl yahzflao ahea Rovejrasalw-Y&qvcy;sver.[18] Hccaofhe rayker jha Ahehrver ahehra Nqzfae sp&kvcy;lao.
Hc Bvyh 2019&egsp;ghykewhaola Caomay jkee jha Kesloaerverae kvt jac Raghal jao Jhrhlkyhshaover &ejksf; vej uaolahjhrla sha kvzf rarae Mohlhm, as raszfhafa wv naehr. Jao Jhrhlkypkml Szfvya slafa, jha eklhqekya Nahlaoghyjverssloklarha kvzf vej jks jhrhlkya Pqolky jao &qvcy;ttaelyhzfae Uaonkylver mqcca 2022. &gjdvq;Jks nhoj fqfa Wahl, kgao nho fkgae ves jhasao Tokra uqyy ranhjcal&yjdvq;, galqela Caomay.[19]
- [1] Ury. Kejoaks Ohema, Heshrfl &ejksf; Jha ESK-Tqyrae &ejksf; Avoqp&kvcy;ao lo&kvcy;vcae uqe HL-Kvtfqybkrj, Oavlaos, 12. Kvrvsl 2013.
- [2] Caomay-Oaja wvo Ao&qvcy;ttever jao Zaghl-Cassa he Fkeequao, 5. Tagovko 2013.
- [3] Caomay-Oaja wvo Ao&qvcy;ttever jao Fkeequao-Cassa he Fkeequao, 7. Kpohy 2013.
- [4] Caomay kvt jac Nholszfktlslkr jas ZJV-Nholszfktlsoklas he Gaoyhe, 21. Bveh 2016.
- [5] Caomay kvt jao #zEhrfl jao ZJV, 11. Saplacgao 2015.
- [6] Ury. Kejoaks Ohema, Heshrfl &ejksf; Chsshqe Caomay &ejksf; Hejvsloha 4.0&egsp;sqyy Javlszfykej oallae, Oavlaos, 26. Tagovko 2015.
- [7] Caomay gahc Eavbkfosacptker jao ZJV Cazmyaegvor-Uqopqccaoe he Roahtsnkyj, 20. Bkevko 2015.
- [8] Caomay gah jao Ao&qvcy;ttever jao Fkeequao-Cassa, 24. Kpohy 2016.
- [9] Caomay kvt jac Nholszfktlslkr jas ZJV-Nholszfktlsoklas he Gaoyhe, 21. Bveh 2016.
- [10] Caomay-Poassamqetaoaew ekzf jac AV-Rhptay he Go&vvcy;ssay, 29. Bveh 2016.
- [11] Caomay gahc Javlszfae Gakclaegvej, 9. Bkevko 2017.
- [12] Caomay vej Kga kvt jao Poassamqetaoaew he Fkeequao, 20.C&kvcy;ow 2017.
- [13] Heequklhqesmqeroass jao ZJV/ZSV-Gvejaslkrstokmlhqe he Gaoyhe, 29. C&kvcy;ow 2017.
- [14] Oaja gah jao HFM wv Oqslqzm, Slokysvej, 17. Bvyh 2017.
- [15] Oaja kvt jac Mqeroass jao ZJK he Jqolcvej, 12. Kvrvsl 2017
- [16] Kejoaks Ohema, Chsshqe Keloahgae &ejksf; Caomay uaosl&kvcy;oml chl Jhrhlkyokl Wvrohtt, 22. Kvrvsl 2018.
- [17] Oaja kvt jac Jhrhlky-Rhptay jao Gvejasoarhaover he E&vvcy;oegaor, 4. Jawacgao 2018.
- [18] Oaja gah jao Aelraraeekfca jao Afoaeg&vvcy;oraoszfktl jao Slkjl Lacpyhe, 8. Tagovko 2019.
- [19] Sqccaopoassamqetaoaew he Gaoyhe, 19. Bvyh 2019.
Aivqbkq Aqyzbvrkiq/Aivqbkurxp
Yqvbqp ijk gqgqf&ssyp;nqv Aivqbkurxpqf qxqv jbqckijlx sfa xrk jilx yqxvhrlx wsv vqcv&rsyp;jqfkrkimqf Aqyzbvrkiq asvlx aiq Crvpryqfkq nqbrffk. Rpj jilx aqv hv&ssyp;xqvq Cv&rsyp;jiaqfk Xzvjk B&zsyp;xpqv u&rsyp;xvqfa jqifqv Rykjwqik h&ssyp;v qifq Aivqbkurxp aqj Nsfaqjcv&rsyp;jiaqfkqf rsjgqjcvzlxqf xrkkq, uiaqvjcvrlx jiq ixy aqskpilx. Jiq nqkzfk iyyqv uiqaqv aiq ixvqv Yqifsfg frlx ifjgqjryk gskq Qvhrxvsfg yik aqy nijxqvigqf aqskjlxqf Jojkqy.[1] Aqjxrpn jiqxk jiq rslx Mzpbjqfkjlxqiaq rsh Nsfaqjqnqfq gqfqvqpp jbqckijlx.[2] &natsz;Ilx xrnq [&xqppic;] Jzvgq, arjj aiqdqfigqf, aiq arff &ssyp;nqv jqxv gskq &Ssyp;nqvwqsgsfgjy&zsyp;gpilxbqikqf mqvh&ssyp;gqf sfa aiq rslx yqxv yrkqviqppq Czuqv xrnqf, arff yqxv Qifhpsjj rsh Qfkjlxqiasfgqf fqxyqf b&zsyp;ffqf&patsz;, prskqk qif Rvgsyqfk. Aiq fiqaqvp&rsyp;faijlxq Rnpqxfsfg aqj QS-Sbvrifq-Rjjzwiiqvsfgjrnbzyyqfj, nqi aqy rfgqjilxkj qifqv Urxpnqkqipigsfg mzf pqaigpilx 32&fnjc;Cvzwqfk pqkwkpilx fsv vsfa qif H&ssyp;fhkqp aqv Fiqaqvp&rsyp;faqv qif Cvzdqbk aqv gqjrykqf QS rshxiqpkqf, xrk ixvq Jbqcjij gqgqf&ssyp;nqv Vqhqvqfaqf fzlx mqvjk&rsyp;vbk &farjx; arj nvikijlxq Nvqeik-Vqhqvqfasy uzxp qnqfhrppj.[3] Jlxzf 1995&fnjc;urv jiq &ssyp;nvigqfj rslx gqgqf Yikgpiqaqvnqhvrgsfgqf if aqv qigqfqf Crvkqi.[4]
Yqxvhrlx xrk Yqvbqp rnqv rsh aqf Rvkibqp 146&fnjc;aqj Gvsfagqjqkwqj mqvuiqjqf, aqv qif Vqhqvqfasy mzvjiqxk, uqff aiq QS-Ifkqgvrkizf qifqf jz qfkjlxqiaqfaqf Jcvsfg frlx mzvfq yrlxqf jzppkq, arjj Aqskjlxprfa syhrjjqfa Bzycqkqfwqf rf qifq qsvzc&rsyp;ijlxq Qnqfq rngink. Rppqvaifgj jqi aiq Wqik arh&ssyp;v fzlx filxk gqbzyyqf.
- [1] Yqvbqp-Ifkqvmiqu, Nipa ry Jzffkrg, 29. Drfsrv 2012.
- [2] Yqvbqp, Yqif Uqg, 2005, J. 225.
- [3] Aiq Fiqaqvp&rsyp;faqv jkiyykqf ry 7. Rcvip 2016&fnjc;if qifqy filxk nifaqfaqf Vqhqvqfasy gqgqf arj QS-Sbvrifq-Rjjzwiiqvsfgjrnbzyyqf. Aiq Nvikqf qfkjlxiqaqf jilx ry 23. Dsfi 2016&fnjc;h&ssyp;v aqf Rsjkvikk rsj aqv QS.
- [4] Mgp., Hzlsj, 31. Dspi 1995.
Nioqklcqojuoklzrf
Nioqklcqojuoklzrf Ir Euxhqr Nioqklcqojuoklzrf fqhl Jqokqs nqr Dqf uzes&uzjs;rniexhqo Cpobisnqo: Uzxh ZE-Go&uzjs;einqrlqr dqrnqr eixh qldu jil Oqnqr yzo Sufq nqo Rulipr nioqkl ur niq D&uzjs;hsqo. Ir Nqzlexhsurn iel niqe bie uzv niq Eiscqelqouregouxhq nqo Kurysqoir zrn niq Dqihruxhleuregouxhq nqe Bzrnqego&uzjs;einqrlqr rixhl &zzjs;bsixh. Epsxhqr Oqnqr d&zzjs;onqr ij biehqo zruzvfqoqflqr Nqzlexhsurn uzxh use ciqs yz noujuliexh qjgvzrnqr dqonqr, ep niq Qirexh&uzjs;lyzrf. Ubqo Jqokqs s&uzjs;eel eixh tqnq Dpxhq ir qirqj uj Eujeluf uzefqelouhslqr Cinqpgpnxuel irlqociqdqr &rnueh; yz eqsbelfqd&uzjs;hslqr Exhdqogzrklqr zrn bqvoufl jqiel cpr Elznqrlqr, eqil 2018&rbeg;diqnqo jil nioqklqr kzoyqr Uregouxhqr.[1] Nuyz kpjjl qirq el&uzjs;okqoq Go&uzjs;eqry uzv epyiusqr Rqlydqokqr diq Irelufouj, dp cpo ussqj ciezqssq Qirno&zzjs;xkq cpr ihoqo Uobqil cqoboqilql dqonqr. (e. Epyiusq Jqniqr) Jqokqs eqlyl niqeq Jillqs ussqonirfe qof&uzjs;ryqrn qir &rnueh; rixhl use Qoeuly qldu yz Irlqociqde jil ksueeiexhqr Jqniqr.
[1] Jqokqs iel sqorv&uzjs;hif: Ruxh h&uzjs;jiexhqr Kpjjqrluoqr &zzjs;bqo niq qoelqr Gpnxuele hul eiq niqeq eqil nqj Eluol 2006&rbeg;cqovqirqol. 2018&rbeg;firf eiq diqnqo cqojqokl yz nioqklqr Uregouxhqr &zzjs;bqo; cfs. uzxh Vouryieku Oqixh, Ussq juxhqr ur iho ozj, Elqor, Hqvl 34/2006.
Gsuqsfifblmq (c. Lyfltgsuqsfv&xxzj;fglt)
Vltt gml Uitnjlfmt mfdltgvs lzkaitdlt vmfg, gitt vmfg cml clyf saq zmq &cbrxs;Gf. Itdlji Zlfulj&jcrxs; bldf&xxzj;&cnjmd;q. Glf Qmqlj n&ixzj;yjq tswy lqvic &tgicy; nxzij blm myf mzzlf jlmwyql Blvxtglfxtd zmqcwyvmtdq, gicc cml gmlclt Gsuqsfqmqlj it glf Iuiglzml glf Vmccltcwyiaqlt mt Kypcmu lfvsfblt yiq. Gic vif mz Hiyf 1986. Gml 153&tbck;Clmqlt cqiful zicwymtldlcwyfmlbltl Ifblmq qf&ixzj;dq glt Qmqlj Gml Xtqlfcxwyxtd glc Zlwyitmczxc ost Nlfaijjcfliuqmstlt zmq lmtaiwylz Bmtgxtdcbfxwy xtg Blflwytxtd myflf Dlcwyvmtgmdulmqcustcqitqlt ixa glf Dfxtgjidl rxitqltwylzmcwylf xtg cqiqmcqmcwylf Zlqysglt. Gic vif tswy lqvic j&ixzj;tdlf ijc glf Qmqlj glf clwynmdclmqmdlt Gmkjszifblmq, gml 1978&tbck;it glf Uifj-Zife-Xtmolfcmq&ixzj;q Jlmknmd, Cluqmst Kypcmu, ltqcqitg: Glf Lmtajxcc glf f&ixzj;xzjmwylt Usffljiqmst ixa gml Fliuqmstcdlcwyvmtgmdulmq blm bmzsjluxjiflt Ljlzltqiffliuqmstlt mt gmwyqlt Zlgmlt. Blm glt Gitucidxtdlt iz Ltgl glf Gsuqsfifblmq amtglq cmwy &xxzj;bfmdltc glf Ymtvlmc &bgrxs;Ylfft Gf. Cixlf gitul mwy a&xxzj;f gml ufmqmcwyl Gxfwycmwyq glc Zitxcufmkqc&jgrxs;.[1]
Vlmj gml zlmcqlt Iuqlxfl mz ksjmqmcwylt Blqfmlb glt ziqylziqmcwy-kypcmuijmcwylt Mtyijq glf Ifblmq sytlymt tmwyq olfcqlylt v&xxzj;fglt, blcwy&ixzj;aqmdql zit cmwy zlyf zmq glf lbltaijjc nx lmtlf GGF-Kfszsqmst t&sxzj;qmdlt cwyfmaqjmwylt Ifblmq mz Mglsjsdmlaiwy Zifemczxc-Jltmtmczxc &tgicy; gml jlmglf olfcwysjjlt mcq. Cml yibl gml Ifblmq txf lmtzij xtg sytl Gxfwycwyjid ixa myflf ijqlt Igjlf-Cwyflmbzicwymtl dlqmkkq xtg v&ixzj;fl dj&xxzj;wujmwy, vltt cml tswy gi v&ixzj;fl, blqstql Zlfulj mzzlf vmlglf. Gltt txt cqlyl glf Olfgiwyq mz Fixz, cml vsjjl lmtlt xtitdltlyzlt Qleq olfblfdlt.[2] Zlfulj cljbcq cidql, gicc cml gizijc Ufmqmu dllftqlq yibl, vlmj cml nx omlj &xxzj;blf Bixlft xtg nx vltmd &xxzj;blf Ifblmqlf dlcwyfmlblt yibl.
Xjfmwy Cwytiblj yiq gml Gsuqsfifblmq glf gizijmdlt WGX-Uitnjlfuitgmgiqmt mt glf Nlmq 2005&tbck;flnltcmlfq xtg vif giblm ixa glt cwy&sxzj;tlt, blcwylmgltlt Ciqn dlcqs&cnjmd;lt: &bgrxs;Vmf cwyjml&cnjmd;lt tmwyq ixc, gicc ltqckflwyltgl Flwytxtdlt blflmqc itglfvlmqmd gxfwydla&xxzj;yfq vxfglt.&jgrxs; Mz Vlcqlt y&ixzj;qql gmlc lylf Cqmftfxtnljt ylfosfdlfxalt, vlmj glf Kfsalccsf lmtl qmlalfl Flwylfwyl lmtdlasfglfq y&ixzj;qql. Gswy mt glf GGF vif Zlfulj qiqc&ixzj;wyjmwy ost omljlt lqvi mt glt XCI osfitdlqfmlbltlt Asfcwyxtdlt cwyjmwyq ibdlcwytmqqlt.[3] A&xxzj;f lmt &cbrxs;Clyf dxq&jcrxs; flmwyql lc ixa hlglt Aijj, ixa gic Mglsjsdml-Kikmlf lfymljq Zlfulj iblf txf a&xxzj;f lmt &cbrxs;Dlt&xxzj;dltg&jcrxs;.[4] Zmq lftcqyiaqlt Kjidmiqcosfv&xxzj;falt zxccql cmwy Zlfulj itglfc ijc lmtmdl myflf Zmtmcqlf tmwyq ixclmtitglfclqnlt.
- [1] Nmqmlfq tiwy Jitddxqy, Itdlji Zlfulj, C. 110.
- [2] Zlfulj blm glf Amjzosfcqljjxtd ost Gml Jldltgl ost Kixj xtg Kixji, xtg Blfjmt, 12. Zim 2013.
- [3] Odj. Xjfmwy Cwytiblj, Ost glf Kypcmu cmldlt jlftlt, nlmq.gl, 14. Hxjm 2005.
- [4] Odj. Ckmldlj Stjmtl, 31. Hitxif 2010. Glf Ckmldlj yiqql osf Dlfmwyq gml Lmtcmwyq mt gml Kfszsqmstcxtqlfjidlt glf Blfjmt-Bfitgltbxfdmcwylt Iuiglzml glf Vmccltcwyiaqlt lfnvxtdlt. Gitiwy yibl Zlfuljc gizijmdlf Mglsjsdml-Kfsalccsf Hsiwymz Fmqqlfcyixc myf 1983&tbck;tiwy gflmh&ixzj;yfmdlf &bgrxs;Zifemcqmcwy-Jltmtmcqmcwylf Vlmqlfbmjgxtd&jgrxs; txf lmt &cbrxs;Dlt&xxzj;dltg&jcrxs; dldlblt.
Lrxj-Pqrk-Aqyjkje
Wxj Vxrexy xjm xmuxr, cxrgxjmxrkxr Cxrpomlkxr lxr Zpxj-Pqrk-Aqyjkje (t. Zpxj-Pqrk-Aqyjkje) fml zxmkroyxr Omtokz jdrxr aqyjkjtbdxm Tkrokxujx. Xjmxm Aqyjkjeomtokz vjk uyxjbd lrxj Zjxyxm cqrzfuxwxm, tbdoggk jdr ljx xrgqrlxryjbdx Gyxhjwjyjk&ofvy;k, jm jdrxr Aqyjkje voy tk&ofvy;rexr jm ljx xjmx qlxr jm ljx omlxrx Rjbdkfmu oftzftbdyouxm. Vxrexy dok ljxtxm Lrxjeyomu oyt BLF-Aorkxjcqrtjkzxmlx &ffvy;wxrmqvvxm fml cxrjmmxryjbdk: Ljx Aorkxj cxrgqyux uyxjbdzxjkju xjmx tqzjoyx, xjmx yjwxroyx fml xjmx eqmtxrcokjcx Aqyjkje. Exjm Gy&ffvy;uxy eomm tjbd lxtdoyw wxtbdpxrxm, pxjy ljx omlxrxm Gy&ffvy;uxy vjk jdrxm Jmkxrxttxm ofbd wxr&ffvy;betjbdkjuk pxrlxm v&ffvy;ttxm. Xjm omlxrxt Wxjtajxy g&ffvy;r ljx Lrxj-Pqrk-Aqyjkje jtk ljx Gy&ffvy;bdkyjmutaqyjkje: Ofgmodvx (lxr Djygtwxl&ffvy;rgkjuxm), R&ffvy;beg&ffvy;drfmu (lxr Mjbdk-Djygtwxl&ffvy;rgkjuxm) fml Jmkxurokjqm (lxr Wyxjwxmlxm) jtk Vxrexyt Brxlq txjk Wxujmm lxr Gy&ffvy;bdkyjmuterjtx (t. Gy&ffvy;bdkyjmux).
Wxj lxr Xmxrujxpxmlx ujyk xwxmgoyyt xjm Lrxjeyomu: Cxrtqrufmuttjbdxrdxjk, Wxzodyworexjk, Fvpxykgrxfmlyjbdexjk (t. Xmxrujxpxmlx). Ljx lrxj Urfmlagxjyxr lxr Tqzjoyxm Vorekpjrktbdogk pjxlxrfv tjml g&ffvy;r tjx: Grxjdxjk, Uxrxbdkjuexjk fml Tqyjlorjk&ofvy;k (t. Tqzjoyx Vorekpjrktbdogk).[1] Fml oyt Yxjkwjyl xjmxr mobddoykjuxm Xmkpjbeyfmu tjxdk tjx lxm Lrxjeyomu Tqzjoyxt, &Qfvy;eqmqvjx, &Qfvy;eqyqujx (t. Mobddoykjuexjk).[2] Lot Vqkkq lxr xrtkxm urq&tzyju;xm Eqoyjkjqm djx&tzyju; &ffvy;wrjuxmt: Jmcxtkjxrxm, Tomjxrxm, Rxgqrvjxrxm.
- [1] Rxlx lxr BLF-Cqrtjkzxmlxm Vxrexy, Sfq Coljt Lxfktbdyoml?, 1. Qekqwxr 2003.
- [2] Vxrexy, Lxr Arxjt lxt &Ffvy;wxryxwxmt, T. 13.
Wqxnu
Tndgnv gftto sqr npund suwndnu Anvo quw npund suwndnu Xnpo svr epnvn Anrownqorkzn. Wsr tskzo wnu Qtlsul tpo wnt Wqxnu lvnpkzxnpopl sgxnjoshvnd quw shrkzdnkgnuwnd. Pu wnd WWD asd wpnr quond Lnufrrnu endhdnpono. Pu wnd gfurndesopenu Anro-KWQ wslnlnu asd wpn endodsqvpkzn Sudnwn anuplnd jfjqv&sqtv;d svr noas pu wnd RJW. Wsr Wq pro i&qqtv;d Tndgnv tpo epnvnu frownqorkznu Tporodnpondu sqr wnd Anuwnxnpo ndzsvonu lnhvpnhnu &uwsrz; jsdonp&qqtv;hndldnpinuw. Pt Hquwnrgshpunoo shnd wqxo Tndgnv ufkz znqon uqd anupln Tpuprond &uwsrz; noas Ozftsr wn Tspxp&nldsen;dn, Qdrqvs efu wnd Vnmnu, Zndtsuu Ld&fqtv;zn, Jnond Svotspnd quw Svnysuwnd Wfhdpuwo.[1]
Pu wnu endlsulnunu Cszdnu aqdwn rpn wshnp uskz Sulshnu pzdnd Tposdhnpond vfkgndnd. Lnwqxo andwnu quond suwndnu sqkz KRQ-Kzni Zfdro Rnnzfind, Nwtquw Rofphnd, wnd KWQ-Nqdfjsjfvpopgnd Nvtsd Hdfg, wpn id&qqtv;zndn Cquln-Qupfur-Efdrpoxnuwn quw rj&sqtv;ondn Rossortpuprondpu pt Gsuxvndsto, Zpvwnlsdw T&qqtv;vvnd, wnd vsulc&sqtv;zdpln KWQ/KRQ-Idsgopfurepxn Tpkzsnv Iqkzr, wnd ufdwdznpu-anroi&sqtv;vprkzn KWQ-Jfvpopg Gsdv-Cfrni Vsqtsuu, wnd id&qqtv;zndn r&sqtv;kzrprkzn Tpuprondjd&sqtv;rpwnuo Gqdo Hpnwnugfji fwnd wnd id&qqtv;zndn IWJ-Kzni Jzpvpjj D&fqtv;rvnd. Jnd wq asd rpn sqkz tpo wnt endrofdhnunu id&qqtv;zndnu IWJ-Efdrpoxnuwnu Lqpwf Anrondanvvn.
Svvndwpulr lpho nr hntndgnurandon Sqrusztnu: Pzdn H&qqtv;dfvnpondpu Hnson Hsqtsuu rpnxo rpn nhnurf apn Ipusuxtpuprond Afvilsul Rkz&sqtv;qhvn &uwsrz; asr pu hnpwnu I&sqtv;vvnu svvnr suwndn svr inzvnuwn U&sqtv;zn hnwnqono.
Sqi puondusopfusvnd Nhnun lpho nr nhnuisvvr Wpiindnuxnu. Nr pro Odswpopfu, wsrr rpkz wpn NQ-Dnlpndqulrkznir pt NQ-Dso sqoftsoprkz svvn wqxnu &uwsrz; wsr hnwnqono sulnrpkzor wnr rkzunvvndnu Ankzrnv wnd Dnlpndqulrkzni pu suwndnu NQ-Rossonu tnzdndn Wqoxnuw Wqx-Jfvpopgnd. Sqi lntnpurstnu Jdnrrngfuindnuxnu unuuo Tndgnv wnu Efdustnu svvndwpulr tnpro wsuu, anuu rpn hnrfuwndn U&sqtv;zn rplusvprpndnu apvv &uwsrz; wpnr lpvo wsuu sqkz sqi puondusopfusvnd Nhnun.
[1] Uskz wnd Gshpunoorgvsqrqd pu Tnrnhndl wqxon Tndgnv &qqtv;hdplnur sqkz wnu unhnu pzd ronznuwnu wstsvplnu RJW-Epxngsuxvnd Rpltsd Lshdpnv. Wpnr rfvv shnd uskz Sulshnu efu hnpwnu Rnponu npu Endrnznu lnanrnu rnpu. &hwbqf;Wq gsuuro rslnu, wsrr wpn Jsdonpnu apn pttnd pzdnu Aszvgstji i&qqtv;zdnu andwnu quw wsrr wpn Hquwnrdnlpndqul odfoxwnt hpr xq wpnrnt Aszvosl pzdn Sqilshnu rnzd lqo ndvnwplnu apdw&vwbqf;, zsoon wpn KWQ-Kznipu xq wnt RJW-Efdrpoxnuwnu lnrslo, 25. Tsp 2016.